What are pathological diseases? Rare human pathologies: fiction or reality
From normal condition or development process.
- ru (med.)
- It should be noted that the word " pathology" also denote any deviation from the norm.
- Mid-cycle smudge is pathology, quite common in many women of all ages.
- Degree of expression pathology Fetal development may be different.
- Origins of medical pathology can be found in ancient world, as a speculative doctrine of humoral (from Lat. humor - moisture, liquid) and solidary (from Lat. solidus - dense) pathology.
- General pathology studies the most general patterns pathological processes that underlie the disease, regardless of the cause that caused it, individual characteristics organism, specific environmental conditions, etc.
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic pathology.
Synonyms for pathology
- disease
Hyponyms for pathology
- echopathology
Hypernyms for pathology
- violation
- deviation
The content of the article
PATHOLOGY, branch of medicine that studies the nature and causes of diseases, as well as the structural and functional changes. Research in pathology is carried out within almost all medical disciplines, but primarily pathological anatomy, including pathomorphology, and pathological physiology. Pathology is usually divided into general and specific. General pathology examines the basic processes causing disease and determining its development; subject of private pathology - study individual diseases. It should be noted that the word “pathology” also refers to any deviation from the norm.
HISTORICAL SKETCH
Ancient ideas about disease.
Man has undoubtedly pondered the nature of disease since ancient times. However, not only in primitive society, but also in the developed ancient civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Persia, the disease remained a mysterious event that evoked a religious attitude. Scientific approach to the problem was first reflected in the works of the school of Hippocrates (4th century BC). Scientists Ancient Greece and Rome left many excellent descriptions external signs diseases and injuries, and such descriptions themselves first appeared within the framework of scientific pathology; however, without autopsy of the corpses, of course, it was impossible to move forward. Ancient authors assumed the existence of four fluids (blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile), four elements (air, water, fire and earth) and four qualities (heat, cold, wetness and dryness), which were all related to each other. Thus, blood was considered warm and moist, like air; phlegm – cold and wet, like water; yellow bile - warm and dry, like fire; and black bile is cold and dry, like earth. The right combination fluids in the whole body and its individual parts ensured health; wrong - gave rise to the corresponding disease.
The flourishing of pathological anatomy.
The theory of the four liquids triumphed until the end of the Middle Ages, when, with the general awakening of interest in the physical world characteristic of the Renaissance, the main method of research became the dissection and dissection of corpses. Vesalius (1514–1564), who became famous mainly for his studies and drawings of the normal structure of the body, was also interested in many deviations from the norm, and scientists such as J. Fernel from Amiens and M. Donatus from Mantua, with their descriptions of posthumous changes, laid the foundation in the 16th century. the beginning of modern structural concepts in the field of pathological anatomy. Numerous autopsies carried out over the next two centuries throughout Europe, and the increasing accuracy of scientists’ observations, made it possible to obtain a lot of pathological information, to which little could subsequently be added. Among the anatomists of that time, W. Harvey (1578–1657), famous for the discovery of blood circulation, stood out; K. Tulp from Amsterdam (1593–1674), whom Rembrandt immortalized with a painting Doctor Tulpa's Anatomy Lesson; and G. Morgagni (1682–1771), an outstanding anatomist of the Paduan school.
The role of Virchow.
Throughout the 18th century. and the first half of the 19th century. Many energetic and eminent researchers filled the gaps and added new touches to the study of diseases. However, there was neither a new concept nor a general idea that would form the basis for further progress, until the work of R. Virchow was published in 1858 Cellular pathology. Generations of scientists have already used a microscope, and the botanist M. Schleiden (1804–1881) and the anatomist T. Schwann (1810–1882) managed to publish their doctrine of the cell as the structural basis of all living things, but Virchow’s postulate “ every cell from a cell“, meaning that only the cells themselves are those living formations that reproduce each other, and they all arise from other cells, sounded like something completely new. Virchow criticized existing mystical ideas about the nature of diseases and showed that disease is also a manifestation of life, occurring, however, in conditions of impaired vital activity of the body. The scientist applied his concept to explain the processes of inflammation, tumor growth and almost all other areas of pathology, truly revolutionizing the minds of pathologists.
Infectious pathology.
MODERN PATHOLOGY
Methods of general pathology.
