Individual psychological characteristics of the personality. Concept of personality
Personality in psychology refers to a person as a carrier of consciousness. It is believed that a person is not born, but becomes in the process of being and working, when, communicating and interacting, a person compares himself with others and distinguishes his “I”. Psychological properties (traits) of a person are fully and vividly revealed in activities, communication, relationships, and even in a person’s appearance.
Personalities can be different - harmoniously developed and reactionary, progressive and one-sided, highly moral and vile, but at the same time, each personality is unique. Sometimes this property - uniqueness - is called individuality, as a manifestation of the individual.
However, the concepts of individual, personality and individuality are not identical in content: each of them reveals a specific aspect of a person’s individual existence. Personality can be understood only in a system of stable interpersonal connections, mediated by the content, values, and meaning of the joint activity of each of the participants (1).
Interpersonal connections that form a personality in a team externally appear in the form of communication or a subject-subject relationship along with a subject-object relationship characteristic of objective activity.
The personality of each person is endowed only with its own inherent combination of traits and characteristics that form its individuality - a combination of psychological characteristics of a person that make up his originality, his difference from other people. Individuality is manifested in character traits, temperament, habits, prevailing interests, in the qualities of cognitive processes, in abilities, and individual style of activity. Lifestyle as a socio-philosophical concept selects from the variety of qualities and properties inherent in a given person, only socially stable, socially typical, characterizing the social content of her individuality, revealing a person, his style of behavior, needs, preferences, interests, tastes not from his psychological characteristics that distinguish him from other people, but from those properties and traits of his personality that are given by the very fact of his existence in a certain society. But if individuality does not mean a peculiarity of a person’s external appearance or behavior, but a unique form of existence and unique manifestation of the general in the life of an individual, then the individual is also social. Therefore, a person’s way of life acts as a deeply individualized relationship between a person’s objective position in society and his inner world, that is, it represents a unique unity of the socially typified (unified) and the individual (unique) in the behavior, communication, thinking and everyday life of people (3).
In other words, a person’s worldview acquires social, practical and morally meaningful significance insofar as it has become a person’s way of life.
From a moral point of view, a sign of a person’s personal development is his ability to act according to inner conviction in the most difficult everyday situations, not to shift responsibility to others, not to rely blindly on circumstances, and not even just to “reckon” with circumstances, but also to resist them, to intervene in the course of life. events, showing your will, your character.
The importance and role of the team in the formation and education of the individual is great. The rule of education formulated by the wonderful Soviet teacher A.S. Makarenko: proceed from the recognition of the person being brought up. And this must be done with all seriousness, without denying those being educated the possibility of them accomplishing those feats that the educator speaks of as lofty examples of achieving exceptional results in the field of production, science and technology, literature and art (15).
You cannot become a person by copying anyone else. Only wretched one-sidedness can result. The construction of one's own personality cannot be carried out according to some standard project. At most, you can only get general settings here. We must always count on the maximum realization of human capabilities, never saying in advance: “I won’t be able to do this,” and test your inclinations to the fullest.
Therefore, human development is the process of personality formation under the influence of external and internal, controlled and uncontrollable social and natural factors. Development manifests itself as progressive complication, deepening, expansion, as a transition from simple to complex, from ignorance to knowledge, from lower forms of life and activity to higher ones.
Nature has given man a lot, but has given birth to the weak. To make him strong and completely independent, we still need to work hard. First of all, ensure physical development. In turn, physical and physiological development underlies psychological development as spiritual development. The processes of a person’s reflection of reality are constantly becoming more complex and deepening: sensations, perceptions, memory, thinking, feelings, imagination, as well as more complex mental formations: needs, motives for activity, abilities, interests, value orientations. Human social development is a continuation of mental development. It consists of gradual entry into his society - into social, ideological, economic, industrial, legal, professional and other relations, in the assimilation of his functions in these relations. Having mastered these relationships and his functions in them, a person becomes a member of society. The crowning achievement is the spiritual development of man. It means his understanding of his high purpose in life, the emergence of responsibility to present and future generations, understanding of the complex nature of the universe and the desire for constant moral improvement. A measure of spiritual development can be the degree of responsibility of a person for his physical, physiological, mental and social development. Spiritual development is increasingly recognized as the core, the core of the formation of personality in a person (12).
