Authoritarian political regime form and characteristic features.

Authoritarianism is usually characterized as a type of regime that occupies an intermediate position between totalitarianism and democracy. However, such a characteristic does not indicate the essential features of the phenomenon as a whole, even if the features of totalitarianism and democracy are clearly identified in it.

Essentially significant when defining authoritarianism is the nature of the relationship between government and society. These relations are built more on coercion than on persuasion, although the regime is liberalizing public life and there is no longer a clearly developed guiding ideology. An authoritarian regime allows limited and controlled pluralism in political thinking, opinions and actions, and tolerates the presence of opposition.

An authoritarian regime is a state-political structure of society in which political power is exercised by a specific person (class, party, elite group, etc.) with minimal participation of the people. Authoritarianism is inherent in power and politics, but its bases and degrees are different. The natural, innate qualities of a political leader (an “authoritarian”, powerful personality) can be decisive; reasonable, rational, justified by the situation (necessity of a special kind, for example, a state of war, social crisis, etc.); social (the emergence of social or national conflicts), etc., up to the irrational, when authoritarianism goes into its extreme form - totalitarianism, despotism, the creation of a particularly cruel, repressive regime. Authoritarian is any imposition of the will of power on society, rather than voluntary and conscious obedience. Objective grounds Authoritarianism can be associated with active transformative activities of the authorities. The fewer such foundations and the more inactive the authorities, the more obvious the subjective, personal foundations of authoritarianism appear.

Currently, authoritarian political orders have been established in many modern countries of the world. Moreover, many scientists, both in the past and in the present, very positively assessed and assess this type of organization of power.

Historically, authoritarianism existed in different forms in different eras and in different countries (for example, ancient Greek and eastern despotism and tyranny - Persia, Sparta, many other feudal absolutist regimes, etc.). His theory was first developed by ultra-conservative and reactionary theorists of the early 19th century. as a response to the French Revolution and socialist movements by J. de Maistre and L. de Bonald. With development industrial society the idea of authoritarianism began to take on shades of constructive political ideology. The counter-revolutionary (J. de Maistre) idea of order lost its monarchical orientation, the concept of absolutist authoritarianism disappeared: the absolute power of the king, independent of the people, is the cause of politics; his ministers (the apparatus of power) are the means; a society of subjects who obey is a consequence (L. de Bonald).

Authoritarianism became a constant and important current in German political thought in the 19th century and was replenished with ideas of national and state unity which it is intended to implement. By the end of the century, authoritarianism began to be seen as a means of powerful national and social mobilization and management of the state-building process from above (G. Treitschke). The Spaniard D. Cortes saw in the authoritarian political order, which ensures the sanctity of obedience, a condition for the cohesion of the nation, state and society. O. Spengler also believed that, in contrast to liberalism, which gives rise to anarchy, authoritarianism fosters discipline and establishes the necessary hierarchy in society. Many scientists and politicians consider this type of government (as, for example, I. Ilyin, in the form of an “authoritarian-educational dictatorship”) as the most optimal form of political support for the transition of backward countries to modern democracy.

In the first half of the twentieth century, the authoritarian doctrine of the far-right French ideologist and politician C. Maurras is indicative, for whom industrialization, the penetration of the state into society, and the high mobilization of the people as a means of implementing politics are objective and inevitable conditions of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism of the 20th century in such interpretations began to increasingly take on a nationalistic, anti-democratic character and was associated with the struggle against internal and external enemies. Fascism brought the theory and practice of authoritarianism to extreme totalitarian forms.

In the post-war period, new ideas about elitist and technocratic authoritarianism emerged, in which the role of authoritarian rule assigned to the highest administration of the state, which has high professional competence superior to other levels of the political system. Authoritarianism ultimately became a form of solution political problems(reforms, transformations, perestroika) from above, by the forces of power, and in this sense turned out to be very vulnerable and dependent on the attitude of society to the actions of the authoritarian government, faced with a choice: to democratize the regime and gain the support of the people, or to tighten policies and move to coercion and dictatorship. A more common version of authoritarianism is a regime of slow development, established hierarchical relationships, repressive control, and economic stagnation.

In the very general view Authoritarianism has been given the appearance of a system of strict political rule, constantly using coercive and forceful methods to regulate the main social processes. Because of this, the most important political institutions in society are the disciplinary structures of the state: its law enforcement agencies (army, police, intelligence services), as well as the corresponding means of ensuring political stability (prisons, concentration camps, preventive detentions, group and mass repressions, mechanisms of strict control over the behavior of citizens). With this style of government, the opposition is excluded not only from the sphere of decision-making, but also from political life in general. Elections or other procedures aimed at identifying public opinion, aspirations and requests of citizens are either absent or used purely formally.

By blocking connections with the masses, authoritarianism (with the exception of its charismatic forms of government) loses the opportunity to use the support of the population to strengthen ruling regime. However, power that does not rely on an understanding of the demands of broad social circles, as a rule, turns out to be unable to create political orders that would express public demands. Focusing on the implementation of state policy only on the narrow interests of the ruling layer, authoritarianism uses methods of patronage and control over its initiatives in relations with the population. Therefore, authoritarian power can only provide coercive legitimacy. But public support, so limited in its capabilities, narrows the regime’s possibilities for political maneuver, flexibility and operational management in conditions of complex political crises and conflicts.

The persistent disregard for public opinion and the formation of state policy without the involvement of the public in most cases make the authoritarian government unable to create any serious incentives for the social initiative of the population. True, due to forced mobilization, certain regimes (for example, Pinochet in Chile in the 70s) can, in short historical periods, bring to life high civic activity of the population. However, in most cases, authoritarianism destroys public initiative as a source of economic growth and inevitably leads to a decline in the effectiveness of government and low economic performance of the government.

The narrowness of the social support of power, which relies on coercion and isolation of public opinion from the centers of power, is also manifested in the practical inaction of ideological instruments. Instead of systematically using ideological doctrines that can stimulate public opinion and ensure the interested participation of citizens in political and social life, authoritarian ruling elites mainly use mechanisms aimed at concentrating their powers and intra-elite coordination of interests when making decisions. Because of this, the main methods of coordinating interests in the development of public policy are backroom deals, bribery, secret collusion and other technologies of shadow rule.

An additional source for preserving this type of government is the use by the authorities of certain features of mass consciousness, the mentality of citizens, religious and cultural-regional traditions, which in general indicate a fairly stable civic passivity of the population. It is mass civic passivity that serves as the source and prerequisite for the majority of the population’s tolerance towards the ruling group, a condition for maintaining its political stability.

