How to measure with a linear-angle measuring tool. What thickness values ​​are considered a discrepancy with the factory ones?

Anthropometric measurements make it possible to determine the level and characteristics of physical development, the degree of its correspondence to gender and age, existing deviations, as well as the level of improvement in physical development under the influence of physical exercise and various sports. Thus, anthropometry includes determining length, circumference and other indicators. Why does a person need this in life? Using anthropometric indicators, you can monitor the dynamics of physical development and the effectiveness of physical exercise. You can also learn how to determine your clothing size. Most modern computational and graphic methods of clothing design provide as initial data information about the body size (dimensional characteristics of the figure) of a person and allowances for a loose fit. Size is an alphabetic or digital code corresponding to certain linear parameters of the human body, or that part of it for which a given piece of clothing, accessory or shoe is intended. Typically, the size is printed on a tag attached to the clothing or accessory, and in the case of shoes, it may be printed on the sole or insole.

What anthropometric indicators are used to determine the size of clothes and shoes, how to measure them correctly

Height. In order to correctly measure your height, you will need outside help, a ruler and a pencil. Stand barefoot with your back to the wall, trying not to hunch over. The ruler is placed on the head, a straight line is drawn from the top of the head to the wall, where a mark is made with a pencil. Now, using a ruler or meter, calculate the distance from the floor to the mark.

Chest circumference. You will need a flexible measuring tape. Wrap a tape measure around your chest so that it goes through all the protruding points. To obtain an accurate result, repeat the measurement procedure again.

Waist circumference is also measured using a centimeter. When measuring your waist, do not pull in your stomach, otherwise the measurement will be incorrect.

Hip circumference. Measured approximately 15-18 centimeters below waist level at the most protruding points of the buttocks.

Shoe size. The size of a person’s foot is determined by two parameters - the length and width of the foot. We determine our sizes. First, measure the length of your foot. It is recommended to do this at the end of the day, because... the legs trample and become larger. Stand on a piece of paper and trace your leg with a pencil. To determine your foot length, measure the distance between the farthest points on the drawing. Measure both legs and choose the longer length. Round the result to 5 mm and find your size in the table.

Table 1. Determining clothing size

Table No. 2 Determining foot size

Table No. 3 Determining shoe size

How to measure the diameter and length of your penis to know exactly your size? It would seem that this is quite simple, but there are a number of nuances that are taken into account when determining the parameters of your genital organ. We will tell you about them.

In the article:

A little about penis length

You need to measure the length of the penis in a state of full erection, it is possible with tension, but it is worth remembering that the length of the penis changes greatly during the day. This depends on external and internal conditions: air temperature, endocrine background, emotional state, mood, structure of the autonomic nervous system.

During an erection, the phallus can increase in size by 2-3 times. In this case, the initial parameters are not particularly important. Owners of small penises may well “overtake” those who have greater dignity at rest when achieving an erection.

How to correctly determine the length of the penis? You need to apply a ruler from the base to the end of the head. In boys at birth, the average length can vary from 2 to 5 cm, active growth is observed at the age of 12-14-16 years. On average, the period of enlargement of the genital organs lasts up to 20-25 years. During this time, a man may notice minor changes in the parameters of the genital organs.

Significant differences in the parameters of the penis can be caused by race, heredity, hormonal changes, poor nutrition and an abundance of bad habits during a boy’s puberty. There are many genetic syndromes in which one or another anomaly is accompanied by hypogonadism, that is, the presence of underdeveloped, barely visible reproductive organs.

Average normal male size ranges from 12 to 16 cm. Changes in one direction or another are classified as a large penis or a small one. Less than 8 cm in the erect state is considered a micropenis.

Width (diameter) and volume of the penis

Measuring the diameter of the penis is again done only in an erect state. Using a tape centimeter, apply the tape in the middle of the organ and record the result obtained - the circumference. Research data states that the average circumference is from 10 to 16 cm.

Both length and width must be measured with the organ in a horizontal position, that is, parallel to the floor. When measuring a circle, you can use a paper strip, mark the desired point on it, and then transfer the obtained data to a ruler.

But do not confuse diameter and circumference - these are different concepts. To get the approximate diameter of the penis, you need to divide the resulting circumference figures by the number Π (3.14), since the diameter is an imaginary straight line that connects one side of the penis to the other. The circumference of the penis is not perfectly smooth, so the data will be approximate.

