Infectious disease immunologist what treats. Doctor allergist-immunologist: who is he, what does a specialist doctor treat and in what cases is it necessary to consult a specialist
The immune system is the main guard of the body. The word “immunity” comes from the Latin “immunitas” and is translated as “liberation, deliverance.” Immunity is our protection both from uninvited guests from the outside (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi), and from dangerous metabolic products and “asocial elements” born in the body itself. After all, every day a person produces several thousand potential cancer cells, which a healthy immune system recognizes and destroys. If the defense suffers for one reason or another, the integrity of the body is disrupted and the body becomes ill.
What does an immunologist treat? There are many reasons to seek help from an immunologist-allergist. Many disorders, which at first glance are not directly related to immunology, are very much related to malfunctions of the immune system. This:
- fatigue and chronic fatigue;
- prolonged colds that no longer go away on their own;
- chronic diseases of almost all body systems (digestive, excretory, reproductive, respiratory, etc.);
- skin diseases;
- any tumors (benign or malignant).
- And, of course, numerous obvious and hidden allergies and autoimmune diseases.
A good immunologist-allergist will help you understand the current situation and identify its cause. Primary immunodeficiencies (hereditary diseases caused by congenital disorders at the genetic level) are quite rare. Much more often, failures in the work of our faithful guardian are secondary. The cells of the immune system are lymphocytes. There are on average about 1.5 kg of them in our body. But these cells do not exist in the body on their own, but in close connection with representatives of other organs and systems. For example, an important component of our defense system is timely and complete cleansing - getting rid of useless and harmful waste products. In this process, along with the immune system, the excretory system is also actively involved. It includes not only the kidneys, but also the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. If there is a problem in these organs, an additional load falls on the immune system, which is much more difficult for it to cope with. And failures in the cleaning system can be caused by too much “dirt” in the body (slags, toxins, acidification of the environment, etc.).
Indeed, a common cause of secondary disorders in the functioning of the immune system is “problems of pollution of the internal environment.” A well-known fact in allergology-immunology: the environment in which healthy cells of our body live poorly is nutritious for viruses, bacteria, fungi and cancer cells. That is why it is often not a “magic pill” that helps restore health (be it an antibiotic, interferon, an immunomodulator, etc.), but rather cleansing the body and maintaining a healthy environment in it. And this will require mutual efforts—steps by both the doctor and the patient towards each other.
What creates a healthy environment? First of all, nutrition. And also - daily routine, physical activity, psycho-emotional state - attitude to life. It is not for nothing that in ancient Greece the word “diet” was not limited solely to nutrition, but meant a way of life as a whole.
In our clinic in Moscow, an immunologist-allergist sees both children and adults. The main key to restoring the immune system is an individual, holistic approach to identifying the causes of its malfunction and eliminating their consequences. If circumstances require it, the doctor may order additional examinations and prescribe “first-aid” medications. But the main efforts of an immunologist are aimed at helping the body get out of a deadlock situation, increase and strengthen its vital reserves and restore a healthy environment in it. To do this, our clinic uses the following healing methods to harmonize the body as a whole: homeopathy, herbal medicine, acupuncture, etc. And individually selected qigong therapy and diet therapy will help not only cope with existing problems, but also maintain new health.
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The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases must be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Consultation with a specialist is required!
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Who is an immunologist?
Immunologist is a doctor who diagnoses and treats pathologies of the immune system. Like any other doctor, an immunologist is a specialist with a higher medical education. After graduating from medical university, a young specialist who wants to become an immunologist must undergo a specialized internship. An immunologist studies the following areas:
- structure of the immune system;
- mechanisms of development of immune reactions;
- diseases and dysfunction of the immune system;
- the role of the immune system in reproductive problems;
- the role of the immune system in the problems of organ transplantation;
- the role of the immune system in the fight against infectious and other diseases.
Immunology
The branch of medicine that an immunologist deals with is called immunology. In order to understand what pathologies fall within the competence of an immunologist, it is necessary to first understand what kind of discipline it is and what it studies.Immunology is a science that studies the structure and functioning of the immune system. The immune system is a relatively new system in the human body. Its main activity is aimed at protecting the body from various diseases. The job of the immune system is to recognize foreign agents entering the body ( these can be bacteria, viruses and fungi) and their elimination. The peculiarity of this system is the ability to identify ( distinguish) foreign cells from one's own. The ability to detect and destroy these foreign objects is called the immune response. It, in turn, can be congenital or acquired. The acquired immune response is more specific. This means that it is able to more accurately identify ( recognize) antigens. An antigen is any molecule that penetrates the body and is perceived by it as “foreign”. There is also a distinction between lifelong immunity, which is formed after suffering from certain diseases. For example, a lifelong immune response is formed after chickenpox (chickenpox), measles, diphtheria.
Structure of the immune system
The immune system consists of central and peripheral organs, as well as immunocompetent cells. The central organs of the immune system are responsible for the maturation of cells, while their proliferation occurs in the peripheral organs. The immunocompetent cells themselves constantly circulate in the body, moving from the bloodstream to various parts of the immune system and back.