However, the systematic use of harsh methods of political management and the authorities’ reliance on mass passivity do not exclude a certain activity of citizens and the preservation of some freedom for their associations social action. The family, church, certain social and ethnic groups, as well as some social movements(unions). But even these social sources of the political system, operating under the strict control of the authorities, are not capable of generating any powerful party movements or causing mass political protest. In such systems of government there is potential rather than actual opposition state system. The activities of opposition groups and associations more limit the authorities in establishing complete and absolute control over society, rather than trying to actually adjust the goals and objectives of the government’s political course.

1) autocracy (unity or a small number of power holders). They can be one person (monarch, president, military dictator) or a group of people (military junta, oligarchic group);

2) unlimited power, its uncontrollability by citizens. At the same time, the government can rule with the help of laws, but it adopts them individually at its own discretion;

3) reliance on strength. The government has sufficient power resources to suppress the opposition if necessary;

4) monopolization of power and politics, preventing real political opposition and competition. However, authoritarianism, unlike totalitarianism, allows the existence of a limited number of parties, trade unions and other organizations, but only if they are under the control of the authorities. Often the lack of opposition under authoritarianism is caused not by opposition from the authorities, but by the unpreparedness of society to create political organizations, the lack of need among the population for political self-organization;

5) refusal of total control over society, non-interference or limited intervention in non-political spheres, primarily in the economy. The state's focus includes issues of ensuring state security, public order, defense, foreign policy, although it can influence the strategy of economic development, pursue an active social policy without destroying the mechanisms of market self-regulation;

6) recruiting the political elite through co-optation, appointment from above, rather than competitive struggle in elections.

CONCLUSION

Based on the above, totalitarian systems can be considered as systems of an authoritarian type. However, the totalitarian logic of social life presupposes something more than the simple abolition of political competition. If authoritarianism only limits political pluralism, then totalitarian systems strive to abolish all pluralism in the structure of society, to establish a single, “totalitarian” model of social interaction.

Over the past 20 years, many non-democratic - totalitarian and authoritarian - regimes have collapsed or been transformed into democratic republics or states on a democratic basis. The general disadvantage of non-democratic political systems is that they were not controlled by the people, which means that the nature of their relationships with citizens depended primarily on the will of the rulers. In past centuries, the possibility of arbitrariness on the part of authoritarian rulers was significantly restrained by the traditions of government, the relatively high education and upbringing of monarchs and aristocracy, their self-control based on religious and moral codes, as well as the opinion of the church and the threat of popular uprisings. In the modern era, these factors either disappeared altogether or their effect was greatly weakened. Therefore, only a democratic form of government can reliably curb power and guarantee the protection of citizens from state arbitrariness. For those peoples who are ready for individual freedom and responsibility, limiting their own selfishness, respect for the law and human rights, democracy truly creates the best opportunities for individual and social development, the realization of humanistic values: freedom, equality, justice, social creativity.

List of used literature

2. Aron R. Democracy and totalitarianism. M., 1993.

3. Power during the transition from totalitarianism to democracy. //Free thought. - 1993 - No. 8.

4. Gadzhiev K.S. Political Science: Tutorial. – M., 1995.

5. Theory of law and state: Textbook // ed. Lazareva V.V. – M., 2001

One of the forms of political dictatorship is an authoritarian regime (from the Latin autoritas - power) regime, which has rich history, which includes ancient tyrannies, oligarchies, absolute monarchies of the Middle Ages and Modern times, some fascist dictatorships, etc. In modern conditions, authoritarian regimes are most common in the countries of Asia, Africa, the Near and Middle East, as well as Latin America.
Among them one can find single-party and multi-party regimes, constitutional-monarchical, autocratic-monarchical, patriarchal-tribal, etc.

1. Concentration of all completeness state power in the hands of one person (leader, monarch, dictator, populist leader, etc.) or a ruling group (junta, party elite, military, bureaucratic or religious elite). At the same time, there is no separation of powers; not only executive, but often legislative powers are concentrated in the hands of the head of state. Usually he is not elected by the people, but is nominated by the elite as a result of behind-the-scenes games and intrigues. The people are often given only the right to “approve” the choice of the elite. If a charismatic leader is established in power, manifestations of leaderism and a cult of personality may be observed. However, such a cult does not acquire a sacred character and does not require the population to express ardent love and devotion to the dictator.

2. Monopolization of power, prevention of political opposition and competition. Under an authoritarian regime, a small number of parties, trade unions and other organizations may exist, but only if they are under the control of the authorities. At the same time, the activities of those political parties and organizations that pose a potential threat to the regime are excluded. At the same time, there may be some purely external attributes of democracy. Thus, ostentatious elections to representative bodies of power may be held, to which, however, genuine opposition is not allowed, and the results of which can be easily rigged. Representative bodies themselves usually do not have real power and are mere decorations masking authoritarian power.
3. Alienation of the people from politics, restriction of the rights and freedoms of citizens. The constitution may proclaim a whole range of rights and freedoms, a significant part of which is fictitious and is not actually ensured. As for political rights and freedoms, they are sharply narrowed and limited. The influence of the people on the political process is minimized. The authorities are not interested in the political activity of citizens and in most cases do without mass support from the population. For her, the main thing is not the love and devotion of citizens to the leader, but their political passivity and alienation from politics.

4. Relying on strength. In some cases, an authoritarian government can enjoy significant popularity among the population, but in its arsenal it always retains a sufficient amount of power resources (security agencies, secret police, army) in order to force citizens to obey in case of loss of popularity. While not resorting to mass repression, it usually uses selective repression.

5. Refusal of the authorities from total control over society, non-interference or its limited intervention in the affairs of civil society. Under conditions of authoritarianism, the principle applies: “Everything that is not related to politics is permitted.” Therefore, the economy, culture, religion, private life of citizens, etc. can remain relatively independent from the authorities. The authorities can recognize both personal autonomy and the independence of citizens, but within certain limits. It does not prevent people from uniting based on interests, but only makes sure that these associations do not interfere with politics. Refusing complete control over society, she reserves only a few areas that she continues to tightly control. This is its own security, defense, foreign policy, public order, development strategy, etc.

Based on the above, we can define an authoritarian regime as a political system in which an institutional mechanism has been created that ensures a monopoly on the power of one person or group of persons, with non-interference of the state in the affairs of civil society and privacy of people .