We have described how to measure the size of the penis, but it is worth adding that if you are very concerned about this issue, you can also measure the volume. To do this, use the formula: (Penis length*circumference squared)/(12.5). Also, for accurate information, we recommend taking measurements more than once. For example, next month, when the weather changes, at different times of the day. Once you have the data, you can calculate the arithmetic mean.

Possible deviations and errors in penis measurement

Even though measurement is a fairly simple procedure, mistakes can still be made. For example, first bring yourself to a full erection, keep your penis only in a horizontal position. The fact is that part of the organ is located under the skin and a layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue, in the pubic area, so this position will bring you as close as possible to natural parameters.

If you are overweight, there may again be mistakes. An example is cases where, after losing weight or liposuction, men noted an increase in dignity. Thus, liposuction in the pubic area and lower abdomen may well add 2 to 3 cm to the length of the phallus.

As foreign publications write, if you repeat the measurement, you may well get a lower result. It's all about stress. A similar situation is observed, for example, in a bathhouse or shower, when a man is surrounded by other representatives of the stronger sex. At this time, impressionable people may “lose” a couple of precious centimeters due to worries about size.

The size may also be affected by the device you use. For all parameters, be it width or length, you need to take a soft centimeter, or less often a ruler. Errors may occur if you use a meter that stretches a little, or a paper strip, since you yourself may mark it incorrectly. The ruler is suitable for those who have a straight penis in an erect state; for those who have a bend, even a slight one, we recommend a soft centimeter. Both devices are pressed against the base of the organ at the pubis.

And women should remember that it does not depend on appearance, the amount of muscle, the size of the nose or shoes. Although there are formulas that supposedly allow you to calculate the size of the penis based on the known parameters of the nose or foot.

What do the experts think?

Doctors also often have to deal with measuring the phallus. This is necessary if the patient seeks surgical help to increase his dignity. It is especially important to measure the penis correctly if the operation involves organ prosthetics. It is extremely important for the surgeon to know the size down to the millimeter in order to select an adequate prosthesis for it.

The specialist will measure the length of the phallus only with a ruler and only along its upper side. Data obtained from measurements of the lower surface of the penis cannot be used. Sometimes you have to measure the length of the phallus without achieving an erection. For example, in patients with erectile dysfunction, when achieving a full erection is impossible. Then the organ is simply stretched in length in a horizontal direction and measured in the same way, pressing a ruler along the upper surface of the penis. The data obtained, of course, is not as accurate, but it will not be difficult for an experienced doctor to navigate when selecting a prosthesis for such a patient.

Men don't have to worry about the size of their dignity. For example, micropenis is extremely rare and is a severe birth defect. Most representatives of the stronger sex have normal average values ​​of all parameters of the genital organ. Often the cause of dissatisfaction is neuroses, self-doubt, and suspiciousness. Those men whose penis reaches 2 cm in a calm state and only 7.5 in an erect state should be worried.

Even if you are not characterized by boastfulness, it is still worth knowing the parameters of your dignity. Why? At least in order to select condoms correctly, to avoid them slipping or, conversely, breaking. Condoms that are too small will only cause discomfort and squeeze the phallus, to say nothing of pleasure.

How to measure the thickness of a sheet of paper?

Since the question did not indicate the accuracy of measuring sheet thickness, I will offer various options. The simplest ones are direct measurement. Take a caliper or micrometer and measure the thickness of the sheet. If these are not available, then you can cut strips from the sheet (the larger, the more accurate), then put them in a stack and measure with a ruler. Divide the thickness of the stack by the number of strips to get the thickness of one sheet. If you delve further, the sheet thickness can be calculated through the specific density of the paper, sheet area and volume.

The best device in this matter is a micrometer. And since the sheet of paper is thick enough for it, this will be the best solution. You can, of course, use a small caliper, but it has rather large units of measurement and the readings will be approximate.

to be more precise, you can place the sheet to be measured between two probes and a good caliper

(Columbian) take measurements, if accuracy is not very important, then with the same measuring instrument,

measure a dozen sheets and divide (a micrometer will also work, but not everyone has one).

When folding sheets into a bundle or when cutting and folding pieces, at the time of measurement with a micrometer, a large error occurs due to the deformation (elasticity) of the bundle.