Humanity ensures the development of each of its representatives through education, passing on the experience of its own and previous generations.
If a person draws all his knowledge, sensations, etc. from the sensory world and the experience received from this world, it is necessary, therefore, to arrange the world around him in such a way that a person in it cognizes and assimilates what is truly human, so that he recognizes himself as a person. If a person’s character is created by circumstances, then it is necessary, therefore, to make the circumstances humane.
Teacher K.D. Ushinsky was deeply convinced that the education of a free, independent and active human personality is a necessary condition for social development.
Human character traits and their manifestation
03.04.2015Snezhana Ivanova
Character traits always leave an imprint on a person’s behavior and also influence his actions.
Throughout his life, each person exhibits his own individual characteristics, which are reflected not only in his behavior or the specifics of communication, but also determine his attitude towards activities, himself and other people. All these features that manifest themselves in life, both in scientific use and in everyday life, are called character.
Definition of "character"
In psychology, character is understood as a certain set of human traits that are clearly expressed and relatively stable. Character traits always leave an imprint on a person’s behavior and also influence his actions.
In psychological dictionaries you can find a fairly large number of definitions of character, but they all boil down to the fact that character is the totality of the most persistent individual psychological characteristics of a person, which always manifest themselves in their activities and social behavior, as well as in the system of relationships:
- to the team;
- to other people;
- to work;
- to the surrounding reality (to the world);
- to myself.
The term itself character» ( in the lane from Greek character – coinage or seal) was introduced by the ancient Greek philosopher and naturalist, student Plato and Aristotle's closest friend Theophrastus. And here it is worth paying special attention to the translation of the word – minting or printing. Indeed, character appears as a kind of pattern on a person’s personality, thereby creating a unique seal that distinguishes its owner from other individuals. Such a design, just like the coat of arms or emblem on the personal seal of the medieval nobility, is drawn on a certain basis using specific signs and letters. The basis for engraving an individual personality is temperament, and a unique design is based on bright and individual character traits .
Character traits as a tool for psychological assessment and understanding of a person
In psychology, character traits are understood as individual, rather complex characteristics that are the most indicative for a person and make it possible with a high degree of probability to predict his behavior in a specific situation. That is, knowing that a particular person has certain traits, one can predict his subsequent actions and possible actions in a given case. For example, if a person has a pronounced trait of responsiveness, then there is a high probability that at a difficult moment in life he will come to the rescue.
A trait is one of the most important and essential parts of a person, his stable quality and established way of interacting with the surrounding reality. A character trait crystallizes a personality and reflects its integrity. A person’s character trait is a real way to solve many life situations (both active and communicative) and therefore they need to be considered from the point of view of the future. So, character traits are a forecast of a person’s actions and deeds, since they are persistent and make a person’s behavior predictable and more obvious. Because every personality is unique, there is a huge variety of unique character traits.
Each person acquires special character traits throughout his life in society, and all individual signs (traits) cannot be considered characterological. These will only be those who, regardless of life situation and circumstances, will always manifest themselves in an identical way of behavior and the same attitude in the surrounding reality.
Thus, in order to assess personality psychology (characterize it) as an individual, it is necessary to determine not the entire sum of a person’s individual qualities, but to highlight those traits and qualities of character that are distinctive from other people. Despite the fact that these features are individual and different, they must constitute a structural integrity.
A person’s character traits are a priority when studying his personality, as well as for understanding and predicting his actions, actions and behavior. Indeed, we perceive and understand any type of human activity as a manifestation of certain traits of his character. But, characterizing a person as a social being, it becomes important not so much the manifestation of traits in activity, but what exactly this activity is aimed at (as well as what the human will serves). In this case, one should pay attention to the content side of character, and more specifically, to those character traits of a person that make up the general structure of his mental make-up. They are expressed in: integrity-contradiction, unity-fragmentation, static-dynamism, breadth-narrowness, strength-weakness.