Authoritarian regimes are usually divided into traditional and modern. Traditional authoritarian regimes arise in pre-industrial societies. They are based on the traditions of paternalism, religion, charisma of leaders, tribal and feudal relations. So, it was very common in the past tyranny, which usually arose in “troubled times” when power was seized by a “mob leader” or a successful military leader who widely used direct violence and demagogic rhetoric. Tyrannies had a low level of institutionalization and therefore died with the death of the dictator. Absolute monarchies differed from tyrannies in that power was institutionally organized and exercised on the basis of strict rules and procedures. Therefore, in most cases they were very stable, and some of them have survived to this day - United United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Nepal.
Modern authoritarian regimes are typical for countries undergoing economic and political modernization in the context of transition from traditional society to industrial and from totalitarian to democratic. They are, to one degree or another, characterized by economic backwardness, underdeveloped structures of civil society, the presence of social and national conflicts, long-term preservation of traditions of client relations, and outdated types of political culture. Under authoritarian regimes, there is often a fairly active abolition of old socio-economic and political structures and the formation of new ones. In the course of such transformations, forces inevitably appear that oppose them, since they very often affect their fundamental interests and break their previous way of life. An authoritarian regime with “strong power” suppresses such resistance and creates an environment of political stability and order.

An authoritarian regime has both strengths and weaknesses. To the number weaknesses refers to the unpredictability of the policies of authoritarian power, its dependence on the personal ambitions of the head of state or other senior leaders, as well as the lack of legal channels for citizens to influence the authorities, with the help of which they could defend their interests, prevent manifestations of arbitrariness and political adventurism. Strengths authoritarian regime, which are especially noticeable in extreme conditions, are that the government is able to ensure political stability and order in society for a long time, overcome the resistance of political opponents and effectively mobilize public resources to solve the problems facing the country.

It is now generally accepted that in conditions of economic and political backwardness and underdeveloped industrial society, authoritarian regimes can be more effective than political systems that copy the Western model of democracy. Mechanical borrowing of Western values without taking into account one's own problems and needs inevitably gives rise to economic chaos, social and political instability. Lagging countries, including those freed from colonial dependence, today require not democracy and political freedom, but political stability and public order, under which the government is able to implement a program of reforms and economic modernization. It is therefore important that a more or less effective elite be in power, led by an “enlightened” dictator.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Federal state educational budgetary institution

higher vocational education

"Khabarovskaya state academy economics and law"

Center for work with branches and distance learning

Test

Khabarovsk 2013

Introduction

1. Concept and typology of political regimes

Conclusion

Application

Introduction

One of the most common types of political systems in history is authoritarianism. According to their own characteristic features it occupies an intermediate position between totalitarianism and democracy. However, such a characteristic does not indicate the essential features of the phenomenon as a whole, even if the features of totalitarianism and democracy are clearly identified in it. The wealth and diversity of authoritarian political systems, which are essentially an intermediate type between democracy and totalitarianism, have also determined a number of universal, fundamental distinctive features these political orders. An authoritarian regime is political regime, in which state power is exercised by one person or a narrow circle of people (the ruling elite) with minimal participation of the population. An authoritarian regime is a regime that limits democracy and establishes the power of one person or group of persons (dictatorship). Such a regime significantly limits the powers of representative institutions, ignores the principle of separation of powers, infringes on civil and political rights, and illegally appropriates, usurps or seizes power. Currently, authoritarian political orders have been established in many modern countries of the world. Moreover, many scientists, both in the past and in the present, very positively assessed and assess this type of organization of power. In Russia, the formation of a new political system is associated with the collapse of the USSR. The political system functioning in Russia in many ways does not meet the generally accepted criteria of democracy. Political scientists characterize this political system using the terms “authoritarian democracy” and “regime system,” linking its emergence with the weakness of the state and the immaturity of civil society.

1. Concept and typology of political regimes

The essence of power lies in its ability to give expediency, rationality, and orderliness to relationships between people.

Society as a complex system of interaction between individuals, groups, and organizations needs management, regulation and coordination of human interests and actions. Power regulates social relations through various means: violence, coercion, persuasion, encouragement, fear, etc. The set of means and methods for the implementation of political power, which determines the degree of freedom and legal status of an individual, is called a political regime.

Political power is diverse in forms and means of manifestation. To reflect various aspects of its functioning, concepts such as “form of government”, “political regime”, “political system” are used.

In order to effectively influence society, the behavior of people, classes, power must be organized and have means of influence and coercion. The organization of the supreme state power, its bodies, and their relationships with the population are designated by the concept of “form of government.” Typically, monarchical and republican forms of government are distinguished. However, the nature of political power in society does not always correspond to the form of government. For example, Sweden, Norway, and Belgium are more democratic than many republics, although their form of government is constitutional monarchies. At the same time, Germany in the 30s was a republic in form of government, but the nature of the government was dictatorial. In this regard, there was a need to determine the means and methods by which state power regulates and streamlines relations between people. This aspect of the functioning of power reflects the concept of “political regime”.

In European political science, this concept is basic, while in American political science, preference is given to the category of “political system” in terms of fundamentality. Despite the long-term use of the concept of “political regime,” it has not retained a sufficiently clear content.

Proponents of the systems approach interpret this concept broadly, identifying it with the category “political system.” This gives rise to certain theoretical difficulties, since there is a danger of terminological duplication of one series of political phenomena by two concepts. The terms "political system" and "political regime" characterize political life from different sides: if the political system reflects the nature of the relationship between politics and the economy, social, cultural and other spheres of society, then the political regime determines the means and methods of exercising power. Consequently, the political regime is a functional “cut” of the political system; it is formed as a result of political activity and the political course chosen by the holders of supreme power.

Some researchers limit the content of the political regime to the form of government. According to this point of view, the classification of political regimes is based on the difference between the legislative and executive functions of the state and clarification of their relationship. According to this principle, the regime of merger of powers was distinguished ( absolute monarchy), the regime of separation of powers (presidential republic) and the regime of cooperation (parliamentary republic). By focusing on the activities of government structures, such an interpretation ignores the influence of other political institutions: the party system, pressure groups, etc. In this regard, it would be more accurate to present the form of government as one of the components of the political regime.

In political science, the generally accepted definition of a political regime given by political scientist J-L. Kermon: “A political regime is understood as a set of elements of an ideological, institutional and sociological order that contribute to the formation of the political power of a given country for a certain period.” Among these elements, he identified: 1) the principle of legitimacy; 2) the structure of institutions; 3) party system; 4) the form and role of the state.