The most accurate way to measure sheet thickness would be this:

Take a long narrow beaker with divisions, such that a sheet of paper rolled into a tight tube fits completely in it. Pour water into the beaker exactly according to one of the divisions, so that the folded sheet sinks completely. Then you roll the sheet of paper into a tube, crumple it so that it does not unfold, and quickly lower it into the water below the surface. While the paper is not wet, note the level to which the water has risen. Divide the difference in levels by the ratio of the area of ​​the sheet of paper to the area of ​​the beaker.

Or the second option. The volume of water is measured in a beaker and poured into a glass. Then a sheet rolled into a tube is lowered into a dry beaker and water is poured back in. A new level is being celebrated.

The narrower the beaker, the more accurate.

The easiest way is to fold several dozen sheets together and measure their thickness. After this, divide the resulting value by the number of sheets. This results in an average sheet thickness. The measurement accuracy increases if the number of sheets is as large as possible. It is impossible to measure the thickness of one sheet even with the most accurate micrometer, because the instrument deforms the sheet, and the amount of deformation can be a significant part of the thickness.

The thickness of the paper can be measured using a caliper, and the measurement will be even more accurate if this paper is folded several times, measure and divide what happens by the number of times this paper was folded.

If you don’t have a caliper and have a simple ruler, you can take, for example, 100 sheets of this paper (if, of course, you have such a quantity) and measure the thickness of the stack, and then divide by the quantity, i.e. by 100. You will get a fairly accurate result. Because the error of the ruler is half a millimeter, the resulting result will be 100 times more accurate.

The home craftsman constantly has to deal with measuring length, width and height. An angle of 90° or 45° is also often necessary to maintain. Otherwise, it is impossible to carry out high-quality apartment repairs or make homemade products. Accuracy when performing linear measurements of 1 mm is sufficient in the vast majority of cases, and a tape measure or a simple ruler is suitable for them.

Often, tape measures have an additional bubble level, which allows you to place furniture, a refrigerator and other items horizontally. But the accuracy of this level is not high due to the small length of the tape measure’s supporting plane. In addition, the cone with an air bubble in tape measures is often not installed accurately, which does not ensure horizontalness and the work performed.

A wide range of laser measuring instruments are available for sale for measuring linear dimensions, but, unfortunately, due to the high price, they are not available to non-professionals.

Instructions
on the use of calipers (Columbus)

Calipers is a linear measuring tool used to measure the external and internal dimensions of parts, including depth, with an accuracy of 0.1 mm.

The design and principle of operation of a vernier caliper

The classic caliper is designed as follows. A movable frame is installed on the measuring rod using grooves. In order for the frame to fit tightly, a flat spring is installed inside and a screw is provided to firmly fix it. Fixation is necessary when carrying out marking work.

The bar is marked with a metric scale in 1 mm increments and numbers indicate centimeter divisions. The frame has an additional scale with 10 divisions, but with a pitch of 1.9 mm. The scale on the frame is called vernier in honor of its inventor, the Portuguese mathematician P. Nunes. The rod and frame have measuring jaws for external and internal measurements. A depth gauge ruler is additionally attached to the frame.

Measurements are taken using a clamp between the jaws of the part. After clamping, the frame is fixed with a screw so that it does not move. The number of millimeters is counted on the scale on the rod to the first vernier mark. Tenths of millimeters are counted from the vernier. Which stroke from left to right on the vernier coincides with any of the scale marks on the rod will be tenths of a millimeter.

As can be seen in the photo, the measured size is 3.5 mm, since from the zero mark of the scale on the rod to the first mark of the vernier there were 3 full divisions (3 mm) and on the vernier the fifth mark of the vernier mark coincided with the scale mark of the rod (one division on the vernier corresponds to 0.1 mm measurements).

Examples of caliper measurements

To measure the thickness or diameter of a part, you need to spread the jaws of the caliper, insert the part into them and bring the jaws together until they touch the surface of the part. It is necessary to ensure that the planes of the jaws when closing are parallel to the plane of the part being measured. The outer diameter of the pipe is measured in the same way as the size of a flat piece, only the jaws need to touch diametrically opposite sides of the pipe.