Structure of the immune system
Functioning of the immune system
As mentioned above, the job of the immune system is to protect the body from various diseases. The main point in its activity is the formation of an immune response. This happens by recognizing foreign bodies and then producing antibodies against them. Any foreign object that enters the body, be it a virus or a bacterium, is perceived by the immune system as foreign and is called an antigen. In response to its penetration, the system produces proteins called antibodies ( immunoglobulins) . Antibodies are designed to bind to antigens and destroy them. This explanation of the functioning of the immune system is very simple and schematic. In reality, everything is much more complicated.
What diseases does an immunologist treat?
An immunologist treats various immune system disorders. Pathologies of the immune system are called immunodeficiencies. However, this does not entirely accurately reflect the essence of many diseases. Immunodeficiency is a pathology characterized by a deficiency of the immune system. It is with various immunodeficiencies that people most often turn to an immunologist. However, there are also a number of diseases to which this characteristic does not apply. Types of immune system diseases include:
- diseases characterized by insufficient immune response - immunodeficiencies;
- diseases characterized by an overreaction of the immune system;
- tumors of the immune system;
- infections of the immune system with localization of the pathogen in the cells of the immune system;
- autoimmune diseases.
Immunodeficiencies
Like all diseases, immunodeficiencies can be congenital or acquired. With congenital ( or genetic) a person is born with immunodeficiency. However, they can manifest themselves both in childhood and in older age.Primary immunodeficiency is based on a violation of the complex cascade of reactions that is necessary to destroy a foreign body. This results in persistent infections ( bacterial, viral and others), as well as an increased tendency to develop malignant tumors. In more than 50 percent of cases with primary immunodeficiencies, antibody synthesis is impaired. With insufficient synthesis of antibodies, antigens are not destroyed ( foreign bodies). The consequence of this is the long-term presence of the pathogen in the body and the development of various infections.
Primary immunodeficiencies include:
- Transient infantile hypoimmunoglobulinemia– characterized by a slight decrease in IgG class immunoglobulins in the baby’s blood serum, which normally should even exceed the level of maternal immunoglobulins. Immunodeficiency can last until the age of 36 months, but does not require any treatment. Treatment of this disease may be necessary when there is a tendency to frequent infections.
- Immunoglobulin A deficiency– characterized by a significant decrease in immunoglobulins class A in the blood serum. These immunoglobulins are protective factors of the mucous membranes, especially in children. Their deficiency or complete absence leads to frequent infectious, allergic and autoimmune diseases.
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome– manifested by frequent eczema and is characterized by combined immunodeficiency. This syndrome is a genetic disease based on a mutation in the WASP gene. This disease is severe, very often with the development of bleeding and prolonged infections. The only treatment is bone marrow transplantation.
- Combined immune deficiency– occurs quite often and accounts for about 40 percent of all immunodeficiencies. The disease is diagnosed in the first months of life. Manifests itself frequently and persistently ( not passing) diarrhea, damage to the respiratory system and persistent infections.
- Nijmegen syndrome is a genetic disease based on a mutation of the gene responsible for the synthesis of the nibrin protein. Diagnosed from the first days of life. It is manifested by frequent infections, disorders of blood clotting, as well as a high risk of developing malignant neoplasms.
Secondary immunodeficiencies are observed in the following pathologies:
- chronic lymphocytic leukemia;
- viral infections;
- AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome);
- conditions after chemotherapy, radiation therapy;
Causes of secondary immunodeficiencies
There are many causes of secondary immunodeficiencies. The duration of the impact of the cause, as well as its intensity, is directly proportional to the severity of the immunodeficiency.
Causes of secondary immunodeficiencies include:
- acute infections ( rubella, measles, influenza, chicken pox);
- chronic infections ( hepatitis, tuberculosis);
- prolonged physical and mental stress;
- unbalanced and insufficient nutrition with a lack of iron, zinc, vitamins;
- burn disease;
- chronic alcoholism;
- taking certain medications ( antibiotics, steroids, immunosuppressants).
Tumors of the immune system
Sometimes neoplasms ( that is, tumors) can be localized in the organs of the immune system. These include tumors of the thymus or thymus gland, bone marrow tumors, and lymph node tumors.It should be noted that the initial functioning of the immune system is closely related to the development of allergic reactions. Thus, any allergic reaction occurs as a result of the interaction of antibodies and antigens. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and drugs act as antigens. In response to them, the immune system synthesizes antibodies. Next, the antibodies interact with antigens, forming a complex. It is this complex that subsequently activates the cascade of reactions that “triggers” the allergy. Depending on the degree of immune response, an allergic reaction may or may not be severe.
For example, for children with impaired immune systems ( so-called atopics) characterized by food allergies, eczema, bronchial asthma. In other words, most allergic reactions are immunological in nature, and consist of an excessive immune response to the allergen.
Pathologies treated by an allergist-immunologist include:
- atopic dermatitis;
- serum sickness;
- seasonal dermatitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis.
Today it is one of the most common diseases that has reached a global scale. It mainly affects children, although in recent decades there has been an increase in incidence among adults.