Like other natural sciences, pathology uses two methods: descriptive and experimental. Only their combination allows us to understand the phenomenon of the disease. Modern pathology is based on autopsies. Post-mortem examination internal organs, identifying those structural changes in them, which accompany many diseases, make it possible to understand the disease itself. Knowledge of anatomical abnormalities in itself may be sufficient to explain the mechanism functional disorders, manifested objective signs and subjective symptoms of the disease. However, to finally solve the problem, it is often necessary to reproduce similar diseases in animal experiments, especially since this approach makes it possible to more accurately determine the cause of the disease. If deviations from the norm found in organs or tissues as a result of disease or injury can be reproduced using influences that are supposed to play a causal role, then we can conclude that these factors are the cause of these changes. The value of a combined approach, including observation and experiment, in determining the cause of a disease is well illustrated by the history of the study of tuberculosis. This disease has various manifestations and affects various organs; as a result, despite the fact that many authors, based on post-mortem studies, have compiled excellent descriptions of its various forms, for a long time it was not possible to understand that all these forms reflect general process and are caused by the same reason. The unity of the various changes characteristic of tuberculosis was established through the use of a microscope and Virchow’s concept of cellular pathology. R. Koch (1843–1910) made the most important step forward, revealing the constant presence of the tuberculosis bacillus in the affected tissues. He then supplemented this observation with an experiment: he isolated the microbe from tissues, separated it from other microorganisms, and injected it into an animal susceptible to tuberculosis. The same rod was again found in the foci of this artificially caused disease. The need for such a sequence of actions to confirm the cause infectious disease called "Koch's postulates".
Private pathology.
Task general pathology– identification of the main patterns of pathological processes through observation and experiments. Private pathology uses the knowledge obtained in this way to establish accurate diagnosis in each individual case. A pathologist (pathologist, pathologist) registers visible changes tissues and organs and examines them under a microscope to identify morphological (histological) changes. This is how tissues removed during surgery, as well as tissues of deceased people.
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Human pathology in the tropics is not fundamentally different from pathology in a temperate climate, although it has significant features that depend on the specific natural and social conditions inherent in most hot countries.
In human pathology, lathyrism is represented by quite rare diseases. nervous systems s that can be appropriately classified as neurolyticism. The most famous cases of poisoning when consumed special type fodder peas, the so-called china (Lathyrus sativa L.
The role of selenium in human pathology was established after the description of selenium deficiency cardiomyopathy in China (Keshan disease), as well as the phenomena of selenium deficiency in complete parenteral nutrition[Johnson R. Characteristics of selenium deficiency diseases are established only in last years. The antiblastic effect of selenium and its ability to counteract the toxic effects of heavy metals are also of interest.
It turned out that it is known in human pathology. It is considered as a signal of trouble in the urinary system. Chlorine ion is important for kidney function: a decrease in its content in the absence of a corresponding decrease in sodium can lead to functional disorders and even organic kidney damage.
Therefore, most of the terms used in human pathology have a slightly different meaning here, as can be seen from the following brief review.
Based on the foregoing, the following main forms of human pathology can be identified, caused by excessive or insufficient income silicon into the body.
WHO arose the concept of a sharp and stable reduction in infectious morbidity in general human pathology in economic developed countries. However, as research in recent years has shown, such a statement was deeply erroneous. Now in various regions of the world infectious diseases constitute at least 60 - 70% of all human pathology. Moreover, if a number of traditional infections really tend to decrease or at least stabilize, then several new, previously unknown infectious diseases have appeared: HIV infection, legionellosis, exotic Lassa fever, Marburg-Ebola, etc. The etiological role of a number of them has now been established microorganisms in the occurrence of diseases previously considered non-infectious.
From those listed in table. 20 enzymes, we will focus on xanthine oxidase and sulfite oxidase, which are of significant importance in human pathology, and also mention the molybdenum cofactor, which contains molybdenum, iron and sulfur.
Production activities human beings are constantly exerted by increasing Negative influence on the quality of the natural environment, contributing to the emergence of unfavorable environmental factors, forming up to 25 - 30% of human pathology. At the same time, the increase in anthropogenic impact on the natural environment is not always limited only to direct impact, in particular, an increase in the concentration of toxic impurities in the atmosphere.
Features of the impact of environmental factors have led to significant changes in population health indicators, which consist in the fact that new patterns are observed in the prevalence and nature of human pathology, and demographic processes proceed differently.