In order to measure the internal dimension in a part or the internal diameter of a pipe, the caliper has additional jaws for internal measurements. They are inserted into the hole and pushed apart until they touch the walls of the part. When measuring the internal diameters of holes, the maximum reading is achieved, and when measuring parallel sides in a hole, the minimum reading is achieved.

In some types of calipers, the jaws do not close to zero and have their own thickness, which is usually stamped on them, for example, the number “10”, although the first line of the vernier is at the zero mark. When measuring internal holes with such a caliper, 10 mm is added to the readings on the vernier scale.

Using a Columbus-type caliper with a movable depth gauge ruler, you can measure the depth of holes in parts.

To do this, you need to completely extend the depth gauge ruler from the rod and insert it all the way into the hole. Bring the end of the caliper rod all the way into the surface of the part, while not allowing the depth gauge ruler to come out of the hole.

In the photograph, for clarity, I demonstrated how to measure the depth of the hole by placing the ruler of a caliper depth gauge on the outside of the pipe section.

Examples of marking parts with calipers

The caliper is not intended for drawing marking lines on materials and parts. But if the jaws of a caliper for external measurements are sharpened on a fine-grained emery wheel, giving them a sharp shape, as shown in the photograph, then marking with a caliper will be quite convenient.

You need to remove excess metal from the jaws very carefully and slowly, avoiding discoloration of the metal of the jaws from strong heating, otherwise you can ruin them. To speed up the work, to cool the sponges, you can periodically dip them for a short time in a container of cold water.

In order to measure a strip of sheet material with parallel sides, you need to spread the jaws of the caliper, focusing on the scale to a given size, guide one jaw along the end of the sheet, and scratch a line with the other. Since the caliper jaws are hardened, they do not wear out. You can mark both soft and hard materials (copper, brass, steel). Clearly visible risks remain.

Using sharply sharpened caliper jaws, you can easily mark a circle line. To do this, a shallow hole with a diameter of about 1 mm is made in the center, one of the jaws rests against it, and a circle line is drawn with the other.

Thanks to the refinement of the shape of the caliper jaws for external measurements, it became possible to accurately, conveniently and quickly mark parts for their subsequent machining.

How to measure with a micrometer in practice

You can obtain the size of products with an accuracy of 0.01 mm by taking measurements with a micrometer. There are many modifications, but the most common is a smooth micrometer of the MK-25 type, which provides a measurement range from 0 to 25 mm with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. It is convenient to use a micrometer to measure the diameter of the drill, the thickness of the sheet material, and the diameter of the wire.

The micrometer is a bracket, on one side of which there is a support heel, and on the other there is a stem and a high-precision thread into which a microscrew is screwed. The stem has a metric scale on which millimeters are counted. The microscrew has a second scale with 50 divisions, on which hundredths of mm are measured. The sum of these two quantities is the measured size.

In order to take a measurement with a micrometer, the part is placed between the heel and the end of the micrometer screw and rotated clockwise by the ratchet handle (located at the end of the micrometer screw drum) until the ratchet makes three clicks.

There are two scales on the stem with a step of 1 mm - the main one, digitized every 5 mm, and an additional one, shifted relative to the main one by 0.5 mm. The presence of two scales allows you to increase the accuracy of measurements.

The readings are taken as follows. First, they read how many whole millimeters, not covered by the drum, were obtained according to the digitized lower scale on the stem. Next, check on the upper scale for the presence of risks located to the right of the lower scale. If the risks are not visible, then proceed to taking readings from the scale on the drum. If the mark is visible, then another 0.5 mm is added to the whole number of millimeters obtained. The readings on the drum are measured relative to a straight line drawn along the stem between the scales.

For example, the size of the measured part is: 13 mm on the lower scale, on the upper scale there is an open mark, there is no mark to the right of the open one on the lower scale, which means there is no need to add 0.5 mm, plus 0.23 mm on the drum scale, as a result of addition we get: 13 mm+0 mm+0.23 mm=13.23 mm.

A micrometer with a digital readout of measurement results is more convenient to use and allows measurements with an accuracy of up to 0.001 mm.

If, for example, the battery runs out, then with a digital micrometer you can take measurements in exactly the same way as with a smooth MK-25, since there is also a division reading system with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. The price of micrometers with digital readout of measurement results is high and unaffordable for a home craftsman.