Children with atopic dermatitis are often called atopics. This is explained by the fact that children suffering from this pathology are susceptible to a number of other diseases. This could be bronchial asthma, eczema, various food allergies. It is precisely because of this comorbidity ( combinations of various diseases) children suffering from atopy are usually separated into a separate group. Western experts do not at all recognize such a disease as atopic dermatitis. According to these experts, atopy is not a disease, but a certain defect in the child’s immune system, which causes various pathologies.
There are two main hypotheses explaining the development of atopic dermatitis. The first is the theory of impaired cellular immunity, and the second is the theory of allergic genesis ( origin). Both of these theories are very intertwined and explain atopic dermatitis as a consequence of congenital sensitization of the body due to impaired immunity. Sensitization of the body is a phenomenon of increased sensitivity to certain components. This phenomenon is accompanied by hypersecretion of antibodies, which leads to a cascade of allergic reactions. In atopic dermatitis, increased sensitization is most often observed to food allergens. This explains the high frequency of food allergies in atopic children. At the same time, this pathological sensitization is the result of impaired cellular immunity. Thus, atopic dermatitis, like many other diseases, reflects both an immunological nature and an allergic one. That is why such a specialization as an allergist-immunologist is quite common today.
Serum sickness
Serum sickness is an immunoallergic disease that manifests itself as urticaria, enlarged lymph nodes and swelling. It develops after the introduction of serum or blood products into the human body. Its development is based on the antigen-antibody principle - allergen ( serum) fixes the antibody on its surface, the formed complex settles on the walls of blood vessels, leading to their damage. An allergic reaction develops on the seventh day after administration of the serum.
The disease debuts acutely, with a sharp rise in temperature, enlarged lymph nodes and the appearance of a rash on the skin. Further swelling of the joints is noted ( arthritis phenomena), the rash begins to be accompanied by unbearable itching.
Seasonal dermatitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis
Most diseases treated by an allergist-immunologist are seasonal. This is explained by the fact that at certain times of the year ( particularly in autumn and spring) the atmosphere contains an increased concentration of allergens. The most common seasonal rhinitis ( inflammation of the mucous membrane) and conjunctivitis ( inflammation of the eye mucosa). However, these diseases extremely rarely occur in isolation. As a rule, with the onset of spring or autumn, seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis worsens, affecting both the nasal mucosa and the eye. Symptoms of this disease are sneezing, nasal congestion, lacrimation, and a feeling of sand in the eyes.
Causes of seasonal allergic reactions include:
- pollen from trees - alder, poplar, birch;
- pollen of cereal grasses - bluegrass, wheatgrass, wheat;
- pollen of weeds - wormwood, quinoa.
Immunologist-infectious disease
An infectious disease immunologist is a doctor with basic knowledge of immunology, but who specializes more in the treatment of infectious immunological diseases.Diseases treated by an infectious disease immunologist include:
- prolonged low-grade fever ( temperature about 37 degrees);
- long-term, periodically worsening infections - sore throat, otitis media.
Chronic fatigue syndrome is a relatively young pathology that was first described at the end of the twentieth century. It is found mainly in developed countries and is characterized by prolonged mental and physical asthenia ( fatigue). Fatigue does not go away even after comprehensive treatment and long rest.
The main cause of this disease is considered to be a previous infectious disease. More often it is provoked by viral infections, such as the Epstein-Barr virus, Coxsackie virus, herpes virus, and retrovirus. Research conducted in this area has come to the conclusion that it is after these infections that quantitative and qualitative immunological disorders are observed in the body.
Long-term low-grade fever
Low-grade fever is a body temperature in the range of 37.2 – 37.3 degrees. This temperature can persist for a long time after serious illness. However, low-grade fever can also be an initial sign of many diseases ( for example, tuberculosis, rheumatism). One way or another, it reflects the reaction of the human immune system to the disease. To put it simply, this temperature indicates the body’s struggle. That is why, in case of prolonged low-grade fever, it is recommended to consult an infectious disease immunologist.
Long-term infections
Recurrent infections are usually the result of a weak immune system. Most often these are infections of the upper respiratory tract and throat - bronchitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis. They are often accompanied by otitis media. If the same infection constantly gets worse or responds poorly to treatment, this indicates that the body is unable to cope with it.
Immunologist-oncologist
An immunologist-oncologist is a doctor whose basic specialization is oncology, and whose second specialty is immunology. In modern medicine, this specialty is very popular and is explained by the achievements of immunology in treatment ( and sometimes in diagnostics) oncological diseases.Thus, until recently, the main methods of treating cancer ( cancerous) diseases were chemotherapy, radiation therapy ( radiotherapy) and surgery. However, today immunotherapy has joined these basic methods.
Immunotherapy in oncology
The first attempt to treat cancer patients with serum containing antibodies was made back in the last century. Next, a protein was discovered that could kill tumor cells, which was later called tumor necrosis factor.
There is basic immunotherapy and immunotherapy aimed at preventing relapse ( reappearance) tumors. Basic immunotherapy uses vaccines, interferons, and leakadine to achieve an antitumor effect.