List of human character traits
Human character- this is not only a certain set of certain traits (or a random set of them), but a very complex mental formation that represents a certain system. This system consists of many of the most stable qualities of a person, as well as its properties, manifested in various systems of human relations (to work, to one’s business, to the world around us, to things, to oneself and to other people). In these relationships, the structure of character, its content and individuality of originality find its expression. Below, in the table, the main character traits (groups of them) are described, which find their manifestation in various systems of human relations.
Persistent character traits (symptom complexes) manifested in personal relationships
In addition to the traits that manifest themselves in the system of relationships, psychologists have identified human character traits that can be attributed to the cognitive and emotional-volitional sphere. So character traits are divided into:
- cognitive (or intellectual) - curiosity, theoreticality, criticality, resourcefulness, analyticalness, thoughtfulness, practicality, flexibility, frivolity;
- emotional (impressionability, passion, emotionality, cheerfulness, sentimentality, etc.);
- strong-willed traits (persistence, determination, independence, etc.);
- moral traits (kindness, honesty, justice, humanity, cruelty, responsiveness, patriotism, etc.).
Representative of the humanistic trend in psychology Gordon Allport character traits were combined into three main categories:
- dominant (those that most determine all forms of human behavior, his actions and deeds, such as selfishness or kindness);
- ordinary (which manifest themselves equally in all spheres of life, for example parity and humanity);
- secondary (they do not have the same influences as dominant or ordinary ones, for example it could be diligence or a love of music).
So, the main character traits are manifested in various spheres of mental activity and the system of relationships of the individual. All these relationships are fixed in different methods of action and forms of human behavior that are most familiar to him. Certain natural relationships are always established between existing traits, which make it possible to create a structured character. It, in turn, helps to predict, based on a person’s character trait already known to us, others who are hidden from us, which makes it possible to predict his subsequent actions and actions.
Any structure, including character, has its own hierarchy. Thus, character traits also have a certain hierarchy, so there are main (leading) and secondary traits that are subordinate to the leading ones. It is possible to predict a person’s actions and behavior based not only on the main features, but also on secondary ones (despite the fact that they are less significant and do not appear so clearly).
Typical and individual in character
The bearer of character is always a person, and his traits are manifested in activities, relationships, actions, behavior, methods of action in the family, in a team, at work, among friends, etc. This manifestation always reflects the typical and individual in character, because they exist in organic unity (thus, the typical is always the basis for the individual manifestation of character).
What is meant by typical character? A character is said to be typical when it has a set of essential traits that are common to a particular group of people. This set of traits reflects the general living conditions of a particular group. In addition, these traits must be manifested (to a greater or lesser extent) in each representative of this group. The set of distinctive typical features is a condition for the emergence of a certain one.
What is typical and individual in character is most clearly expressed in a person’s relationships with other people, because interpersonal contacts are always determined by certain social conditions of life, the corresponding level of cultural and historical development of society and the formed spiritual world of the person himself. The attitude towards other people is always evaluative and manifests itself in different ways (approval-condemnation, support-misunderstanding) depending on the existing circumstances. This manifestation is expressed depending on a person’s assessment of the actions and behavior of others, or rather their positive and negative character traits.
Typical human character traits, in terms of their level of intensity, manifest themselves individually in each person. For example, individual traits can reveal themselves so strongly and clearly that they become unique in their own way. It is in this case that the typical in character turns into the individual.
Positive character traits and their manifestation
Both typical and individual in character find their manifestation in systems of personality relationships. This happens due to the presence of certain traits (both positive and negative) in a person’s character. So, for example, in relation to work or one’s business, such positive character traits as hard work, discipline and organization are manifested.