The concept of “political regime” expresses the nature of the relationship between state power and the individual, and also gives an idea of the foundations of the system of power. In this regard, S. L. Montesquieu noted: “Just as a republic needs virtue, and a monarchy needs honor, so a despotic government needs fear.” Depending on the relationship between democracy and dictatorship as principles of organizing social life, which determines the degree of social freedom of the individual, three types of regimes are distinguished: totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic. Between totalitarianism and democracy as the extreme poles of this classification there are many intermediate ways of exercising power.

The term "totalitarianism" comes from the medieval Latin word"totalis", which means "whole", "whole", "complete". Totalitarianism is complete control and strict regulation by the state of all spheres of society, of every person through direct armed violence. The state absorbs the entire society and the individual. At the same time, power at all levels is formed in secret, as a rule, by one person or a narrow group of people from the ruling elite. Totalitarianism is a specifically new form of dictatorship that arose in the 20th century.

Dictatorship (from the Latin dictatura - “unlimited power”) - a regime of rule by one person or group of persons headed by a leader without any control from the governed arose a long time ago and had many historical forms of its manifestation. Initially, in Republican Rome (5th - 1st centuries BC), a dictator was an extraordinary official (magistrate), appointed for a period of no more than six months to organize protection from an external threat or to suppress an internal rebellion. The dictator was bound by law in his powers and terms of stay in power. Starting with Sulla and especially Caesar, who was repeatedly given dictatorial powers, the nature of the dictatorship changed significantly. The dictator became not subject to the law, unaccountable to the people and changed laws in his own interests. However, subsequently - both in the Middle Ages and in modern times - dictatorships were internally fragile regimes, they were united only by the will of the dictator.

Totalitarianism is a fundamentally new type of dictatorship, in which the state and ideology play a special role. The term “totalitarian” was introduced into the political lexicon by the leader of the Italian fascists B. Mussolini (1883 - 1945). The goals of the fascist movement, in his opinion, were to create a strong state, use exclusively forceful principles for the exercise of power and subordinate all social forces to the hierarchical principle. B. Mussolini expressed the essence of totalitarianism as a new political order with the formula: “Everything is in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.”

The emergence of totalitarianism was facilitated by objective processes that developed in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The entry of human society into the industrial stage of development led to the creation of an extensive system mass communications. Technical possibilities for ideological and political control over the individual arose. The growing division and specialization of industrial labor destroyed traditional forms of life and made the individual defenseless against the world of market forces and competition. The increasing complexity of social relations required strengthening the role of the state as a universal regulator and organizer of interaction between individuals with divergent interests. Experience shows that totalitarian regimes, as a rule, arise under extraordinary conditions: growing instability in society; a deep crisis covering all aspects of life; finally, if it is necessary to solve a strategic problem that is extremely important for the country.

In Western political science, the following signs of totalitarianism are distinguished: a) a single mass party; b) a monopoly existing ideology recognized by all; c) monopoly on the media; d) monopoly on means of armed struggle; e) terrorist control by the political police; f) centralized system of control and management of the economy. Particularly noteworthy is such a feature as the absolute concentration of power in the hands of the leader, relying on the ruling party. The principle of leaderism or Fuhrership reflects the low level of development of democratic consciousness and arises as an expression of the need for a symbol of the unity of the nation in conditions of social instability. The Fuhrer in Nazi Germany stood at the head of the state and expressed its will; the power of the state came from the Fuhrer. He had unlimited power over his subordinates. The authority of the leader was not based on conscious trust, but rather had a mystical, personal character.

Democracy is the most complex type of political regime. According to Russian lawyer P.I. Novgorodtsev, “democracy is always a crossroads... a system of open doors, diverging into unknown directions... Far from creating a solid balance of life, it more than any other form excites the spirit of quest.”

"Democracy" (demos - "people" and kratos - power, rule) translated from Greek means "power of the people." However, from the first mention of it in the translation of Aristotle's Politics in 1260 to the present day, disputes about its content have not ceased. Various authors focus on individual components of democracy, for example, on the power of the majority, its limitation and control over it, fundamental rights of citizens, legal and social statehood, separation of powers, general elections, transparency, competition of different opinions and positions, pluralism, equality, participation etc. This has led to the fact that today there are several interpretations of the meaning of democracy. In some cases, it is interpreted broadly, as a social system based on the voluntariness of all forms of individual life activity. In other cases, it is interpreted more narrowly - as a form of state in which all citizens have equal rights to power. In this it differs from a monarchy, where power belongs to one person, and from an aristocracy, where control is exercised by a group of people. This interpretation democracy comes from the ancient tradition starting with Herodotus (5th century BC). And finally, democracy is understood as ideal model social structure, a certain worldview based on the values of freedom, equality, human rights. Individuals and groups professing these values form a movement for their implementation. In this meaning, the term “democracy” is interpreted as a social movement, as a type of political orientation embodied in the programs of certain parties.

The evolution of the meaning of the term "democracy" is determined by the development of human society. Democracy was originally seen as direct rule by citizens as opposed to rule by a monarch or aristocrats. However, already in antiquity, democracy was considered the “worst form” of government. At that time, it was believed that the low level of culture of the citizens of the Greek city-states allowed the rulers to manipulate the “power of the people.” As a result, democratic regimes did not last long and turned into ochlocracy (mob rule), which, in turn, gave rise to tyranny. Based on this, Aristotle did not distinguish between democracy and ochlocracy, having a negative attitude towards democracy. His assessment of democracy influenced its further fate: democracy began to be perceived negatively and was forced out of political life.

Functionally, polyarchy as a political regime relies on seven institutions that ensure its effectiveness. These include:

) elected officials; control over government decisions is constitutionally assigned to representatives elected by the people;

) free and fair elections, excluding any violence and coercion;

) relatively high dependence governments from voters and election results;

) freedom of speech, providing the opportunity to freely. express your opinion, including criticism of the government, regime, society, and the dominant ideology;

) the existence of alternative and often competing sources of information and beliefs, removed from government control;

) a high degree of freedom in the creation of relatively autonomous and diverse independent organizations, including opposition parties and interest groups.

The world experience of democratization is extremely relevant for the modern modernization of Russia. At least it allows us to identify features political development Russian society, correlate them with global trends.