Nutritional science is based on precise knowledge of step-by-step breakdown nutrients under the influence of enzymes of the digestive system, the quantitative and qualitative composition of which is significantly influenced by the nature of the substances supplied with food. Many problems of human hereditary pathology, development birth defects metabolism are closely related to defects or complete absence of synthesis of specific enzymes. Problems of cell growth and development, cell differentiation higher organisms, physiological functions (movement, movement in space, transport of substances and ions, processes of excitation and inhibition, etc.) are determined to a large extent by the work of biocatalysts, including their biosynthesis and inactivation. Thus, there is every reason to confirm the position that not only modern biology, as academician notes.
Disturbances in the formation and increased damage to connective tissue structures, especially collagen and elastic fibers, as well as bone and cartilage during various forms Copper deficiency has been quite well studied in various animal species and reproduced experimentally. This cannot be said about the corresponding human pathology, which is not yet the focus of attention of clinicians and pathologists.
In recent years, the share of morbidity and frequency of viral uveitis in both children and adults has been increasing. This is due not only to the increasing role of viral infections in human pathology, but also to improved diagnosis of viral infections.
A humane idea national medicine, which was always preached by its best representatives - G. A. Zakharyin, S. P. Botkin, N. A. Semashko and others, was preventive direction, which was based on the desire not to treat, but to prevent the disease. A materialistic idea of the factors of biological individuality and the identification of their connection with human pathology are a concrete prerequisite for quick victories in medical rehabilitation.
Pathology (Greek pathos - suffering, disease, logos - teaching) is a branch of medicine that studies disease processes and conditions in a living organism. Pathology as an academic discipline is based on the synthesis of two sciences: pathological anatomy, which studies changes in the structure of organs and tissues caused by disease processes, and pathological physiology, which studies dysfunctions of organs and the body as a whole during diseases. In other words, pathology is the anatomy and physiology of a diseased organism.
Pathology is divided into general and private. General studies typical pathological processes at all levels (from the whole organism to the cellular and molecular). Particular (Nosology) – studies specific diseases, as a science about the causes, mechanisms of development, manifestations, complications and outcomes of individual diseases
BIOPSY (Greek bios - life and opsis vision) - intravital tissue removal for diagnostic purposes
experiments on warm-blooded animals to study morphological changes in organs and tissues during the disease process.
clinical observation and studies of sick people, since experiments on animals cannot provide sufficient information about human diseases.
Disease. Concept. Classification DISEASE - a disorder of the body’s vital functions under the influence of extreme irritants of the external and internal environment, characterized by a decrease in adaptability with simultaneous mobilization protective forces body. ETIOLOGY is the study of the causes and conditions of the occurrence of a disease. The causes are exogenous (biological, physical, chemical, mechanical) and endogenous (heredity). According to the etiological principle, diseases are divided into infectious and non-infectious. By organ system - diseases respiratory system and so on
Pathogenesis. Diagnosis. Symptom. - mechanism of occurrence, development and outcome of the disease. The disease always has a main etiological cause, the pathological process has many causes. Diagnosis is the definition of the disease based on the examination of the patient. Complaints allow you to evaluate subjective symptoms, examination reveals objective symptoms. Laboratory and instrumental studies confirm preliminary diagnosis
Periods of disease development 1. Hidden or latent period (incubation period for infection). From minutes to several years. 2. Prodromal (the interval between the first general symptoms disease and the full development of the disease). From hours to several days. 3. Period full development disease (height) with the appearance characteristic symptoms. From days to years. 4. Outcome period: Complete recovery or incomplete (long-term remission) are favorable options. Unfavorable: complications, relapse, transition to a chronic form and death 5. Period of residual effects (rickets). Not required.
Nature of the disease The most acute form– up to 4 days Acute – from 5 to 14 days Subacute – from 15 to 40 days Chronic 0 to 40 days before death Treatment (therapy) is always complex. Outpatient, inpatient and sanatorium. Compliance with the regime and diet. Features of care depending on the disease. Medication: etiological, pathogenetic and symptomatic
Death is the irreversible cessation of the body's vital functions. Occurs in 4 periods: Preagonal (agonia - struggle). Sharp deterioration heart function and vascular tone, shortness of breath, confusion. Lasts several hours. Agonal period. No pulse. Loss of consciousness. Pathological breathing. No pupillary reflex. Cramps. A couple of minutes. Clinical death. Heart failure. Stopping breathing. The pupils dilate. Reversible. But no longer than 7 - 8 minutes. Biological death. Cadaveric spots. Rigor mortis(2 -3 hours). Cooling down to ambient temperature. Organs for transplantation: heart – 20 minutes. Kidney – 120 min.
