What's inside the chest? Rib cage
The chest (compages thoracis) consists of ribs connected at the anterior ends to the sternum (sternum), and at the posterior ends to the thoracic vertebrae. The frontal surface of the chest, represented by the sternum and the anterior ends of the ribs, is much shorter than its posterior or lateral surfaces. The chest cavity, bounded below by the diaphragm, contains vital important organs- heart, lungs, large vessels and nerves. Also inside the chest (in the upper third, just behind the sternum) is thymus(thymus).
The spaces between the ribs that make up the chest are occupied by the intercostal muscles. The bundles of external and internal intercostal muscles pass in different directions: the external intercostal muscles - from the lower edge of the rib obliquely down and forward, and the internal intercostal muscles - from the upper edge of the rib obliquely upward and forward. Located between the muscles thin layer loose fiber in which intercostal nerves and vessels pass.
Newborns have a chest that is noticeably compressed from the sides and extended forward. With age, sexual dimorphism is clearly manifested in the shape of the chest: in men it approaches cone-shaped, expanding from below; in women, the chest is not only smaller in size, but also different in shape (expanding in the middle part, narrowing in both the upper and lower parts).
Sternum and ribs
The sternum (sternum) (Fig. 14) is a long, spongy, flat-shaped bone that closes the chest in front. The structure of the sternum is divided into three parts: the body of the sternum (corpus sterni), the manubrium of the sternum (manubrium sterni) and the xiphoid process (processus xiphoideus), which fuse with age (usually by 30–35 years) into a single bone (Fig. 14). At the junction of the body of the sternum with the manubrium of the sternum there is a forward-directed angle of the sternum (angulus sterni).
The manubrium of the sternum has two paired notches on its lateral surfaces and one paired notch on the upper part. The notches on the lateral surfaces serve to articulate with the two upper pairs of ribs, and the paired notches in the upper part of the manubrium, called clavicularis (Fig. 14), serve to connect to the bones of the clavicles. The unpaired notch located between the clavicular notches is called the jugular (incisura jugularis) (Fig. 14). The body of the sternum also has paired costal notches (incisurae costales) on its sides (Fig. 14), to which the cartilaginous parts of the II–VII pairs of ribs are attached. The lower part of the sternum - the xiphoid process - at different people can vary significantly in size and shape, often having a hole in the center (the most common shape of the xiphoid process is close to a triangle; xiphoid processes that are forked at the end are also often found).
Rice. 14. Sternum (front view):
1 - jugular notch; 2 - clavicular notch; 3 - manubrium of the sternum; 4 - rib notches; 5 - body of the sternum; 6 - xiphoid process
Rice. 15. Ribs (top view) A - 1st rib; B - II rib:1 - tubercle of the rib;2 - rib angle;3 - rib neck;4 - rib head;5 - rib body
The rib (costae) (Fig. 15) is a long, spongy, flat-shaped bone that bends in two planes. In addition to the bone itself (os costale), each rib also has a cartilaginous part. Bone part, in turn, includes three clearly distinguishable sections: the body of the rib (corpus costae) (Fig. 15), the head of the rib (Fig. 15) with the articular surface on it (facies articularis capitis costae) and the neck of the rib separating them (collum costae) (Fig. 15).
The body's ribs are distinguished by outer and inner surfaces and upper and lower edges (except for I, in which the upper and lower surfaces and outer and inner edges are distinguished). At the junction of the neck of the rib with the body there is a tubercle of the rib (tuberculum costae) (Fig. 15). At the I–X ribs, behind the tubercle, the body bends, forming a rib angle (angulus costae) (Fig. 15), and the tubercle of the rib itself has an articular surface through which the rib articulates with the transverse process of the corresponding thoracic vertebra.
The body of the rib, represented by spongy bone, has a different length: from the first pair of ribs to the VII (less often VIII) the length of the body gradually increases; at the next ribs the body is successively shortened. Along the bottom edge inner surface the rib body has a longitudinal rib groove (sulcus costae); intercostal nerves and vessels pass through this groove. The anterior end of the first rib also has on its upper surface a tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle (tuberculum m. scaleni anterioris), in front of which there is a groove of the subclavian vein (sulcus v. subclaviae), and behind it there is a groove of the subclavian artery (sulcus a. subclaviae).
chest, compares thoracis, make up thoracic region spinal column, ribs (12 pairs) and sternum.