Authoritarianism is usually viewed as a type of regime that occupies an intermediate position between totalitarianism and democracy. However, such a characteristic does not indicate the essential features of the phenomenon as a whole, even if we take into account which features of totalitarianism and which of democracy can be found in it.

Essentially important when defining authoritarianism is the nature of the relationship between the state and the individual: they are built more on coercion than on persuasion. At the same time, the authoritarian regime liberalizes public life, does not seek to impose a clearly developed official ideology on society, allows limited and controlled pluralism in political thinking, opinions and actions, and tolerates the existence of opposition. Management of various spheres of social life is not so total; there is no strictly organized control over the social and economic infrastructure of civil society, over production, trade unions, educational institutions, mass organizations, and the media. Autocracy (from the Greek autokrateia - autocracy, autocracy, i.e. unlimited power of one person) does not require a demonstration of loyalty on the part of the population, as with totalitarianism; the absence of open political confrontation is enough for it. However, the regime is merciless to manifestations of real political competition for power, to the actual participation of the population in decision-making on the most important issues in the life of society. Authoritarianism suppresses fundamental civil rights.

In order to maintain unlimited power in its hands, the authoritarian regime circulates elites not through the competitive struggle of candidates in elections, but through co-optation (volitional introduction) of them into governing structures. Due to the fact that the process of transfer of power in such regimes is carried out not through legally established procedures for replacing leaders, but by force, these regimes are not legitimate. However, despite the lack of popular support, autocracies can exist long time and quite successfully. They are able to effectively solve strategic problems, despite their illegitimacy. An example of such effective from the point of view of implementing economic and social reforms can be authoritarian regimes in Chile, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Argentina, and countries of the Arab East.

These features of authoritarianism indicate a certain similarity with totalitarianism. However, the most significant difference between them lies in the nature of the relationship of power with society and the individual. If under authoritarianism these relations are differentiated and based on “limited pluralism,” then totalitarianism generally rejects any pluralism and diversity of social interests. Moreover, totalitarianism seeks to eliminate not only social, but also ideological pluralism and dissent. Authoritarianism does not challenge the right to autonomous self-expression of various groups of society.

Traditional absolutist monarchies are regimes in which there is no separation of powers, no political competition, power is concentrated in the hands of a narrow group of people, and the ideology of the aristocratic class dominates. An example is the regimes in the Persian Gulf countries, as well as in Nepal, Morocco, etc.

Traditional authoritarian regimes of the oligarchic type predominate in Latin America. As a rule, economic and political power under such regimes is concentrated in the hands of a few influential families. One leader replaces another through a coup or rigged elections. The elite is closely connected with the church and the military elite (for example, the regime in Guatemala).

The hegemonic authoritarianism of the new oligarchy was created as a regime that expressed the interests of the comprador bourgeoisie, i.e. that part of the bourgeoisie of economically backward, dependent countries that acted as an intermediary between foreign capital and the national market. Such regimes existed during the Marcos presidency in the Philippines (1972 - 1985), in Tunisia, Cameroon, etc. A fairly widespread variety of authoritarian regimes are “military regimes.” They come in three types:

a) having a strictly dictatorial, terrorist nature and personal nature of power (for example, the regime of I. Amin in Uganda);

b) military juntas carrying out structural reforms (for example, the regime of General Pinochet in Chile);

c) one-party regimes that existed in Egypt under G. A. Nasser, in Peru under X. Peron, etc. Theocratic regimes, in which political power is concentrated in the hands of clergy, should be highlighted as another type of authoritarianism. An example of this type would be the regime of Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran.

The methods of exercising political power in the history of Russian society have not remained unchanged. Three periods of Russian political history, qualitatively different from each other - pre-Soviet, Soviet and post-Soviet - corresponded to the specific method and nature of government. The similarity of these three periods was, first of all, that the Russian political process throughout its entire length was more consistent with dictatorship than democracy.

The traditional absolute monarchy, which existed from the reign of Ivan III until 1917, was characterized by a dictatorship, either increasing its rigidity (as was the case under Ivan IV, Peter I), or turning into a moderate authoritarian system with elements of parliamentarism in the person of the State Duma and a multi-party system (for example , at the end of the reign of Nicholas II). All power was concentrated in the hands of the monarch, who in his rule relied not only on tradition, but also on violence.

A special type of dictatorial political regime is the dictatorship of the proletariat, established after the October Revolution of 1917. The dictatorship of the proletariat, as defined by V.I. Lenin, meant that “only a certain class, namely urban and factory workers in general, is able to lead the entire mass of working and exploited people in the struggle to maintain and strengthen victory, in the creation of a new, socialist, social building, in the entire struggle for the complete abolition of classes." In practice, a political regime of party nomenklatura was created. There were few workers in the government throughout the Soviet period, and in the Communist Party there were significantly less than half of them. The state, headed by professional revolutionaries, concentrated in its hands all the legislative, executive and judicial powers and monopolized national property. Gradually formed new class The party-state nomenklatura gravitated towards the oligarchic nature of power, the social base of which was the mass Communist Party and the Soviets. The ruling minority exercised its power over the majority, relying not only on a strong propaganda apparatus, but also on an extensive punitive system, means of political terror and the fight against dissent. As a result, the regime over time acquired the features of totalitarianism. At the same time, the political regime in the USSR, for which the name “dictatorship of the nomenklatura” is more suitable, sought to respond to the socio-economic needs of the population and satisfy them. Given the availability of resources, which were formed mainly through the sale of oil, gas, and weapons, this was possible, but as they were reduced, the regime’s capabilities were also limited. At the piecework stages, the totalitarian regime acquired the features of authoritarianism, as was the case under N.S. Khrushchev.

The abolition of the constitutional guarantees of the monopoly position of the Communist Party led to the fall of the regime. New institutions of power have emerged: the president, parliament, local governments. In 1993, the system of Soviets, which formally formed the basis of the mechanism of functioning of power in the country, was abolished.

However, the nature of state power has changed little; in essence it remains authoritarian. This is a natural consequence of the immaturity of civil society in Russia. Authoritarian principles are revealed today in a significant concentration of power in the hands of the head of state - the president. An authoritarian regime is able to ensure the concentration of resources on strategic directions of social development and to effectively respond to emerging problems. This trend is especially typical for countries transitioning from a market economy. However, the authoritarian regime in Russia also has significant disadvantages. First of all, the concentration of power in the hands of the president to such an extent that exceeds the powers of the presidents of France and the United States combined makes society very dependent on his subjective will.