Examples of immunotherapy
Vaccines | Vaccines are made from inactive tumor cells. A striking example is vaccines against oncogenic viruses - papillomavirus, T-cell leukemia, Epstein-Barr virus. It is incorrect to say “cancer vaccine,” because one does not yet exist. Also because the vaccine does not eliminate cancer. It only creates active immunity against some oncogenic viruses. The main condition for creating such immunity is the absence of immunodeficiency. |
Interferons | Alpha, beta, gamma interferons are used. They are used in the treatment of lymphoblastic leukemia, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, and lymphoma. |
Leakadin | This drug can inhibit the growth of some tumors. Actively used for Kaposi's sarcoma. |
Immunotherapy methods vary greatly from country to country. For example, in Russia the BCG vaccine is used ( against tuberculosis) in the treatment of bladder cancer. In Japan, immunomodulators are widely used to treat stomach cancer.
Pulmonologist-immunologist
A pulmonologist-immunologist is a specialist with basic medical knowledge and specialization in pulmonology and immunology. Simply put, it treats diseases affecting the human respiratory and immune system. As a rule, these are allergic diseases with a pulmonary component. The main disease diagnosed and treated by a pulmonologist-immunologist is bronchial asthma.Diseases treated by a pulmonologist-immunologist include:
- bronchial asthma;
- obstructive bronchitis with an allergic component;
- respiratory allergy.
Bronchial asthma is also a very common disease, which today has become global. This disease is based on immunological mechanisms - hypersensitivity and allergies. According to the World Health Organization ( WHO) Today in the world there are more than 250 million people suffering from this disease. Every year the incidence of bronchial asthma is growing, and this is due to poor environmental conditions, irrational use of household chemicals and perfumes, as well as many other reasons.
As a rule, bronchial asthma debuts in early childhood. It occurs with periodic exacerbations and remissions ( period when symptoms of the disease subside). In the adult population, bronchial asthma very quickly reduces performance and leads to disability.
Typical symptoms of bronchial asthma include:
- bouts of painful coughing;
- shortness of breath, predominantly expiratory, which means difficulty exhaling;
- feeling of suffocation;
- whistling sounds that can be heard from a distance ( are called wheezing).
That is why children and adults suffering from bronchial asthma are under the supervision of a pulmonologist-immunologist.
Obstructive bronchitis with an allergic component
Initially, bronchitis refers to inflammation of the bronchial mucosa. With obstructive bronchitis, the patency of the bronchi is impaired due to severe inflammation and swelling. The main symptom of this disease is a dry, painful cough. The main causes of the disease are considered to be viruses and allergies. In adults, these reasons are supplemented by occupational hazards ( for example, work in metallurgy) and smoking.
Respiratory allergies
Respiratory allergies are manifested by coughing, sneezing, and asthma attacks. The disease is caused by the penetration of dust and other small particles from the air into the respiratory tract. Contact with the mucous membrane and the nerve endings embedded in it leads to contraction of the respiratory muscles and, as a result, a cough appears.
Dermatologist-immunologist
There is no such specialty as a dermatologist-immunologist. Despite the fact that dermatology and immunology are two disciplines that also often overlap, these doctors function separately. Often, pathologies of an immunoallergic nature appear on the skin. An example of this is eczema, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis. In these cases, a dermatologist may need to consult an immunologist and vice versa.Hematologist-immunologist
There is also no such specialization as a hematologist-immunologist. A hematologist is a specialist who studies blood diseases, and an immunologist studies the pathology of the immune system. These two systems are closely interrelated and often an immunologist needs to consult a hematologist for differential diagnosis and vice versa. It should also be noted that due to the proximity of these systems ( bone marrow produces blood cells and, at the same time, is the central organ of the immune system), there are departments that combine these and other sciences. For example, the center for immunology, oncology and hematology. However, despite this, as a rule, these specialists function separately.Consultation with an immunologist
Most often, consultation with an immunologist is recommended by family doctors, infectious disease specialists and allergists. But anyone can also get an appointment with an immunologist on their own. Most often, people with immunodeficiencies turn to an immunologist for advice ( weak immunity), prolonged fever, frequent infections. Where does the immunologist meet?
As a rule, immunologists conduct appointments in clinics or specialized institutions. Immunologists in private practice are seen in private clinics and offices. It is advisable to come to your doctor's appointment with an outpatient card ( card from family doctor), which contains medical history data.Appointment with an immunologist
An appointment with an immunologist begins with a questioning. The doctor asks what brought the patient to him. At the same time, the specialist clarifies the duration and severity of symptoms, recent illnesses, and also, just as important, family history ( hereditary diseases).The most common complaints during an appointment with an immunologist include:
- frequent ( more than 4 times a year) infections - common cold, sore throat, inflammation of the middle ear ( otitis);
- long-term temperature within 37.2 degrees;
- weakness and malaise after an infection;
- frequent herpes ( cold sore lips).