Rib cage forms the thoracic cavity, cavitas thoracis, which has the shape of a truncated cone, with its wide base facing downward and its truncated apex facing upward. In the chest there are anterior, posterior and lateral walls, an upper and lower opening, which limit the chest cavity.
The structure of the chest.
The anterior wall is shorter than the other walls, formed by the sternum and cartilage. Positioned obliquely, it protrudes more forward with its lower sections than the top ones. The posterior wall is longer than the anterior one, formed by the thoracic vertebrae and
sections of ribs from the heads to the corners; its direction is almost vertical.
On outer surface back wall of the chest, between the spinous processes of the vertebrae and the corners of the ribs, two grooves are formed on both sides - dorsal grooves: deep grooves lie in them. On the inner surface of the chest, between the protruding vertebral bodies and the corners of the ribs, two grooves are also formed - pulmonary grooves, sulci pulmonales; they are adjacent to the vertebral part of the costal surface of the lungs.
Side walls longer than the anterior and posterior ones, formed by the bodies of the ribs and are more or less convex.
The spaces bounded above and below by two adjacent ribs, in front by the lateral edge of the sternum and behind by the vertebrae, are called intercostal spaces, spatia intercostalia; they are made by intercostal muscles and membranes.
The chest, compages thoracis, bounded by the indicated walls, has two openings - upper and lower, which begin as apertures.
The upper aperture of the chest, apertura thoracis superior, is smaller than the lower one, limited in front by the upper edge of the manubrium, on the sides by the first ribs and behind by the body I. It has a transverse oval shape and is located in a plane inclined from back to front and downwards. The upper edge is located at the level of the gap between the II and III thoracic vertebrae.
The lower aperture of the chest, apertura thoracis inferior, is limited in front by the xiphoid process and the costal arch formed by the cartilaginous ends of the false ribs, on the sides by the free ends of the XI and XII ribs and the lower edges of the XII ribs, and behind by the body of the XII.
The costal arch, arcus costalis, at the xiphoid process forms an open substernal angle, angulus infrasternalis.
The human chest is a shield that protects against external influences vital human organs - lungs, large blood vessels, heart. In addition to protecting organs, the chest performs two more vital functions. important functions: respiratory and motor.
Structure and functions of the chest
Human chest
The rib cage is the largest section of the spine. It consists of 12 thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, muscles and part of the spinal column.
The upper part of the sternum begins with the first thoracic vertebra, from which the first left and right rib, connected by the manubrium of the sternum.
The lower part of the chest is much wider than the upper. The thoracic spine ends at the 11th and 12th ribs, the costal arch and the xiphoid process. Due to the costal arches and the xiphoid process, the substernal angle is formed.
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Anatomy of the thoracic spine and its functions
The thoracic spinal column performs supporting functions, which are carried out by 12 semi-movable vertebrae. The size of the vertebrae increases from top to bottom, taking into account the load of the person’s body weight. The vertebrae are connected by cartilage and muscle to 10 pairs of ribs. The vertebrae have processes located on both sides. The processes of the human spine serve to protect spinal cord, which is located in the spinal canal.
Anatomy of ribs and their functions
The ribs are located in the anterior part of the thoracic region and are paired arches that consist of a body, head and cartilage. In internal cavity The ribs contain bone marrow.
Of the 12 ribs of the thoracic region, 7 upper pairs are fixed between the spine and the manubrium of the sternum. The remaining 5 vertebrae are attached only to the vertebral stelae.
The eleventh and twelfth pair of ribs are oscillating, and in some people they are absent.
It is the ribs that perform the main protective function internal organs chest.
Anatomy of the thoracic muscles and their functions
The main functions of the muscles of this section are:
- ensuring movement of the arms and shoulder girdle;
- maintaining a breathing rhythm.
According to anatomical structure pectoral muscles are divided into:
Depending on the anatomical structure of the human body, the structure of the chest has 3 types: 
- Asthenic. With this type of structure, the sternum is a narrow, elongated flat cone, on which the costal spaces, clavicles, and clavicular fossae are clearly visible. With an asthenic structure, the back muscles are very poorly developed.