The weak degree of separation of political roles and functions indicates the underdevelopment of the political mechanism as a whole. The higher the degree of differentiation and specialization of the functions of political institutions, the higher their ability to respond to new interests and needs emerging in society. Consequently, the pyramidal structure of power, characteristic of modern Russia, has a high degree of inertia and subjectivity.

This circumstance also determines the insufficiently high efficiency of the regime. First of all, this refers to its inability to reliably guarantee all constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens and to respond to their emerging needs. The insufficient, and in some cases simply low, effectiveness of the regime constantly raises the question of its legitimacy and the need to maintain it.

In conditions of excessive concentration of power in the hands of the president and executive bodies, there are virtually no opportunities for constant effective control over their activities, both from society and from legislators. This creates opportunities for uncontrolled spending of federal funds and corruption. The tools of control in these conditions can be the media and a mature party system. However, a competitive party system capable of identifying and expressing the interests of social groups has not yet completed its formation. In market conditions, the media themselves turn out to be dependent on the authorities.

The evolution of the political regime in the direction of its democratization is associated with a more rational division of functions and powers between various branches of government, which will protect society from the subjectivism of political leaders and elites.

Conclusion

One type of anti-democratic political regime is authoritarian. The term "authoritarianism" is used in political science to refer to a regime characterized by a monopoly of power by a single party, group, person, or institution. One can distinguish between real one-party, one-party “semi-competitive” type and pseudo-party authoritarianism. Based on the structure of the ruling bloc and the goals of the policies pursued, military, oligarchic, populist and bureaucratic regimes are distinguished. Currently, an authoritarian political regime continues to dominate in Russia; the principles of democracy are combined with elements of personal power. Authoritarianism is a political regime in which political power is exercised by a specific person (leader, family, political party, social class) with minimal participation of the people. Authoritarianism is one of the most widespread political regimes of our time. It developed primarily in a number of liberated countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, as well as in the USSR, when after the death of I.V. Stalin the transformation of the totalitarian regime into an authoritarian one began. An authoritarian political regime, as a rule, evolves into democracy. Modern Russia is characterized by a confrontation between two trends. The privileged position of the president in the system of power. The president and his apparatus are forced to reckon with the growing strength of large comprador capital, the financial oligarchy, which maintains serious positions in the media and successfully opposes the president and his immediate circle in attempts to remain in power. Some reforms carried out by the authorities are contrary to the principles of democracy, in particular the creation of so-called federal districts with representatives of the president, extension of terms for electing governors, etc.

List of used literature

1. Kravchenko A.I. Political Science: Textbook. Benefit. For students of pedagogy. universities - M.: Academy, 2005.

2. Lavrovsky N.A. Political Science: Textbook / Ed. O.V. Polishchuk: Tom. state University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics (TUSUR). Caf. MSK: TUSUR, 2003.

Mukhaev R.T. Political science: a textbook for universities. Second edition. - M.: "Prior-izdat", 2005.

Political Science: Textbook. manual for universities / Comp. And resp. Editor A.A. Radugin. - M.: Center, 2005.

Political science: Textbook for universities / V.N. Lavrinenko, A.S. Grechin, V.Yu. Doroshenko and others; Ed. prof. V.N. Lavrinenko. - M.: UNITY, 2003.

Unpelev A.G. Political science: power, democracy, personality. Tutorial. M., 2004.

Chvikalov I.M., Kamalov R.M. Political science: Textbook for technologists. universities - Voronezh: VGLTA, 2003.

Application

Political Science Tests

What concept does the definition correspond to: these are non-state (private) associations of citizens seeking to realize their common specific interests and, for this purpose, influencing power (but not striving to possess it)?

) political parties;

) political movements;

) interest groups.

Which of the following types of political cultures corresponds to the typology proposed by G. Almond and S. Verba:

) democratic;

) liberal;

) patriarchal.

Which of the three political ideologies given below is characterized by the following features: a) militant nationalism; b) imperialist aspirations; c) the omnipotence of the national state; d) denunciation of the liberal parliamentary system; e) recognition of private property, but denunciation of the abuses it generates; f) the idea of national solidarity; g) anti-Marxism.

) anarchism;

) communism;

Traditional legitimacy is based on:

) legality;

) force of habit;

) rationality.

Under what form of government must a government receive a "vote of confidence" from parliament in order to become legally legitimate?

) absolute monarchy;

) parliamentary republic;

) presidential republic.

Which of the following features most fully characterizes a rule of law state?

) the rule of law;

) existence of a Constitution and laws;

) social equality.

What concept does the definition correspond to: this is a form political structure, in which its member states fully retain their independence, have their own bodies of state power and administration, but at the same time create special joint bodies to coordinate actions for certain purposes (military, foreign policy, etc.)?

) confederation;

) unitary state;

) federation.

What concept does the definition correspond to: this is a type of political regime that presupposes universal control and regulation by the state of all spheres of social life?

) democracy;

) totalitarianism.

) competitive;

) majority;

) democratic.

What concept does the definition correspond to: this is the sphere of realization of the interests of individuals and groups, a set of interpersonal, family, everyday, economic, political, spiritual relations that are realized without direct government intervention?

) civil society;

) democratic system;

What concept corresponds to the definition: this is the principle of organizing society, based on recognition of the diversity of ideas and organizations and their competition?

) anarchy;

) pluralism;

) socialism.

One of three types electoral systems is:

) fair;

) representative;

) proportional.

) integrating;

) legal-rational;

) prognostic.

One of the principles of the rule of law is:

) the rule of law;

) social justice;

) the government's responsibility to maintain a minimum standard of living for its citizens.

Which of the following definitions most accurately characterizes politics?

) this is management;

) this is the activity of the bureaucratic apparatus;

) is the desire of people to participate in power or to influence it.

Which of the three political ideologies given below is characterized by the following features: a) the implementation of political democracy; b) the introduction of economic democracy and the creation of a “welfare state” (social state); c) the establishment of social democracy - filling all spheres of public and personal life without exception with democratic content; d) the main values of this movement - freedom, equality, justice, solidarity?

) anarchism;

) communism;

) social democracy.

) propaganda;

) political socialization;

) managerial.

What concept corresponds to the definition: this is a set of political institutions, norms and relationships between them, through which political power is exercised?

) state;

) politic system;

) government.

Public opinion is:

) a set of collective assessments and attitudes;

) survey results;

) the unanimous attitude of the public towards an event.