Immunologist's tests
After the examination, the doctor recommends that the patient undergo some tests. Laboratory tests are very important in the diagnosis of immunological diseases. It is important to remember that immunogram data ( analysis for immunocompetent cells) vary greatly by age.Index | Age groups |
|||||
3 – 12 months | 1 – 3 years | 10 – 14 years | Adults |
|||
Leukocytes 10 9 per liter | ||||||
Lymphocytes as a percentage | ||||||
Unsegmented neutrophils | ||||||
Segmented neutrophils | ||||||
Monocytes | ||||||
Eosinophils | ||||||
T lymphocytes | ||||||
B lymphocytes | ||||||
Immunoglobulins A(IgA ) | ||||||
Immunoglobulins M (IgM) | ||||||
Immunoglobulins G (IgG) | ||||||
We can talk about immunodeficiency when immunogram levels decrease by 20 percent or more.
In the diagnosis of immunodeficiency states, the determination of phagocytic ( devouring) abilities of leukocytes. This refers to how well blood cells are able to eliminate foreign objects. Thus, non-quantitative parameters are determined ( how many leukocytes), and quality ( how do they work). Various methods are used for this. Normally, the phagocytic activity of leukocytes with staphylococcus varies from 40 to 80 percent, with latex from 47 to 79 percent.
In the diagnosis of allergic diseases, the amount of immunoglobulins of the IgE class plays an important role.
Range in IU ( international units) per milliliter
Newborns
6 months
1 year
4 years
7 years
10 years
Adults
Treatment by an immunologist
Treatment prescribed by an immunologist includes a wide range of medications. These can be not only immunomodulators, but also antivirals, steroid drugs, and so on. The specifics of the prescribed treatment depend on the doctor's specialization. If this is an allergist-immunologist, then he may recommend antihistamines, sorbents or hormonal drugs ( most often in the form of an ointment). Allergists and infectious disease specialists can prescribe antiviral drugs, homeopathic remedies ( for example, lymphomyosot).Imunofan, licopid, polyoxidonium and other drugs prescribed by an immunologist
Most often, an immunologist prescribes drugs that strengthen the body's immune system. These drugs are combined into one general group called immunomodulators.Characteristics of immunomodulators
So, immunomodulators are agents that activate immunocompetent cells and other immune factors, thus leading to an increase in the overall resistance of the body. This group includes drugs of microbial, animal and synthetic origin. The ability of these drugs to enhance and stimulate metabolic processes has led to their use not only in the treatment of immunodeficiency, but also in the treatment of indolent infectious and inflammatory diseases.
Immunomodulators include the following groups of drugs:
For the treatment of chronic infectious and inflammatory diseases and in the complex therapy of immunodeficiency conditions, injections are prescribed. Injections are recommended in a course of 10–15 injections, after which a break is taken and the course is repeated after one to two months. The spray is most often prescribed for the prevention of ARVI ( acute respiratory viral infections). One spray into each nasal passage twice a day. The effect of this medication begins as early as 2 weeks and lasts up to 4 months.
Imunofan has a very wide range of indications. This drug is even used in the complex treatment of HIV infection.
Lycopid
This drug also belongs to the group of immunostimulants with a very wide range of indications. Prescribed for the treatment and prevention of persistent infections, including herpes, psoriasis and in the complex therapy of tuberculosis.
According to the manufacturer's recommendation, Likopid is not recommended for use in children under 18 years of age. It is also contraindicated for autoimmune thyroiditis, lactose, galactose and fructose intolerance. Prescribed orally at 10 milligrams ( one tablet) within 10 days. As with other immunomodulators, an exacerbation of symptoms may occur at the beginning of treatment, which should not be feared.
Polyoxidonium
A drug of synthetic origin with pronounced immunostimulating properties. The active substance is azoximer bromide. Activates immunocompetent cells and other immune factors, promoting the rapid removal of the microbe from the body. When taken orally, the drug also activates the lymphoid formations of the intestine, resulting in increased resistance of the intestinal mucosa.
Polyoxidonium is prescribed as monotherapy ( single drug treatment), and in complex therapy ( multi-drug treatment).
Indications for polyoxidonium are:
- acute and chronic inflammatory diseases;
- conditions after burns, operations, injuries;
- tuberculosis;
- herpetic infection;
- secondary immunodeficiencies;
- chronic fatigue syndrome.
First of all, it is necessary to eliminate unfavorable environmental factors - stress, unbalanced nutrition, unfavorable environmental conditions. A universal way to strengthen the immune system is daily walks in the fresh air. Thus, a daily half-hour walk will significantly increase the body’s reserves and strengthen the cardiovascular system, even without the use of immunomodulators. At the same time, prolonged exposure to areas with a high concentration of microbes will minimize the benefits of medications.
For the smooth functioning of the immune system, the absence of chronic foci of infection is also necessary. This could be a periodically worsening sore throat, a runny nose, or a carious tooth. All these minor infections, which a person often simply does not pay attention to, lead to a depletion of the body’s reserves and a decrease in all immunity factors. Therefore, to maintain immunity, it is necessary to cure all chronic infections existing in the body in a timely manner.
You can help the body not only with immunomodulators, but also with folk remedies. Dried fruits have good immunostimulating properties ( dried apricots, raisins, prunes), lemon, honey, fish oil.
Before use, you should consult a specialist.Immunology is a science that studies the conditions and patterns of development of the human body’s response to antigens, as well as the body’s ability to independently accumulate internal reserves to combat allergic and infectious diseases.