- Normosthenic. The normosthenic structure is characterized by a cone-shaped truncated shape. With this cell structure, the ribs are located at an angle, the shoulders reach an angle of 90% in relation to the neck.
- Hyperhypersthenic. This structure is characterized by a cylindrical shape. The diameters of the costal arches are almost equal. The anatomy of the spine and ribs is characterized by small spaces between the ribs and processes of the spine.
Improvement and restoration of functions in the thoracic spine
Improvement and prevention of diseases in this part of the spine is very important for health. Due to the fact that the thoracic region is the most immobile part of the back, it turns from side to side as a single unit, except for the lower ribs, which are most freely located.
Any change or minimal deformation can lead to compression nerve endings spinal cord, which will disrupt the functioning of the entire peripheral nervous system.
In order to restore functions in the thoracic spine, it is necessary to ensure proper load and mobility of all muscle groups and vertebrae.
Physical exercises to restore function are indicated only for mild ailments and minimal curvature of the spinal column. In cases where the curvature is severe, it is necessary special course therapeutic massage which can only be carried out by a qualified specialist.
In cases where the curvature is severe, a special course of therapeutic massage is required, which can only be carried out by a qualified specialist.
Depending on the structural features of the thoracic region with minimal deformities, a person can independently engage in therapeutic physical activity aimed at restoring function.
With minimal deformities, a person can independently engage in physical activity aimed at restoring function.
To the main health-improving exercises The following groups of physical activity include:
The chest is a frame consisting of a set of bones and separated from the abdominal cavity by a flat respiratory diaphragm. Due to its structure of a closed hollow space, this part of the body protects internal organs from mechanical influences from the environment.
Skeleton of the chest
The skeleton of the human chest includes:
- ribs
- sternum.
Thoracic vertebrae
They are 12 unpaired bones, each of which is a supporting unit of the spine and has a massive anterior fragment - the vertebral body. The body is designed to take on the main load and, together with the arch, forms a ring within which the spinal cord is located. The vertebrae are connected to each other by discs and a whole network of ligaments and muscles that ensure the flexibility of the column.
An adult's discs together can account for a quarter of the entire length. At the same time, the height of the discs changes during human life. Changes can range from 0.5 to 2 cm within one day and occur due to compression intervertebral discs under the influence of loads. The consequences of the loss of such elasticity are serious diseases.
The anterior fragment of the vertebra is much larger than that of the short bones of other parts, which is due to the higher loads that this part of the spine has to endure.
Each vertebra on both sides is connected to two ribs.
Ribs
The outline of the chest frame is made up of 12 pairs of long, narrow and curved plates consisting of cartilage, spongy bone and called ribs, each of which articulates at its posterior end with the body of the corresponding vertebra.
Only 7 upper pairs have connections with the sternum. These, the strongest in structure and massive ribs, are called “true”. Each of the subsequent ones is attached with its cartilages not to the anterior rib, but to the cartilage of the previous rib. The last two are called oscillating and their front ends lie freely.
With its middle part, each rib seems to sag relative to the places of articulation with the spine and sternum. This design, coupled with movable joints, allows the cell to quite freely change its internal volume by lowering and raising. Due to this, the necessary cushioning of the cage is also achieved.
Sternum
The flat sternum has three main parts:
- handle
- xiphoid process.
In my own way appearance The sternum is an elongated convex-concave bone that does not have a pair. It is located in the front part of the cell, being its wall. The three components of the sternum are mutually connected by cartilaginous layers, instead of which in mature age human bone tissue is formed.
The handle is the most wide part the sternum and has in its upper part a thickening and a jugular notch, which can be observed in every person in the area of the gate. On both sides of the notch there are points of connection between the sternum and the paired bones of the girdle. upper limbs.
The body of the sternum is a long bone and in its anterior part has sutures left over from the connection of its parts during the process of evolution.
The smallest and most variable part is the xiphoid process, which can differ from person to person, both in shape and size. When a person reaches old age, this part of the sternum completely ossifies and fuses with its body.
The cell skeleton performs protective functions, covering the lungs and major arteries. Therefore, all the components of the bone frame and their ligamentous apparatus function interconnectedly.
Types of chest
Depending on their morphological and functional features a person may have one of the following chest types:
- hypersthenic;
- normosthenic;
- asthenic.