As for interpersonal communication and attitude towards other people, the good character traits are the following: honesty, openness, fairness, integrity, humanity, etc. All these traits allow you to build constructive communication and quickly establish contacts with people around you.
It should be noted that there are a huge variety of individual character traits. But among them, it is necessary to highlight first of all those that have the greatest influence on the formation of a person’s spirituality (it is in this context that the best character trait of a person – humanity) finds its manifestation. These traits are even more important in the process of educating and developing the younger generation, because the same traits are formed differently depending on situations, the presence of other character traits and the orientation of the individual himself.
While highlighting good character traits, one should not forget about their possible distortion, or the presence of obvious negative traits that a person needs to fight. Only in this case will the harmonious and holistic development of the personality be observed.
Negative character traits and their manifestation
In relation to the behavior, actions and activities of other people, a person always forms traits of a certain character - positive and negative. This occurs on the principle of analogy (that is, identification occurs with what is acceptable) and opposition (with what is included in the list of unacceptable and incorrect). The attitude towards oneself can be positive or negative, which primarily depends on the level of development and the ability to adequately evaluate oneself ( that is, from the formed level). A high level of self-awareness is evidenced by the presence of the following positive traits: high demands on oneself, and self-esteem, as well as responsibility. And, conversely, an insufficient level of development of self-awareness is indicated by such negative character traits as self-confidence, selfishness, immodesty, etc.
Negative character traits (in principle, just like positive ones manifest themselves) in the four main systems of human relationships. For example, in the “attitude to work” system, among the negative traits are irresponsibility, carelessness and formality. And among the negative traits that manifest themselves in interpersonal communication, it is worth highlighting isolation, stinginess, boastfulness and disrespect.
It should be noted that negative character traits, which find their manifestation in a person’s system of relationships with other people, almost always contribute to the emergence of conflicts, misunderstandings and aggression, which subsequently leads to the emergence of destructive forms of communication. That is why every person who wants to live in harmony with others and with himself should think about cultivating positive traits in his character and getting rid of destructive, negative traits.
Individual psychological characteristics of a person mean, first of all, his character, inclinations and abilities.
From Greek the word character can be translated as “seal”, “minting”. It is a set of individual psychological characteristics of a person that develop in activity and determine his typical modes of behavior. Character reflects the content side of the human psyche, in contrast to temperament, which is its dynamic side. Character embodies attitudes toward activities, other people, and oneself that are specific to a given individual. They characterize the subjective, selective connections of a person with the world. The most stable of them are recorded in the form of a person’s readiness to act in a certain way, that is, in a semantic attitude. Therefore, character can be defined as a fixed form of a person’s semantic experience, which is actualized in its inherent individual style of behavior, with the help of which certain motives are realized (A. G. Asmolov, 1996).
Motives play a special role in character development. Initially, any character trait manifests itself in a person’s motivation to act in a certain way. Manifesting themselves in various similar situations, these impulses are generalized, become stable and are consolidated as character traits. For example, every person had to tell a lie, but this does not mean that he is characterized by deceit. If he often resorts to lies in different situations, trying to solve his problems, then it (deceit) will become a property of his character. Thus, character reflects the system of generalized human motivations.
Much attention was paid to the study of character in psychoanalysis. 3. Freud understood character as the dynamic uniqueness of individual drives and associated its development with libido, i.e., with the unconscious deep psychic energy caused by the sexual instinct
There is a clinical approach to character research. It was reflected in the works of P.V. Gannushkin, K. Leonhard, A.E. Lichko, who paid special attention to various violations in the structure of character. In particular, in line with the clinical approach to the problem of character, its violations within the normal range - accentuation of character - are actively studied. Rough, irreversible changes in character are associated with his pathology. Accentuations of character are manifested in the excessive development of individual properties. They are more often discovered in adolescence (about 88% of adolescents have differences in character accentuation). Pathological manifestations of character called psychopathy should be distinguished from accentuations. The causes of character pathology are varied. These include congenital defects of the human psyche, injuries, diseases, difficult social conditions, etc.