Photo 1. An immunologist is a doctor who will help you understand the state of your immunity. Source: Flickr (Ken Hedlund)
Who is an immunologist and what does he do?
And it is responsible for the stable functioning of all organs of the human body. An immunologist is a specialist who is consulted by patients with various immune system disorders.. Its task is to diagnose the causes of pathologies, monitor their treatment and develop a set of measures to protect against possible diseases in the future.
To prevent diseases of viral origin, immunologists develop vaccines and carry out measures to vaccinate the population during mass epidemics.
What diseases does an immunologist treat?
The human immune system is vulnerable to constantly mutating viruses and environmental influences. Disturbances in its functioning lead to the development of pathologies of internal organs and can provoke complications after serious illnesses.
This is interesting! A decrease in immunity often occurs against the background of nervous or physical overload, poorly balanced nutrition, radiation and unfavorable environmental conditions. In this case, there is no reason to worry; it is enough to lead a healthy lifestyle and adhere to the principles of proper nutrition.
In adults
The list of diseases in adult patients that an immunologist has to deal with is quite wide:
- (including those caused by HIV infection or hepatitis);
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome;
- Hormonal disorders;
- Allergy of any etiology;
- Frequent recurrent colds, acute respiratory infections, as well as seasonal diseases;
- Purulent inflammations:
- Diseases of the genitourinary system;
- Autoimmune diseases;
- Fungal skin infections;
- Tumor processes with a high risk of degeneration into a malignant form;
- Chronic fatigue syndrome and deterioration of health for no apparent reason.
In children
The immunity of children in the first years of life is still developing, so it is necessary to visit an immunologist only after consultation with a pediatrician.
The following situations may be a reason to visit a specialized specialist:
- , poorly and severely tolerates viral diseases;
- There is a suspicion of rickets;
- Insufficient weight gain severe lag from the same age by height;
- Diathesis;
- Poor tolerance of routine vaccination(swelling at the vaccination site, high temperature);
- Skin rashes such as urticaria or dermatitis;
- Decreased appetite and activity.
Indications for visiting an immunologist
It is necessary to go to an appointment with an immunologist in cases where the patient’s immunity does not cope with its task of restoring health after illnesses and protecting against environmental influences. A therapist can refer you for a consultation with a specialist if the patient complains of:
- Elevated body temperature, which lasts for a long time, is not a consequence of an infectious disease and remains stably at the level of 37-37.8˚C;
- Regular migraines, frequent headaches;
- Feeling of chronic fatigue with sleep disorders;
- Fatigue;
- General malaise for no apparent reason;
- Allergic reactions: skin rashes or swelling;
- Disturbances in the normal functioning of the digestive organs;
- Frequent and severe colds (more than 4 times a year), which are difficult to treat.
- Individual immunity to antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial medications;
- After radiation therapy to restore natural immunity;
- Sluggish diseases that are difficult to treat with conventional methods;
- Inability to get pregnant and problems with pregnancy;
- After organ transplant operations.
It is important! Any nonspecific reactions of the body are indications for consultation with an immunologist. The sooner the correct diagnosis is made, the faster the treatment process will take place.
Photo 2. Blood test is the main study in diagnosing immune status. Most people visit health care facilities only when necessary. We know what a therapist, neurologist or surgeon does, but the range of tasks of individual doctors remains unknown to us and sometimes causes bewilderment. What does an immunologist treat and in what cases is it recommended to visit this particular specialist? If you don't know the answers to these questions, you will find the information below not only interesting, but also useful.
What specific diseases can an immunologist heal?
What does an immunologist treat? As the name implies, the doctor’s main specialization is the identification and treatment of diseases associated with the The list of problems, the presence of which obliges you to come to a visit to this medical professional, can be reduced to the following ailments:
- lichen;
- asthma;
- hives;
- dermatitis caused by allergies;
- candidiasis;
- pulmonary fibrosis;
- HIV and others.
In addition to the specialist serving adults, there is a pediatric immunologist. What treats The same diseases that occur in children.
General tasks of a specialist
In addition to this list, you can also give a general list of problematic situations in the treatment of which an allergist-immunologist should take part. To begin with, it should be noted that it affects the entire human body, its susceptibility to various diseases and the degree of difficulty in combating them. That is why the activities of such a specialist may be associated with such areas as:
- allergies to various external factors (medicines, insect bites or animal hair, various household chemicals, etc.);
- regularly occurring viral or chronic diseases;
- manifestations of allergic diseases (rhinitis, conjunctivitis and others);
- recurrence of fungal diseases over a short period of time.
The information presented above fully reflects what an immunologist treats. Be careful: if you have any of these diseases, be sure to visit a doctor.
How do you know when it's time for your appointment?
Now that you know who an immunologist is and what he treats, it's time to talk about how to know if you should make an appointment with him. There are quite a lot of symptoms of weakening the body’s protective functions, and most of them are difficult to diagnose for ordinary people. At the same time, there are a number of fairly simple signs that each of us can identify. These include:
- frequent colds and acute respiratory infections;
- constant exacerbations of chronic diseases;
- increased general fatigue;
- reaction to external factors, expressed in skin rashes;
- frequent cough caused by normal physical activity;
- heavy breathing, shortness of breath;
- regular runny nose;
- pain in the eyes, tearing, suppuration;
- herpes;
- warts;
- papillomas;
- sleep disturbance, insomnia;
- elevated body temperature over a long period for no apparent reason.