Hypersthenic has the shape of a rather wide cylinder. This type is characterized by slightly pronounced Morenheim fossae (subclavian) and extremely small spaces between the ribs, located strictly horizontally. Straight shoulders widely spaced. Together they are moderately developed, the shoulder blades are located closely.
Normosthenic has the outline of a cone, the basis of which is the shoulder girdle. The cell is compressed in front, the ribs are located moderately obliquely, the distance between them is small. The shoulder line forms a right angle with the neck. The shoulder blades have blurred contours, the muscles are quite well developed.
Asthenic is characterized by flattened, narrow outlines, has an elongated shape and distinct Morenheim fossae. The ribs are located at a considerable distance from each other and more vertically than in all other types, the collarbones are clearly expressed. Muscle fibers the girdles of the upper extremities are very poorly developed, the shoulders are drooping, and the shoulder blades are not adjacent to the back.
In addition to the three main types, there are a number of pathological variants of chest development.
Emphysematous demonstrates pronounced hypersthenic features with some discrepancies. Has a slightly larger diameter. Morenheim's fossae appear brighter, the ribs are in the horizontal plane. This type is typical for people whose lungs are affected by chronic emphysema.
Paralytic has features similar to those of a cell with narrow outlines, but in their more pronounced manifestation. As a rule, it accompanies long-term lung diseases, leading to their shrinkage. The paralytic chest most often suffers from disproportion, since the distance between its ribs on one side and the other differs. Therefore, the shoulder blades move asynchronously during breathing.
Rachitic is most often characteristic of people who suffered from early age rickets. The cage is somewhat elongated from front to back. The breast bone protrudes forward, representing the so-called “keel”. The sides, closer to the front, are compressed inward on both sides and articulate with the sternum at a slight angle. There is a retraction of the lower part of the cell in the area of attachment to the diaphragm.
Funnel-shaped is characterized by characteristically depressed tissue in the area of the xiphoid process. This variant of cell development was often observed in various kinds artisans. More often - from shoemakers. That's why it got the name “shoemaker's chest.” Today, it is not possible to establish the cause of this pathology.
Scaphoid (from the word “rook”) type in upper area The sternum has a small boat-shaped depression. Accompanies spinal cord pathologies. Occurs, for example, with syringomyelia.
The chest, which is in in good condition, is somewhat compressed in front and geometrically represents a distorted cone.
Features of the human chest
As a person grows up, most parts of his body undergo a wide variety of metamorphoses in the form of constant corrections of the outlines, proportions and structure of the constituent elements. The number of such changes in the chest area significantly exceeds the number of similar processes in other parts of the body.
The baby's chest is similar in structure to the sternum of animals and has a cone shape. By the age of 7, its upper edge coincides with the level of 2-4 thoracic vertebrae, and by the time of final adulthood - with 3-4 vertebrae. This is due to the transition to chest breathing and the formation of a spiral line of ribs.
Changes can also occur during the course of the disease. As a result of salt deposits during rickets, their accumulation in the bone tissue leads to the fact that the chest can take the shape of a keel - a type called “chicken breast” in medical parlance.
The angle formed by the two costal arches at the point of their connection with the sternum in an infant is 45°, and in an adult it is 15°. The final form is formed around 18-20 years. The most significant changes in this area begin to occur at the age of 14 years, when secondary sexual characteristics begin to influence the outline of the cell.
The structure of the human chest is strongly dependent on gender. A man's sternum, like the entire bone frame of his cell, is much larger than that of a woman. The bend of his ribs closer to their corners is more obvious.
In women, the ribs curl more strongly and tend to spiral. The anterior part of the ribs is slightly lower. This affects not only the shape of the sternum, but also the predominant type of breathing. A woman's chest has more flat shape, A characteristic type her breathing is thoracic. In men, the abdominal type is predominantly observed. Their breathing occurs due to vibrations of the diaphragm.
A newborn has a rather deep (compared to its width) chest. Thanks to these proportions, his body has a rounded outline. With age, the ratio of width and depth is transformed, and width becomes the predominant value. By about 7 years of age, children permanently develop a wide and flat chest.
Body types are in clear relationship with the shape of the sternum. With short stature, a wide and shortened chest is often observed. U tall people On the contrary, the chest is often elongated and quite flat.