Abilities are understood as a set of individual psychological characteristics of a person, which is a condition for the successful performance of an activity. A person’s abilities cannot be reduced to his knowledge, abilities, skills, although there is a certain connection between abilities, on the one hand, and knowledge, abilities, and skills, on the other. The higher the level of development of abilities, the easier and faster a person masters knowledge, skills and abilities. And vice versa, the more a person knows and can do, the more intensively his abilities develop.
The manifestation of abilities can be represented as the ratio of the productivity of an activity to its “price”, i.e., the higher the effectiveness of the activity and the less effort spent on its implementation, the higher the level of development of abilities. This is an objective assessment of a person's abilities. Subjectively, abilities are assessed as the ratio of the success of an activity to the degree of difficulty of its implementation: the higher the success of an activity and the easier it is for a person, the higher he evaluates his abilities.
There are significant differences in the interpretation of the concept of “ability” in foreign and domestic psychology. In foreign psychology, abilities are often considered as universal human characteristics: the ability to be creative, the ability to love. Sometimes abilities are understood as the innate characteristics of a subject. In Russian psychology, these features and abilities are clearly distinguished. The first are considered as makings. The makings are understood as the anatomical, physiological and functional features of the nervous system (sensitivity, plasticity, etc.) and the structural features of the analyzers.
Human inclinations, like other individual properties, are multi-valued, i.e., on the basis of the same inclinations, different abilities can be formed. Thus, inclinations do not determine the development of abilities, but serve as their prerequisites. A person’s inclinations may remain unrealized if conditions for their development are not created. Therefore, timely identification of inclinations is important for the formation of abilities. In families where parents are engaged in a certain type of activity, for example, acting, their children are more likely to display corresponding inclinations. The involvement of the person himself in this type of activity is of decisive importance for the development of abilities. Their development occurs in a spiral: the realization of abilities at one level opens up opportunities for the realization of abilities at another, higher level.
Abilities can be general and special, actual and potential. General abilities meet the requirements of many types of activities, special abilities meet the requirements of specific activities (for example, musical, pedagogical, etc.). General abilities include intelligence, because it is necessary to perform any type of activity. Abilities exist in a certain unity of general and special.
Actual abilities can be called those abilities that, once formed, are realized in real-time activities. Potential abilities are latent (hidden) until certain conditions arise that are necessary for their implementation. There is also a connection between actual and potential abilities.
Actual ones become potential if there is no need for their implementation. For example, musical abilities become potential if a person is focused on other activities during a given period of time.
We can talk about levels of development of abilities that are correlated with a person’s giftedness, talent and genius. The level of giftedness presupposes a person’s ability to learn and the presence of intellectual potential. It is no coincidence that giftedness is viewed as a general ability. Talent is a bright, extraordinary manifestation of a person’s abilities in a specific area. Talent presupposes the development, first of all, of a person’s special abilities. Genius is the highest level of development of abilities, expressed in the creation of a fundamentally new thing that has historical, epoch-making significance for the life of society. A person’s genius manifests both his general and special abilities. If talent makes a significant contribution to a certain area, then genius, with its creativity, changes humanity’s understanding of certain phenomena that are significant to it. Thanks to A. Einstein, the idea of time changed, and 3. Freud managed to change society’s view of the nature of the human psyche.
Abilities are associated with other properties of individuality: character, values, motives, goals of self-awareness. For example, character traits such as determination and perseverance ensure the success of a person’s activities, which, in turn, is a condition for the development of abilities.
Literature
2. Asmolov A.G. Cultural-historical psychology and the construction of worlds. - M., 1996.
3. Merlin V.S. Psychology of individuality. - M.; Voronezh,
1996.
4. Rubinstein S. L. Fundamentals of general psychology. - St. Petersburg, 2000.
References
Basic literature (O. l.)
1. Ananyev B. G. Psychology and problems of modern human knowledge. - M, 1996.
2. Introduction to psychology / ed. A. V. Petrovsky. - M.,
1995.