How to prepare for the initial visit?
Knowing what an immunologist treats makes it quite easy to prepare for your first consultation visit. Collecting primary information will help you save valuable time and begin solving existing problems much faster. So, when you first visit a specialist such as an allergist-immunologist, it is recommended to bring with you:
- general blood analysis;
- HIV testing;
- immunological analysis.
Among other things, it is recommended to think about, remember and specify your complaints and wishes. The doctor may also need information about hereditary diseases and the health status of your immediate family. Be prepared for the fact that a specialist will need to examine you.
How to identify a possible allergen?
Let's be more specific about what actions an allergist-immunologist takes? Now you know what it treats, all that remains is to understand how. Most often, visits to this specialist are associated with questions about various manifestations of allergies. To successfully treat a disease, it is extremely important to determine the factor that provokes the disease. The following medical techniques can be used to search for a potential allergen:
- Elimination tests. They are carried out under the condition of constant contact with a possible food source of the reaction. They consist of adjusting the diet and removing allergens from the menu. If external manifestations decrease, the test can be considered positive.
- Provocative research. They are used only as a last resort, when other studies do not clarify the situation, and are carried out strictly under the supervision of a specialist. The essence of the test is the contact of the suspected allergen and a person.
- Laboratory tests for antibodies. To conduct the experiment, you must donate blood from a vein. The doctor’s task is to identify immunoglobulin antibodies based on the data obtained, and to determine the presence or absence of any allergy based on their quantity.
- Skin tests. They are considered the most simple, practical and at the same time effective. A small amount of the potential allergen in liquid form is applied to the outer surface of the skin, a careful incision or injection is made into it, and then the reaction is observed. If the result is positive, slight local swelling or redness may be observed.
Reasons for your poor health
It is very important to follow the advice given by the immunologist. By following the simplest but useful recommendations, you can maintain and strengthen your health, and therefore protect yourself from a large number of various ailments.
First of all, it is recommended to remember that a reduced level of immunity can be either permanent (chronic) or seasonal (appearing periodically due to certain external factors). In both cases, a set of correct measures will help you solve the problem, and it will be determined by an immunologist (you already know what he treats).
Once you understand that the cause of frequent illnesses is a weakening of the body’s protective function, it is necessary to identify the negative preconditions for such an event. These may include:
- constant negative impact on the nervous system (stress, conflicts, emotional stress);
- lack of healthy habits (unhealthy diet, incorrect daily routine, regular lack of sleep);
- external (air pollution, etc.);
- low level of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle;
- Genetically modified foods.
As for children, the protective function of their body is often spoiled by excessive sterility, which parents create and cultivate from the very first days of their life.
How can an allergist-immunologist help you? What does this doctor treat and how does he prevent it? Most likely, a specialist will give you individual recommendations on nutrition, daily routine and conditioning. In addition, he will definitely prescribe you vitamins or special balanced supplements, the purpose of which is to strengthen the immune system and replenish the lack of useful components in the body.
A few words about children
Why do we need pediatric immunologists? After all, a newborn baby has little contact with the environment, bacteria and viruses that can harm his health; for the most part he is in an atmosphere of constant sterility. In fact, everything is not as simple as it might seem. Problems with immunity can be not only acquired as a result of any external factors, but also congenital. That is why it is extremely important to identify and treat them at the earliest stage, otherwise there is a high chance of developing chronic, that is, permanent diseases. The health of such children deteriorates significantly during the period of socialization, when they begin to attend kindergarten or school. You may notice that you don’t tolerate even a common cold well. This is precisely the first, basic symptom of a weakening of the protective function of his body. In this case, pediatric immunologists will help you.
Instead of a conclusion
Now you know what an immunologist does, what he treats and what he is responsible for. Such information will certainly be very useful for anyone who cares about improving their health. Taking care of the immune system and preventing its weakening in most cases consists of following a number of simple principles of a healthy lifestyle. Timely treatment and precautions will allow you to avoid serious illnesses in the future.
This is a doctor who diagnoses and treats diseases associated with disorders of the immune system - the body's defense system. It is recommended that people contact an immunologist when the body’s defenses are weakened - in cases where a person becomes susceptible to frequent colds and infectious diseases.In addition, an immunologist treats patients suffering from various allergic reactions and immunodeficiency conditions.
What is the competence of an Immunologist?
Competent in diagnosing and treating diseases associated with the pathology of the human immune system.What diseases does an Immunologist deal with?