Alteration (damage) - Change in the structure and functions of cells, intercellular substance of tissues and organs under the influence of damaging influences. Damaging factors cause changes in metabolism, which leads to disruption of the functions of damaged cells, organs and tissues. Alteration is a typical pathological process, which, in addition to negative effects, activates protective and restorative reactions. At the tissue level, three types of alteration are distinguished: Dystrophy Atrophy Necrosis
Dystrophy (eating disorder) is a pathological process, a metabolic disorder leads to the accumulation of altered metabolic products, causing damage cells and intercellular substance, which as the process develops is accompanied by a deterioration in the functions of the organ. Dystrophies can be reversible and irreversible, hereditary and acquired Causes: Congenital disorders functioning of enzyme systems Disorders of nutrient transport Disorder of neurohumoral regulation of work
Classification of dystrophies By type of metabolic disorder: Protein Fatty Carbohydrate Mineral By location: Cellular (parenchymal) Intercellular (mesenchymal) Mixed By prevalence: Local
Intracellular (parenchymatous) Protein: Etiology - (hypoxia, infections, intoxication) 1. granular, when grains of denatured protein appear in the cells of the heart, liver, kidneys, visible under a microscope. The organ externally looks enlarged, dull, “cloudy swelling.” Reversible!
3. Hydropic (dropsy) - appear in the cells of the cavity with cytoplasmic fluid. Often when viral infections
4. Horny dystrophy Expressed in excess accumulation horny substance. Or appearing in places where keratinization processes are normally absent. Causes - a) skin malformations - ichthyosis (fish scales) b) chronic inflammation
Carbohydrate dystrophy - accumulation of glycogen where it should not be (kidneys in diabetes)
Mesenchymal (intercellular) to dystrophy Protein: 1. Mucoid swelling. Reversible. Collagen threads thicken due to water (rheumatism on early stage)
3. Hyalinosis - the intercellular space is filled with smooth, shiny (like hyaline cartilage) pathological protein. Often in heart valves, kidneys, blood vessels hypertension
Mixed - with metabolic disorders uric acid(gout), hemoglobin (from bruising to brown staining of the organ) and bilirubin (jaundice)
Atrophy - intravital reduction in the size of cells, organs and tissues with a decrease or cessation of their functions. Hypoplasia - Congenital underdevelopment of an organ and a decrease in its function. Agenesis – complete congenital absence organ Aplasia - an organ looks like an early rudiment without a typical structure Metaplasia - the transition of one type of tissue to another, related type, with unfavorable conditions
With atrophy, cells decrease in size due to compaction of the cytoplasm and then the nucleus. Some cells may disappear. The parenchyma cells of organs are especially severely damaged, since they are more sensitive to metabolic disorders and oxygen starvation than cells connective tissue. Sometimes, along with atrophy of the parenchyma, proliferation of the stroma occurs, and connective tissue replaces the atrophied parenchyma. In this case, the organ may even increase in size. This enlargement of an organ due to connective tissue is called false hypertrophy. As a rule, an atrophied organ appears reduced in volume and is compacted due to the proliferation of stroma, so its surface becomes fine-grained. Atrophy can be physiological or pathological. Physiological atrophy is observed throughout a person’s life.
Physiological atrophy after birth atrophy umbilical arteries, botal duct, after reaching puberty - thymus, after cessation of lactation - mammary glands, gonads - in old age. Pathological atrophy (local and general): Local 1. from inactivity 2. from prolonged compression 
Necrosis (from nekros - dead) - death in a living organism of an organ, its tissue or a group of cells with complete cessation life activity. The necrotic process goes through 4 stages: 1. paranecrosis - similar to necrotic, but reversible processes 2. necrobiosis - irreversible dystrophic changes with a predominance of catabolic reactions over anabolic ones 3. cell death 4. autolysis - decomposition of a dead substrate.
When classifying forms of necrosis, the cause that caused necrosis, the mechanism of development and clinical and morphological features are taken into account. Classification of necrosis: Due to necrosis 1. Traumatic necrosis - direct action on the tissue of physical and chemical factors. 2. Toxic necrosis - the effect on tissue of bacterial and non-bacterial toxins bacterial origin. (Curdaceous necrosis in special infections) 3. Trophoneurotic necrosis occurs when there is a violation of the nervous trophism of tissues (bedsores). 4. Allergic necrosis occurs in a sensitized organism and is an expression of a hypersensitivity reaction immediate type. 5. Vascular necrosis, or heart attack, occurs when blood flow in the arteries is disrupted or stopped as a result of thrombosis, embolism, or prolonged spasm.