3. Vygotsky L. S. Developmental psychology as a cultural phenomenon. - M.; Voronezh, 1996.
4. Galperin P. Ya. Introduction to psychology. - M., 1976.
5. Gippenreiter Yu. B. Introduction to general psychology. - M.,
1996.
6. Leontyev A. N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality. - M.,
1977.
7. Leontyev A. N. Problems of mental development. - M., 1981.
8. Rubinstein S. L. Fundamentals of general psychology. - St. Petersburg, 2000.
9. Lomov B. F. Methodological and theoretical problems
development of psychology. - St. Petersburg, 2000.
10. Sokolova E. E. 13 dialogues about psychology. - M., 1995.
Additional literature (D. l.)
1. Asmolov A. G. Cultural-historical psychology and the design of worlds. - M., 1996.
2. GodfroiJ. What is psychology. -M., 1992.
3. Grishpun I. B. Introduction to psychology. - M., 1994.
4. Psychology / ed. A. A. Krylova. - M., 1999.
5. Stolyarenko L. D. Fundamentals of psychology. - Rostov-n/D., 1997.
6. Merlin V.S. Psychology of individuality. -M.; Voronezh,
1996.
Glossary
The unconscious is a wide range of mental phenomena from unconditioned reflexes to creative abilities
Action is a unit of activity; arbitrary intentional mediated activity aimed at achieving a conscious goal.
Activity is a purposeful activity that realizes the needs of the subject.
Inclinations are the anatomical, physiological and functional characteristics of the nervous system, which act as natural prerequisites for the development of abilities.
Meaning is a generalized form of consolidation by the subject of socio-historical experience acquired in the process of joint activity and communication and existing in the form of concepts defined in patterns of action, social roles, norms and values.
An individual is a person as a single natural being, a product of phylogenetic and ontogenetic development, the unity of innate and acquired, a bearer of individually unique traits (inclinations).
Individuality is the psychological uniqueness of an individual, individual person taken as a whole, in all his properties and relationships.
Personality is a systemic quality of an individual determined by involvement in social relations, which is formed in joint activity and communication.
A motive is a set of external or internal conditions that cause the subject’s activity and determine its direction
Ontogenesis is the formation of mental structures during the life of an individual organism, human or animal.
Behavior is the interaction inherent in living beings with the environment, mediated by their external (motor) and internal (mental) activity.
Need is a subjective state of the organism, expressing its objective need for objects in the surrounding world.
The principle of determinism is a principle that requires the phenomena being studied to be explained by the natural interaction of factors accessible to experimental control.
The principle of development is a principle that assumes that psychological patterns are revealed in the process of development.
The principle of systematicity is a principle that requires considering all objects as systems, i.e., as a collection of elements that form a certain unity.
The principles of psychology are the norms that guide the psychologist in his activities when interpreting facts.
The psyche is a form of active reflection by the subject of the object of reality, which arises in the process of interaction of highly organized beings with the outside world and carries out a regulatory function in their behavior.
Mental processes – Individual manifestations of human mental activity, conventionally identified as independent objects of study (sensations, perceptions, thinking, etc.).
Mental properties are the individual characteristics of the mental activity of a particular person, the characteristics of his mental state, his interpersonal and personal-social relationships, which make it possible to describe and predict his behavior, the direction and dynamics of mental development.
Mental states are a special form of mental realization, which is associated with specific emotional well-being caused by the experience of events that are significant for a person.
Psychology is the science of the laws of generation and functioning of the mental reflection of reality in the process of human activity and animal behavior.
Meaning is the personal meaning of certain phenomena, messages or actions, their relationship to the interests, needs and life context as a whole of a particular subject.
Consciousness is a form of reflection of reality in its objective, stable properties and in separation from human relations to it.
Temperament is a set of formal-dynamic characteristics of a person’s behavior, manifested in his general activity, time characteristics (tempo, rhythm, behavior) and characteristics of emotional response.
Phylogenesis is the formation of mental structures during the biological evolution of a species or the sociocultural history of mankind.