Seasonal allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis - allergies to plant pollen (trees - birch, alder, hazel, etc., cereal grasses - timothy, fescue, hedgehog, etc., weeds - wormwood, ragweed, quinoa, etc.)Year-round allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis - allergies to house dust, house dust mites, animal dander, book dust, etc.);
Bronchial asthma;
Asthmatic triad (a combination of bronchial asthma, polypous rhinosinusitis and intolerance to analgesics - aspirin, analgin, etc.);
Acute and chronic recurrent urticaria, Quincke's edema (face - eyelids, ears, lips; limbs, etc.);
Food allergies and food intolerance reactions;
Cold allergy (swelling, urticaria and dermatitis of open areas of the body - face, limbs upon contact with cold air, water);
Chronic skin itching;
Reactions to medications;
Reactions to insect bites and stings;
Atopic dermatitis (neurodermatitis), seborrheic dermatitis, chronic eczema of the hands and feet.
Allergic contact dermatitis (to metals, cosmetics and topical medications);
Toxic-allergic reactions;
Serum sickness (reactions to the administration of antitetanus, antirabies and other serums and vaccines);
Attacks of suffocation (difficulty breathing) and long-term (more than 1 month) chronic cough for no apparent reason;
Recurrent bacterial and viral infections (ARVI and acute respiratory infections more than 4-6 times a year);
Chronic recurrent pustular skin diseases (furunculosis, barley, hidradenitis, pyoderma, steptostaphyloderma, acne).
Dysbacteriosis of the oral mucosa, intestines, genitals (recurrent aphthous stomatitis, irritable bowel syndrome, recurrent colpitis, balanoposthitis);
Chronic obstructive bronchitis (COPD);
Chronic recurrent diseases of the ENT organs (chronic pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis);
Chronic recurrent herpesvirus infection (caused by herpes simplex viruses types I and II, herpes zoster, CMV, Epstein-Barr virus, herpesviruses types VI and VII and their associations);
Secondary immunodeficiency in chronic viral hepatitis B and C, psoriasis, lichen planus, recurrent urogenital papillomatosis, palmar and plantar warts, and other frequently recurrent chronic infectious and inflammatory diseases.
Lymphadenitis and lymphadenopathy of unknown etiology;
Fever and low-grade fever of unknown origin;
Chronic fatigue syndrome.
What organs does the Immunologist deal with?
Immune system, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels.When should you contact an Immunologist?
For allergic rhinitis/rhinitis/, i.e. when the occurrence of a runny nose is not directly related to a cold and cannot be treated with the usual methods.For dermatitis accompanied by rash and itching after eating certain foods.
For food allergies, manifested by unpleasant sensations in the mouth or throat, accompanied by attacks of choking, swelling of soft tissues, vomiting or diarrhea, and skin rashes.
If there is a set of symptoms similar to the symptoms of ARVI, but not associated with a cold or flu epidemic - itching in the eyes, lacrimation, runny nose, cough without a significant increase in temperature.
Skin testing - (scarification - scratch or prick methods) with pollen, household, epidermal and food allergens, insect allergens, taking only 15-20 minutes.
Allertest - detection of reactions in allergic contact dermatitis using special sticky plates with standardized allergens applied to them: (nickel, chromium, cobalt, formaldehyde, Peruvian balsam, rubber, rosin, epoxy resin, etc. - more than 40 causative allergens). The results of the reaction are recorded only by an allergist after 48 and 72 hours.
Cytological examination of scrapings from the tongue, tonsils and skin of the external auditory canal for fungal mycelium;
Analysis of stool for dysbacteriosis and sensitivity to bacteriophages.
Bacteriological blood culture for sterility, culture from the skin, pharynx, nose, ear, conjunctiva, discharge from ulcers, etc. for flora and sensitivity to antibiotics and bacteriophages.
Study of biomaterial for fungi and sensitivity to antimycotics;
Determination of specific IgE to causally significant allergens by analysis of blood serum in various panels of allergens (pollen, household, epidermal, fungal and food), determination of total IgE.
Accurate allergy diagnosis of food allergies is determined by the patient's serum/plasma - within 24 hours to the main food allergens: cod, shrimp, soybeans, celery, hazelnuts, peanuts, rye flour, cow's milk, chicken eggs).
Comprehensive diagnosis of drug allergies using the natural leukocyte emigration inhibition test (NTEEL) in vivo (in the oral cavity) with local anesthetics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs. Application, oral, scarification and intradermal tests with local anesthetics are also carried out.
Computer spirometry (respiratory function test, respiratory function) with tests (to determine latent bronchospasm) and control of therapy for bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive bronchitis.
Modern lifestyle often leads to immune disorders:Unfavorable environmental factors, frequent stress, changed diet, decreased physical activity of people, prolonged stay in rooms where there is an increased concentration of germs, dust, allergens, lack of light. Therefore, you need to strengthen your immunity.
There are no universal means of “increasing” immunity. The human immune system is so complex that if, without knowing specifically what disorders are currently present in it, you begin to stimulate it, this can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases or aggravation of existing immunity disorders. If you have significant immunity disorders, it is better to consult an immunologist for consultation and perform an immunological examination. After receiving the immunogram results, you will be advised of one or another immunomodulator that will best correct existing disorders in the immune system.
With minor manifestations of immunity disorders, it is necessary, first of all, to exclude the effects of those unfavorable factors that caused these disorders. Additionally, it is advisable to take medications containing multivitamins, microelements, adaptogens, antioxidants, and biostimulants.