In older people, the costal cartilages gradually lose their pliability, causing them to lose the ability to move freely during breathing. A change in cell shape is often observed as a result of respiratory disease. For example, with emphysema it often takes on a barrel-shaped shape.
Active sports can give the chest a natural and healthy shape and size. Thanks to them, the pectoral muscles are strengthened, and the lung volume necessary for normal life functions develops.
While watching the video you will learn about the structure of the skeleton.
A healthy lifestyle protects against cell deformation and prevents internal diseases thoracic organs. Proper nutrition, refusal bad habits, work and rest schedule, regular exercise - all this helps maintain breast tone and ensures normal metabolism in the body.
The rib cage is the largest section of the spine. It consists of 12 thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, muscles and part of the spinal column.
The upper part of the sternum begins with the first thoracic vertebra, from which the first left and right ribs extend, connected by the manubrium of the sternum.
The lower part of the chest is much wider than the upper. The thoracic spine ends at the 11th and 12th ribs, the costal arch and the xiphoid process. Due to the costal arches and the xiphoid process, the substernal angle is formed.
Anatomy of the thoracic spine and its functions
The thoracic spinal column performs supporting functions, which are carried out by 12 semi-movable vertebrae. The size of the vertebrae increases from top to bottom, taking into account the load of the person’s body weight. The vertebrae are connected by cartilage and muscle to 10 pairs of ribs. The vertebrae have processes located on both sides. The spinal processes in humans serve to protect the spinal cord, which is located in the spinal canal.
Anatomy of ribs and their functions
- maintaining a breathing rhythm.
- Large - dense paired muscles located on the front wall of the chest. The function of the large muscle is to lift and move the human arms.
The ribs are located in the anterior part of the thoracic region and are paired arches that consist of a body, head and cartilage. The inner cavity of the ribs contains bone marrow.
Of the 12 ribs of the thoracic region, 7 upper pairs are fixed between the spine and the manubrium of the sternum. The remaining 5 vertebrae are attached only to the vertebral stelae.
The eleventh and twelfth pair of ribs are oscillating, and in some people they are absent.
It is the ribs that perform the main protective function of the internal organs of the chest.
Anatomy of the thoracic muscles and their functions
The main functions of the muscles of this section are:
- ensuring movement of the arms and shoulder girdle;
- maintaining a breathing rhythm.
According to the anatomical structure, the pectoral muscles are divided into:
Depending on the anatomical structure of the human body, the structure of the chest has 3 types:
- Sternum and ribs
- Connections in the chest
- Asthenic. With this type of structure, the sternum is a narrow, elongated flat cone, on which the costal spaces, clavicles, and clavicular fossae are clearly visible. With an asthenic structure, the back muscles are very poorly developed.
- Normosthenic. The normosthenic structure is characterized by a cone-shaped truncated shape. With this cell structure, the ribs are located at an angle, the shoulders reach an angle of 90% in relation to the neck.
- Hyperhypersthenic. This structure is characterized by a cylindrical shape. The diameters of the costal arches are almost equal. The anatomy of the spine and ribs is characterized by small spaces between the ribs and processes of the spine.
- Sternum and ribs
- Connections in the chest
See also:
Sternum and ribs
Connections in the chestRib cage(compages thoracis) consists of ribs connected at the anterior ends to the sternum (sternum), and at the posterior ends to the thoracic vertebrae. The frontal surface of the chest, represented by the sternum and the anterior ends of the ribs, is much shorter than its posterior or lateral surfaces. The chest cavity, bounded below by the diaphragm, contains vital organs - the heart, lungs, large vessels and nerves. Also inside the chest (in the upper third, just behind the sternum) is the thymus gland.
The spaces between the ribs that make up the chest are occupied by the intercostal muscles. The bundles of external and internal intercostal muscles pass in different directions: the external intercostal muscles - from the lower edge of the rib obliquely down and forward, and the internal intercostal muscles - from the upper edge of the rib obliquely upward and forward. Between the muscles there is a thin layer of loose fiber in which intercostal nerves and vessels pass.
Newborns have a chest that is noticeably compressed from the sides and extended forward. With age, sexual dimorphism is clearly manifested in the shape of the chest: in men it approaches cone-shaped, expanding from below; in women, the chest is not only smaller in size, but also different in shape (expanding in the middle part, narrowing in both the upper and lower parts).
chest, compares thoracis, make up the thoracic spinal column, ribs (12 pairs) and sternum.