A goal is a conscious image of an anticipated result towards which a person’s action is aimed.
Language is an objective, historically established system of codes.
Individuality is a combination of a person’s psychological characteristics that make up his originality, his difference from other people. It manifests itself in character traits, temperament, habits, interests, and in the qualities of cognitive processes. A person's personality is unique in its individuality. If personality traits are not represented in the system of interpersonal relationships, then they do not turn out to be significant for assessing the individual’s personality and do not receive conditions for development. Only those individual qualities that are most “involved” in the leading activity for a given social community act as strictly personal qualities.
Temperament is a characteristic of an individual in terms of his dynamic characteristics: intensity, speed, tempo, rhythm of mental processes and states. Two components of temperament - activity and emotionality - are present in most classifications and theories of temperament. Activity of behavior characterizes the degree of energy, swiftness, speed and, conversely, slowness, inertia, and emotionality - features of the flow of emotions, feelings, moods and their quality: sign (positive, negative) and modality (joy, grief, fear, sadness, anger, etc.) .d.).
Character is a set of stable individual characteristics of a person that develops and manifests itself in activity and communication, determining the typical modes of behavior for it. Knowing the character of an individual allows us to predict his behavior with a significant degree of probability and thereby correct expected actions and actions. Character is determined by the social existence of the individual, the assimilation of social experience, which gives rise to typical character traits, determined by the typical circumstances of people’s life paths in specific historical conditions. Among the many character traits of an individual, some act as leading ones. Character is manifested in a person’s system to the surrounding reality: in relation to other people (sociability or isolation, truthfulness or deceit, tactfulness or rudeness, etc.); in relation to business (responsibility or dishonesty, hard work or laziness, etc.); in relation to oneself (modesty or narcissism, self-criticism or self-confidence, pride or humiliation); in relation to property (generosity or greed, thrift or wastefulness, neatness or sloppiness). For the formation of character, social education and the inclusion of individuals in groups are of decisive importance.
27. The problem of abilities in psychology. Makings of And capabilities. General and special abilities.
Inclinations are innate anatomical and physiological characteristics of the nervous system and brain, which form the natural basis for the development of abilities. Inclinations are non-specific in relation to specific content and specific forms of activity; they are polysemantic. Individual inclinations are to some extent selective and are not the same in relation to different types of activity.
Abilities are individual psychological characteristics of a person, which are a condition for the successful implementation of one or another productive activity. They are closely related to the general orientation of the individual, to how stable a person’s inclinations are for a particular activity. Qualitative analysis of ability is aimed at identifying such individual characteristics of a person that are necessary for the effective implementation of any specific type of activity. Quantitative measurements of abilities characterize the degree of their expression. The most common form of assessing the degree of expression of ability is tests. The level and degree of development of ability express the concepts of talent and genius.
Special abilities are the psychological abilities of an individual, which are the possibilities for him to successfully perform a certain type of activity (musical, stage, literary, etc.). The development of special abilities is based on the corresponding inclinations, for example, ear for music and memory.
28. Methodology of psychology. Theories, method, methodology.
Methodology psychology - a system of philosophical knowledge relating to the description and justification of scientific research methods used in psychology, from the point of view of the possibility of obtaining accurate and reliable knowledge of mental phenomena using these methods. Part of the methodology of psychology concerns the key scientific concepts with the help of which theoretical descriptions and explanations of mental phenomena are constructed. Methodology as a science is called upon to consider the methods underlying activities, study the reasons for choosing methods, and resolve issues of the legitimacy of these methods.
The methodology is a system of levels: upper level - general methodology - a set of general principles, methods and standards; second level - general scientific principles (system approach); third level - specific scientific principles ( private methodology); fourth level - specific technique.
Psychological theories lack logical rigor and certainty. The role of theory in psychology is significant. Three levels of theories are identified: general - all-encompassing; middle-level theories - a set of experimentally verifiable provisions and hypotheses (for example, frustration-aggression); empirical generalizations.