Which of the following statements is incorrect:

) Russia has a proportional electoral system;

) hallmark the proportional electoral system is single-member districts;

) a mixed electoral system is a combination of elections in single-member districts and voting for lists of candidates from political parties in multi-member districts.

What concept does the definition correspond to: this is a political ideology that presupposes a revolutionary transition to a society based on the principles of equality, justice, and satisfaction of all the needs of individuals?

) anarchism;

) communism;

) liberalism.

Which of the thinkers named below considered social class to be the main subject of politics?

) M. Weber;

) K. Marx;

) G. Mosca.

The charismatic legitimacy of power is based on:

) belief in the supernatural qualities of the leader;

) legality;

) rationalism.

24. The main feature of international actors is:

) independent participation in international relations;

) presence of state sovereignty;

) participation in the activities of international organizations.

25. What concept does the definition correspond to: this is a certain level of people’s knowledge about politics, as well as the degree of participation and forms of their political behavior?

) political culture;

) political mentality;

) political consciousness.

26. What word ends the definition: Democracy is the rule of the majority, respecting the interests and rights...

) citizens;

) minorities;

) opposition.

. A "unitary state" is:

) a state whose name contains the word “union”;

) a state consisting of state territorial units that do not have their own constitution, their own laws, or government; they appoint managers who form local government bodies;

) undemocratic state.

One of the functions of the media in a democratic society is:

) ideological;

) integrative;

) news.

) state;

) judicial system.

One of the functions of political science is:

) integrating;

) practical;

) electoral.

31. What concept does the definition correspond to: this is a form of representation of the interests of members of civil society, united by a common ideology and striving to gain political power?

) interest group;

) electoral association;

) Political Party.

Parliament (representative and legislative body) Russian Federation called:

) Council of the Federation;

) The State Duma;

) Federal Assembly.

Which of the three ideologies below is characterized by the following statements: a) the main goal of society is to achieve happiness and justice for all people; b) it is necessary to protect the individual from failures and abuses of the market system; c) individualism, respect for property rights and human rights in general; d) the desire not for equality of property, but for equality before the law and equality of opportunity; e) morality and law should be guidelines in foreign policy?

) neo-communism;

) neoliberalism;

) neo-fascism.

34. One type of electoral system is:

) democratic;

) representative;

) mixed.

35. A political system in which state power in the country belongs to representatives of the richest and most noble strata of society is:

) dictatorship;

) oligarchy;

) ochlocracy.

36. Which of the French educators of the 18th century named below defended the constitutional-monarchical form of government and the principle of separation of powers in his famous work “On the Spirit of Laws”?

) D. Diderot;

) C. Montesquieu;

) J.-J. Rousseau.

37. What concept corresponds to the definition: these are values that can be used or exchanged for other values to achieve political goals?

) political resources;

) degree of trust;

) economic potential.

38. One of the functions of policy is:

) centralization of society;

) organizational;

) defending group interests.

What concept does the definition correspond to: recognition of the legitimacy of existing institutions of power and the legitimacy of the decisions they make on the part of society?

) legitimacy;

) submission.

Form of government in Russia in accordance with the 1993 Constitution:

) parliamentary republic;

) semi-presidential republic;

) presidential republic.

What concept does the definition correspond to: this is a political ideology that defends the priority of the rights and interests of the individual over the interests of the state and society?

) communism;

) conservatism;

) liberalism.

Civil society is:

) a society independent of politics;

) a society free from militarism;

) the sphere of free life activity of people, located outside the direct government controlled.

43. Which concept corresponds to the definition: this is a group of people who make the most important political decisions, distinguished by special social, political, psychological qualities, prestige and a privileged position?

) scientific elite;

) Political Party;

) political elite.

Legal-rational legitimacy of power is based on:

) belief in the exceptional qualities of the leader;

) constitutional legality;

) force of habit.

The most important direction of political thought in Russia in the 19th century was:

) rationalism;

) conservatism;

46. What concept does the definition correspond to: this is a type of state that strives to provide every citizen with decent living conditions, social security, and ideally, approximately equal starting opportunities for realizing life goals and personal development?

) social state;

) unitary state;

) constitutional state.

47. Which of the following concepts characterizes the type of political regime?

) liberal;

) populist;

) totalitarian.

48. The main feature of the state is:

) presence of ideology;

) social structure of society;

) sovereignty.

In modern conditions, the role of the state as an international actor:

) increases;

) remains unchanged;

) decreases.

What concept does the definition correspond to: this is the main institution of the political system, possessing sovereignty, a monopoly on the use of legitimate violence and exercising control with the help of special bodies?

) state;

) parliament.

The structure of political behavior includes:

) external situation;

) resources;

) installations.

What concept does the definition correspond to: this is the transfer of political culture to new generations, the set of processes of the formation of political consciousness and personal behavior, the adoption and execution of political roles, and the manifestation of political activity?

) higher education;

) political propaganda;

) political socialization.

What concept does the definition correspond to: this is a layer of professional managers whose activities are based on the division of roles and functions through clear rules and procedures?

) bureaucrats;

) politicians.

Which of the following concepts characterizes the form of government?

) democracy;

) monarchy;

) totalitarianism.

One type of electoral system is:

) universal;

) majority;

) representative.

56. One of the functions of political conflict is:

) humanistic;

) social progress;

) value-oriented.

What concept does the definition correspond to: this is a transformation, change, reorganization of any aspect of social life that does not destroy the foundations of the existing social structure?

) revolution;

) reform;

) evolution.

One of the works of T. Hobbes is called:

) "Leviathan";

) "On the spirit of laws";

) "Policy".

The fourth estate is:

) government;

Which of the three political ideologies do all these statements correspond to: a) inequality of people in terms of physical and mental development is natural; b) in achieving personal freedom and protecting social order, the most important role belongs to private property; c) since the scope of the human mind is limited, do traditions, social institutions, symbols, rituals and even prejudices play a large role in society?

) communism;

) conservatism;

) liberalism.

According to the criterion of publicity, a political conflict can be:

) closed (latent);

) interregional;

) social.

Which of the three political ideologies do all of the following ideological and political doctrines correspond to: a) basic values - public property and social equality; b) implementation of personal freedom and political democracy; c) establishment of social democracy - filling with democratic content all spheres of public and personal life without exception?

) communism;

) liberalism;

) social democracy.

What concept does the definition correspond to: this is a political institution whose function is to mediate between citizens, on the one hand, and decision-makers in parliament and government, on the other?