How to measure a large diameter pipe

The caliper jaws, with a measuring range from 0 to 125 mm, are 40 mm long and therefore allow you to measure pipes with an outer diameter of up to 80 mm. If you need to measure a pipe of a larger diameter or if you don’t have a caliper at hand, you can use the traditional method. Wrap the pipe around the circumference with one turn of non-stretch thread or wire, measure the length of this turn using a simple ruler, and then divide the result by the number Π = 3.14. The photo shows a plastic ruler in the form of a triangle with angles of 45º and 90º, with built-in protractor. Using it, you can mark and check the accuracy of the resulting angle.

When marking metal parts, a metalworker's square is used, which provides higher measurement accuracy.

How to use a miter box

To obtain a right or 45º angle without marking, it is convenient to use a device called a miter box. Using a miter box, it is convenient to cut trims for doors, moldings, baseboards and much more to size at an angle. The cut is obtained with the required angle automatically.

It is enough to measure the length, place a strip of material between the vertical walls of the miter box and, holding it with your hand, make a cut. To obtain a high-quality end of the board, use a saw with fine teeth. A hacksaw works well for metal. It is possible to saw even varnished boards without chipping the varnish.

An angle of 45 0 when sawing using a miter box is as easy as a straight one. Thanks to the high guide walls of the miter box, you can saw boards of different thicknesses.

You can buy a miter box ready-made, but it is not difficult to make it yourself from available material. It is enough to take three boards of wood or plywood of a suitable size, and screw the other two to the side ends of one of them with self-tapping screws. Make guide cuts at the required angles and the miter box device is ready.

It is important not only to choose the design and color of the structure, but also to correctly determine the size of the canvas for each room. To do this, you must first take accurate measurements of the doorways, and then, based on this information, calculate the dimensions of each door block.

Standard and non-standard doorways

In typical multi-story buildings, doorways usually have a standardized width depending on the room:

• bathrooms and toilets - 63...76 cm;
• kitchen – 77...87 cm;
• living rooms - 88...110 cm;
• the opening for the entrance door to the apartment is 90...110 cm.

The height of the opening in kitchens and rooms varies from 204 cm to 210 cm, and in bathrooms and toilets there are often passages with a height of 194-203 cm, which requires installing lower panels or changing the dimensions of the installation site.

Passages of non-standard width and height are usually found in old buildings and private cottages. Also, often as a result of redevelopment, even in standard apartments, wider or higher passages are installed instead of standard openings.

You can take measurements of doorways by inviting a professional measurer. But if you decide to take measurements yourself, then you must first learn the rules for performing this operation - how to correctly measure the width of the opening, how to correctly measure the height of the opening and how to measure the thickness of the wall.

How to correctly measure the width of the opening?

The width of the doorway is measured at three points - top, middle and bottom. From the obtained values, select the minimum result, which will be the width of the specific doorway.

In typical apartments, the following standards for the width of door structures are usually adhered to, setting:

• for the kitchen - 70 cm canvas;
• in the bathroom and toilet - products 60 or 55 cm;
• for rooms – 80 cm models;
• as a second entrance door - 90 cm options.

Most large manufacturers produce door leaves adapted to the dimensions of typical passages. The width of the canvases is usually 600 mm, 700 mm, 800 mm, 900 mm. Some brands also offer models with a width of 550 mm and 400 mm, but their selection is small. This variety makes it easy to choose a canvas for a typical room.

If you have old doors installed and you are satisfied with their width, then you can simply measure the parameters - even if they correspond to the dimensions of the new door leaf.

How to correctly measure the height of the opening?

The dimensions of the opening in height also need to be measured at three points - along the side slopes and in the middle. From the obtained values, select the smallest one; doors must be selected for this parameter.

The standard height of door panels is 2 meters; they fit into an installation space with a height of 204 to 210 cm. With a higher passage height, the width of the standard platband may not be enough to mask the junction of the door frame and the wall. In this case, wider trims are used to decorate the door structure or a portal with a capital is installed.

In the lineup of some brands you can find models with a height of 1.9 meters. They are installed in bathrooms and toilets. Such canvases are suitable for passages with a height of 203 cm or less.

IMPORTANT!

Even if you are sure that the renovation in your home has been done perfectly, you should still measure the doorway at three points in height and width. Otherwise, you risk the fact that the finished door block will be wider or higher than the installation site, and you will have to incur unplanned expenses.