Method - in a broad sense - any concept that regulates the formulation and implementation of a task, any representation, an instrument for the empirical, theoretical study of an object; in the narrow sense - a regulator of data collection and output construction. The principle is also a method of posing a problem, interpreting, generalizing, and transferring conclusions to other areas.
29. Basic principles of psychology: activity, development, determinism, systematicity.
The basic principle of psychology is the principle determinism A. It involves the study of the causality of the psyche from various factors. An important stage in the implementation of the principle of determinism was the creation of L.S. Vygotsky's cultural-historical concept. The next stage is the idea that the outside world was opposed by an active person, actively perceiving objective reality and transforming it. Next, the problem of mental development, training and education was solved. Determinism acted as the application of physiological laws to the understanding of mental phenomena.
Principle activity is based on the fact that the perception of social influences and the assimilation of culture is carried out by a person in the process of active interaction with the outside world, in the process of his activity.
Idea development entered psychology under the influence of the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Development has become a general principle of psychology methodology (Rubinstein). The laws of all phenomena are learned only in development, in the process of movement and change. Development is the main way of existence of a personality throughout its individual path.
In psychology the principle systematic associated with the specifics of the subject of the psyche. The systematic approach in psychology was developed by Gestal psychologists, in the domestic one - by V.P. Kuzmin and B.F. Lomov. The psyche is presented as a system that is not split into components, expressing a complex structure in which individual properties and elements acquire new characteristics that they did not have before being included in the system. The principle of systematicity is closely related With the principle of determinism.
The characteristics of an individual depend on his way of thinking, feelings and motives, and are therefore closely related to social conditions and specific circumstances.
Which are repeated in typical situations are character traits. People differ among themselves in courage or cowardice in moments of danger, isolation or sociability in relationships, and the like. Scientists have developed many classifications that describe psychological The domestic school shares two directions for systematizing character properties.
1. Mental processes shape personality traits
The volitional sphere is responsible for the level of perseverance, determination, independence, organization, discipline, and self-control.
Emotional internal processes make a person impressionable, responsive, inert, indifferent, hot-tempered and harsh.
The level of intellectual development determines intelligence, curiosity, resourcefulness, and thoughtfulness.
In the system of character orientation, a category of properties is divided in relation to oneself, to people, to the surrounding world and to activity.
For example, a person treats the world around him according to his own beliefs or absolute unprincipledness. The belief system is based on one’s own experience and upbringing.
Psychological characteristics of character in relation to activity are determined by vital goals. Character traits are manifested in priority interests. The instability of inclinations is visible against the background of impaired integrity of the individual and lack of independence. On the contrary, people with permanent attachments and interests are simultaneously characterized as purposeful and persistent.
Psychological character traits differ between two people with the same interests. After all, they may treat themselves or others differently. Therefore, one is cheerful, and the second is sad, one is modest, and the second is obsessive, selfish or altruistic. Two individuals with the same orientation understand the ways to achieve a goal differently and choose different models of behavior because they have different motivations. The need for success determines psychological characteristics in actions aimed either at the desire to simply avoid failure, or at an active struggle for victory. Therefore, some take the initiative, while others shirk the slightest responsibility.
In relation to people, deceitfulness or honesty, sociability, politeness, and responsiveness are observed.
The attitude towards oneself is based on a healthy level of selfishness, and one may experience low or high self-esteem.
Psychological features of perception
In humans, visual, auditory, tactile, kinesthetic, olfactory and with the help of which the process of perception is carried out are developed to varying degrees.
The perception of space consists in determining the distance of an object from the observer, from objects, its parameters and shape. Visual analyzers, hearing, skin and motor receptors work. Perception is provided to a person by a special organ called the inner ear.
To perceive time, a person has to use analyzers of internal organic sensations, in addition to auditory, visual and motor sensations. Some individuals wake up at the time they need without an alarm clock. Such people are said to have developed a sense of time in the course of their lives.
Not all types of perception have been fully studied; scientists are actively researching this area of the human psyche.