The chest forms the chest cavity, cavitas thoracis, which has the shape of a truncated cone, with its wide base facing downward and its truncated apex facing upward. In the chest there are anterior, posterior and lateral walls, an upper and lower opening, which limit the chest cavity.
The anterior wall is shorter than the other walls, formed by the sternum and cartilage of the ribs. Positioned obliquely, it protrudes more anteriorly with its lower sections than with its upper ones. The posterior wall is longer than the anterior one, formed by the thoracic vertebrae and
sections of ribs from the heads to the corners; its direction is almost vertical.On the outer surface of the posterior wall of the chest, between the spinous processes of the vertebrae and the corners of the ribs, two grooves are formed on both sides - dorsal grooves: the deep muscles of the back lie in them. On the inner surface of the chest, between the protruding vertebral bodies and the corners of the ribs, two grooves are also formed - pulmonary grooves, sulci pulmonales; they are adjacent to the vertebral part of the costal surface of the lungs.
The lateral walls are longer than the front and back, formed by the bodies of the ribs and are more or less convex.
The spaces bounded above and below by two adjacent ribs, in front by the lateral edge of the sternum and behind by the vertebrae, are called intercostal spaces, spatia intercostalia; they are made of ligaments, intercostal muscles and membranes.
The chest, compages thoracis, bounded by the indicated walls, has two openings - upper and lower, which begin as apertures.The upper aperture of the chest, apertura thoracis superior, is smaller than the lower one, limited in front by the upper edge of the manubrium, on the sides by the first ribs and behind by the body I thoracic vertebra. It has a transverse oval shape and is located in a plane inclined from back to front and downwards. The upper edge of the manubrium of the sternum is located at the level of the gap between the II and III thoracic vertebrae.
The lower aperture of the chest, apertura thoracis inferior, is limited in front by the xiphoid process and the costal arch formed by the cartilaginous ends of the false ribs, on the sides by the free ends of the XI and XII ribs and the lower edges of the XII ribs, and behind by the body of the XII thoracic vertebra.The costal arch, arcus costalis, at the xiphoid process forms an open substernal angle, angulus infrasternalis.
The shape of the chest different people different (flat, cylindrical or conical). In persons with a narrow chest, the infrasternal angle is sharper and the intercostal spaces are wider, and the chest itself is longer than in persons with a wide chest. The chest of men is longer, wider and more cone-shaped than that of women.
The shape of the chest also depends on age.Atlas of human anatomy. Akademik.ru. 2011.
Structure
There are four sections in the chest frame - anterior, posterior and two lateral. It has two holes (apertures) - upper and lower. The first is limited behind at the level of the very first thoracic vertebrae, on the side by the uppermost ribs, and in front by the manubrium of the sternum. The top of the lung enters the aperture and the esophagus and trachea pass through it. The lower opening is wider, its boundaries run along the twelfth vertebra, along the ribs and arches, through the xiphoid process and are closed by the diaphragm.
The chest frame consists of twelve pairs of ribs. In front is the cartilaginous apparatus and the sternum. At the back are twelve vertebrae with ribs and the spinal column.
The main role of the cell is to protect vital organs, namely the heart, lungs and liver. When the spine is deformed, transformations are observed in the chest itself, which is extremely dangerous and can lead to compression of the organs located in it, which leads to disruption of their functioning, and, subsequently, to the development of various diseases.
Ribs
Each rib includes bone and cartilage; their special structure prevents damage to organs during impacts.
The seven large upper ribs are connected to the sternum. Below there are three more ribs attached to the upper cartilages. The rib cage ends with two floating ribs, which are not combined with the sternum, but are attached exclusively to the spine. All together they create a single frame that serves as a support. It is almost motionless, since it consists entirely of bone tissue. Instead of this tissue, a newborn has cartilaginous tissue. Actually, these ribs form the posture.
- sit and stand straight;
- engage actively in sports that strengthen the back muscles;
- Use the right mattress and pillow.
The main task of the ribs is not to interfere breathing movement and protect organs located inside the cell from injury.