How to measure wall thickness?

To determine the thickness of the wall, measurements are taken at three points and the largest of these values ​​is selected. The standard doorway wall thickness is from 6 to 8 cm, which is what most manufacturers of interior doors focus on.

If the wall thickness is greater than the width of the box beams, it is necessary to install door panels. These are strips of various widths that are used to create door slopes. They have the same texture and color as the entire door structure.

Door trims not only give the opening an aesthetic appearance, but also protect the slopes from scratches and abrasion. Therefore, you should not skimp on installing them.

When to take measurements?

Accurate measurements of the dimensions of the doorway are carried out after finishing the walls and laying the decorative flooring. Otherwise, there is a risk that the selected doors cannot be installed due to the fact that the opening is smaller than the dimensions of the door block.

But it is necessary to pre-measure the doorway even before performing the rough finishing. This will allow you to select the size of the opening in accordance with the line of standard canvases. And then you won’t have to overpay for interior doors of non-standard sizes.

Reducing the size of the passage is not difficult; brick, plasterboard or wood are usually used for this. Expanding the installation location can affect the strength of the wall; this operation must be carried out with caution, strictly observing established building codes.

What are the dangers of errors in measurements?

Professional measurements are a guarantee that the doors you have chosen can be installed quickly, without problems and additional financial costs. After all, it is not always possible to increase the size of the installation space, especially when it comes to a load-bearing wall. And if the walls have already been finished, then to narrow the passage you will have to spend a lot of effort and additional money.

If you are not sure of your measurements or do not want to take risks, then it is best to purchase doors with turnkey installation. In this case, the selling company is responsible for the correctness of the measurements, so you can be sure that each doorway will correspond to the dimensions of the door leaf, and if there are errors, all replacements will be made at the expense of the installer. You can order a turnkey installation service in the online store of the Porta Prima factory or in sales showrooms.

Swing door sizes

The dimensions of a swing-type door are determined taking into account the height and width of the door leaf, the thickness of the door frame, and the presence or absence of a threshold.

The passage parameters for installing a swing door block are calculated according to the following rules:

• opening width = leaf width + box thickness x 2 + installation gap 2 cm x 2 + process gap 3-5 mm;
• opening height when installing doors without a threshold = leaf height + frame thickness + installation gap 2 cm x 2 + technological gap 3-5 mm;
• passage height when installed with a threshold = leaf height + box thickness x 2 + installation gap 2 cm x 2 + process gap 3-5 mm.

Using these simple formulas, you can easily calculate the dimensions of an interior door for each room of an apartment, house or office.

Don't forget about extras. Additional strips are available in different widths; they can be joined together and cut lengthwise, which allows you to choose a decorative design for a wall of any thickness. With their help, you can also mask the vertical deviation of the slope; for this, the bar is cut in the form of a wedge.

Sliding door sizes

Sliding doors today are increasingly replacing traditional swing doors.

The dimensions of sliding systems depend on the type of mechanism used:

• the doors move parallel to the wall;
• the canvas fits inside the wall into a cassette;
• the panels overlap one another when opened.

For example, for sliding door structures, the leaf should be 5-7 cm wider than the opening. This is due to the fact that such doors, in fact, serve as a screen and should block the passage from the side. Therefore, the doors can be significantly wider, but not narrower than the width of the passage.

If a sliding pencil door is installed, its width is selected so that the panel protrudes slightly from the wall. This allows you to conveniently close the doors.

For wide openings, designs of two or more sashes are used, which are selected from canvases of standard width. In this way, you can block passages of almost any size.

Non-standard doorways - solution options

If your apartment or house has non-standard opening sizes, then the best solution would be to narrow or widen the passages to standard dimensions. This will allow you to install standard interior doors instead of ordering non-standard sizes.

The advantages of installing door blocks of standard sizes include:

• fast installation time - canvases are available in stock;
• much lower price than models of non-standard sizes;
• wide range of design and color solutions.

If the selected canvas does not fit the height of the doorway, you can trim it. It is not advisable to do this on your own, since you need to use a professional tool. It is best to contact a company that provides such services.

In some cases, it is not possible to change the size of the passage for technical or financial reasons. Then you have to order the production of non-standard doors. They cost 30-40% more than serial products, and their production usually takes several weeks.