) parliament and deputies;

) Political Party;

) mass media.

One of the signs of democracy is:

) legitimacy;

) presence of statehood;

) presence of civil society.

Which concept does the definition correspond to: this is a form of government in which the constituent entities of the state (lands, states, republics, regions, etc.) have their own constitutions (or charters), legislative, executive, judicial bodies, but at the same time form uniform state authorities for all subjects, establish a single citizenship, a single monetary unit, etc.?

) confederation;

) unitary state;

) federation.

One form of government is:

) republic;

) totalitarianism.

A free market economy involves:

) presence of different forms of ownership;

) planning in the development of the country;

) decisive government intervention in the country's economy.

One of the means of foreign policy is:

) diplomacy;

) mercantilism;

) protectionism.

The effectiveness of public opinion is measured:

) mass character;

) the position of the media in society;

) degree of influence on politics.

Which of the following ideologies involves the development of society based on the values of family, religion, property, traditions, as well as competition between individuals while limiting government intervention?

) communist;

) conservative;

) liberalism.

One of the functions of the media in a democratic society is:

) integrative;

) determining political priorities;

) propaganda.

) civil society;

) democratic system;

) private enterprise.

The subject area of political science includes:

) political discussions;

) political culture and political behavior;

) political traditions.

One of the elements of the power structure is:

) will to power;

) legitimacy of power;

) power resources.

The structure of civil society includes:

) bureaucracy;

) public opinion;

) government.

76. Type of power, characteristic mainly for transitional, troubled, crisis periods:

) autocracy;

) ochlocracy;

) tyranny.

77. Which of the following types of government did Plato consider ideal and characterize as the rule of the best and noble?

) aristocracy;

) democracy;

) oligarchy.

What concept does the definition correspond to: this is a political ideology, the basic value of which is personal freedom?

) anarchism;

) communism;

) liberalism.

Political forecasting based on the goal criterion is:

) normative;

) managerial;

) target.

One of the styles of political leadership is:

) democratic;

) integrative;

) conflict.

What concept does the definition correspond to: this is an ideology, movement, regime that denies democracy, preaches aggressive nationalism, practices violence and wars of conquest?

) communism;

) liberalism;

One of the features of political power is:

) integrativeness;

) representativeness;

) polycentricity.

Theory political elites developed:

) M. Weber;

) V. I. Lenin;

) V. Pareto.

One of the leadership styles is:

) integrative;

) consensus.

One of the functions of the media in a democratic society is:

) ideological;

) manipulative;

) commentary.

The original meaning of the Greek word "politics" was:

) People power;

) the art of leading people;

) a concentrated expression of economics.

Which of the following political regimes is characterized by unlimited political power one person or group of persons, relying in their actions on a developed system of violence towards the individual and society, but allowing relative freedom outside political sphere?

) democracy;

) totalitarianism.

Depending on the object of power influence, political processes are divided into:

) domestic and foreign policy;

) basic and peripheral.

The most typical option for ending a political conflict is:

compromise;

) consensus;

) physical destruction of the enemy.

One of the requirements for a political forecast is:

) engagement;

) scientific objectivity;

) prolongation.

Tolerance is:

) competition of ideas and programs;

) conformism;

) tolerance towards others.

What concept does the definition correspond to: this is a private association of individuals who share common attitudes, interests and goals that they strive to realize?

) interest group;

) electoral association;

) Political Party.

The theory of political systems was developed by:

) D. Easton;

) G. Mosca;

) T. Parsons.

One of the functions of political science is:

) propaganda;

) political socialization;

) value-oriented.

The principle of separation of powers was developed by:

) T. Hobbes;

) C. Montesquieu;

) V. Pareto.

One of the methods for making political decisions is:

) intuitive;

) paternalistic;

) radical.

What concept does the definition correspond to: this is a procedure for electing officials, carried out by secret or open feed votes in favor of one candidate or another?

) electoral system;

) recruiting the elite.

One of the principles of social democratic political ideology is:

a) anti-communism;

b) socialism;

c) elitism.

The rule of law is:

) a state in which such vices as corruption, violence, criminality are impossible;

) a society in which a regime operates with a real separation of powers and the rule of law;

) a state where all power is in the hands of the people.

The leading ideology of modern Western society:

) liberal;

) nationalist;

) socialist.

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The political regime of the state is a method of organizing the system, reflecting the relations of authorities and representatives of society, social freedom and the peculiarities of legal life in the country.

These properties are mainly due to certain traditional features, culture, conditions of the historical formation of the state. This means that we can say that every country has formed its own special and characteristic political regime. Nevertheless, most of them in different states have similar features.

Scientific literary sources describe 2 types of socio-legal structures:

democratic regimes.

Signs of a democratic society

The main features that are characteristic of democracy are:

dominance of legislative acts;
power divided into types;
the existence of real political and social rights citizens of the state;
elected authorities;
the presence of oppositional and pluralistic opinions.

Signs of anti-democracy

Anti-democratic government is divided into totalitarian and authoritarian regimes. Its main properties:

the primacy of a single party organization;
the supremacy of a single form of ownership;
infringement of rights and freedoms in political life;
repressive and coercive methods of influence;
infringement of the influence of elected bodies;
strengthening executive power;
prohibition of the existence of opposition party organizations;
prohibition of multipartyism and dissent;
the desire of the state to coordinate all areas of public life and relationships between individuals.

slaveholding;
feudal;
bourgeois;
socialist democracy.

Anti-democratic regimes are divided by this politician into:

totalitarian;
fascist;
autocratic.

The latter, in turn, is divided into individual (despotism, tyranny, regime of individual power) and collective (oligarchy and aristocracy).

Political regimes at the present stage

On modern stage It is believed that democracy is the most perfect regime, unlike any anti-democratic one. This is not entirely correct. Historical facts indicate that totalitarian countries (a certain part) exist quite effectively and perform their functions, for example, in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. In addition to this, totalitarianism is largely capable of mobilizing the entire population of a state in order to solve a certain (no less important and difficult) state problem.

For example, the Soviet Union managed to win military operations with Nazi Germany, although totalitarian Germany at the very beginning of hostilities significantly exceeded its forces in terms of internal military power. In the post-war years, such a socio-legal structure created a record rise in the USSR economy. Even if this was achieved at a considerable cost. Thus, totalitarian and characterized as positive aspects, and negative.

Authoritarian political regime form and characteristic features.

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Signs of a democratic society

Signs of anti-democracy

Political regimes at the present stage

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