Sternum
The sternum looks like a flat bone and includes three sections - the upper (manubrium), middle (body) and lower (xiphoid process). In structure, it is spongy bone, covered with a denser layer. On the handle you can see the jugular notch and a pair of clavicular notches. They are needed for attachment to the upper pair of ribs and collarbone. The largest section of the sternum is the body. 2-5 pairs of ribs are attached to it, and the formation of sterno-costal joints occurs. Below there is a xiphoid process that is easy to palpate. It can be different: blunt, pointed, split and even have a hole. It completely ossifies by the age of 20.
Form
In young children, the chest is convex in shape, but over the years, with correct growth, it changes.
The cell itself is normally flattened, and its shape depends on gender, the constitution of the body and the degree of its physical development.
There are three chest shapes:
- flat;
- cylindrical;
- conical
A conical shape occurs in a person with high level muscle and lung development. The chest is large but short. If the muscles are poorly developed, then the cell narrows and lengthens, taking on a flatter shape. Cylindrical is medium shape between the above.
Under the influence of external and internal factors the form may change pathologically.
Pathological forms of the chest:
- Emphysematous, it occurs in people suffering from chronic pulmonary emphysema
- Paralytic. Changes occur in patients with reduced lung mass; this occurs with prolonged diseases of the lungs and pleura.
- The rickets form occurs in people who suffered from rickets in childhood.
- The funnel-shaped form is distinguished by a funnel-shaped fossa in the area of the xiphoid process and the lower part of the sternum.
- The scaphoid shape occurs in diseases of the spinal cord.
- The kyphoscoliotic form occurs when there is curvature of the spine as a result of arthritis or tuberculosis.
Movement
Movement occurs when a person breathes.
When inhaling, the almost motionless frame increases along with the intercostal spaces, and when exhaling it decreases, while the spaces narrow. This occurs due to special muscles and mobility of the costal cartilages.
During quiet breathing, the respiratory muscles are responsible for cell movement, the most important of which are the intercostal muscles. When they contract, the chest expands to the sides and forward.
If you need to catch your breath after physical activity, then auxiliary respiratory muscles join them. In case of illness or when oxygen access to the lungs is difficult, the muscles attached to the ribs and other parts of the skeleton begin to work. By contracting, they increase the stretch of the chest.
Features and age-related changes
At birth, all children have a cone-shaped chest. Its transverse diameter is small and the ribs are located horizontally. The costal heads themselves and their endings lie in the same plane. Later, the upper border of the sternum decreases and is located in the region of the 3rd and 4th vertebrae. The determining factor is the appearance of chest breathing in children. The first two years are characterized rapid growth cells, but by age seven, growth becomes slower, but increases most middle section cells. By about the age of twenty, the breasts acquire their usual shape.
Men have a larger chest than women. It is also characterized by a stronger curvature of the ribs, but their spiral twisting is less typical. This specificity influences both cell shape and respiration patterns. In a woman, due to the strong spiral shape of the ribs, the front end is lower and the shape is more flattened. For this reason, her chest type of breathing dominates. This is different from men who have respiratory process occurs due to the movement of the diaphragm and is called the abdominal type.
It has been proven that people with different body compositions also have a characteristic chest shape. A person does not tall with extended abdominal cavity the chest will be wider, but shorter, with an expanded bottom hole. Conversely, a tall person will have a longer and flatter chest shape.
Around the age of 30, a person begins to ossify. As we age, cartilage loses its mobility, leading to a greater likelihood of injury. The diameter of the breast also decreases, this leads to disturbances in the functioning of the organs themselves and the system as a whole, and the shape of the cell changes accordingly.
To prolong the health of your body, and in particular the chest, you need to do physical complexes exercises. To strengthen muscles, it is recommended to exercise with a barbell or dumbbells, and perform a set of special exercises on the horizontal bar. Always, from childhood, it is necessary to monitor your posture. As recommended by doctors, take vitamins and calcium. This is especially necessary for pregnant women and the elderly. At the onset of diseases, chondroprotectors are prescribed that can stop the destruction of bone tissue.
Scheme of the structure of the temporomandibular joint 1 - joint capsule; 2 – behind the articular tubercle
What does the wrist joint consist of? Wrist joint- connection of the forearm with the hand. Wrist joint
Many people are interested in knowing how many ribs a person has. This information is especially useful for those who believe