According to clinical and morphological features: Coagulative (dry) necrosis is characterized by the fact that the dead areas that arise with it are dry, dense, gray-yellow in color. Develops in tissues rich in proteins and poor in fluid. Liquation (wet) necrosis is characterized by the melting of dead tissue. It is observed in tissues that are relatively poor in proteins and rich in fluid. Gangrene (Greek – fire) – special shape necrosis, characterized by the black color of necrotic tissue due to the transformation of blood pigments into iron sulfide. It can also be dry and wet, as well as anaerobic, or gas, and in the form of bedsores - necrosis of superficial areas of the body (skin, soft tissues) exposed to pressure. Sequestrum - a section of dead tissue that does not undergo autolysis and is freely located among living tissues (a necrotic bone fragment in osteomyelitis - inflammation bone marrow). A heart attack (Latin - to stuff) is vascular (ischemic) necrosis, a consequence and extreme expression of ischemia. Heart attack is the most common species necrosis (infarction of the heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen, etc.)
Outcomes of necrosis The outcome of necrosis can be favorable or unfavorable. Favorable: organization - scar formation - - encapsulation - formation of a capsule around the necrosis zone - calcification (petrification) - ossification (bone formation) - cyst - formation of a cavity in the necrosis focus With the so-called favorable outcome of necrosis, its consequences can be very significant if it has occurred in vital important organs(cyst in the brain, scar in the myocardium, etc.).
Adverse outcomes necrosis - purulent melting of the necrosis focus leads to sepsis - “local death” - necrosis of a vital organ
Knows many diagnoses modern medicine. Every day hundreds of thousands of people get sick around the world, and doctors have to work hard to determine correct diagnosis and appoint effective treatment. It often happens that a patient whose illness is quite serious or long time does not heal, gives up and stops fighting, believing that he is now the worst in the world. But it’s not for nothing that they say that everything is learned by comparison. Rare pathologies, which are found from time to time in people from absolutely different corners planets make it possible to understand this.
Amazing and very rare human pathologies
Rare human pathologies are diseases that, in most cases, are a genetic problem.
And, as you know, it’s hard to argue with genetics. Patients with similar diseases they put a lot of effort into fighting them, and sometimes just to accept their pathology and learn to live with it. the site talks about rare diseases, which will make you learn to value your own health even more.
- Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
This is one of the rarest pathologies, which is characterized by incredible growth throughout the human body. large quantity warts Epidermodysplasia verruciformis or Lutz disease is a genetic disease that occurs when a person is overly sensitive to the papilloma virus. By the way, almost every inhabitant of the planet is infected with this virus, while pathological processes as a result of its impact on the body, and especially of such a scale, develop quite rarely. Such people suffer greatly because it is almost impossible to cure their disease. High risk The development of skin cancer forces patients with Lutz disease to hide from the sun and use sunscreen all their lives.
- Hypertrichosis
Various types of dysfunction of the endocrine and nervous systems can cause this disease, which is most often found in females. Hypertrichosis is characterized by excess hair growth throughout the body, causing patients to resemble animals. It is extremely difficult to fight this pathology, and simply removing hair is very difficult. Height hairline in patients with hypertrichosis, it can occur even in those parts of the body where it could not exist in principle.
- Mermaid Syndrome
Despite being enough beautiful name, mermaid syndrome or sirenomelia is one of the most serious genetic pathologies. This congenital disease characterized by fusion lower limbs. In addition to the fact that patients are unable to walk, they very often lack external genitalia and have underdevelopment gastrointestinal tract and anus. One can only imagine how much heavy operations Such newborn children have to endure this in order to prolong their life at least a little.
- Fibrodysplasia
Another genetic disease resulting from chromosomal mutation. Patients with fibrodysplasia suffer from growth in their body, even in muscles, tendons and ligaments. bone. Almost any injury can cause the formation of bones, which absolutely cannot be removed: this can provoke even more active growth bones.
- Yuner Tan syndrome
This rare pathology is quite easy to diagnose: patients with this diagnosis are not able to walk on two legs, they move exclusively on four limbs. As a result of a genetic failure, such patients experience mental retardation. Brain imaging shows that people with Yuner Tan syndrome have missing areas of the brain that normal people have.
Rare pathologies are a big problem, which, fortunately, only a small percentage of the world's population has to deal with.
But even with these diseases, people learn to live and enjoy the fact that they have the opportunity to wake up in the morning and be close to their loved ones. This is one of those important qualities, which is worth learning for each of us.