How to identify nominative impersonal definitely personal sentences. Types of one-part sentences: features and characteristics

The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.

Two-Part Sentences contain two The main members are the subject and the predicate.

The boy is running; The earth is round.

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).

Evening; It's getting dark.

Types of one-part sentences

Principal term expression form	Examples	Correlative constructions two-part sentences
1. Sentences with one main member - PREDICATE
1.1. Definitely personal proposals
Predicate verb in the 1st or 2nd person form (there are no past tense or conditional forms, since in these forms the verb has no person).	I love the storm in early May. Run after me!	I I love the storm in early May. You Run after me!
1.2. Vaguely personal proposals
Verb-predicate in the third person plural form (in the past tense and conditional mood, verb-predicate in the plural).	They knock on the door. There was a knock on the door.	Somebody knocks on the door. Somebody knocked in the door.
1.3. Generalized personal proposals
They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Isolated by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a specific person (speaker) is habitual, repetitive, or presented in the form of a generalized judgment (the predicate verb is in the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person).	You can't take the fish out of the pond without difficulty(definitely personal in form). Do not count your chickens before they are hatched(in form - vaguely personal). You can't get rid of the spoken word. You’ll have a snack at the rest stop, and then you’ll go again.	Any ( any) can’t easily take the fish out of the pond. All do not count your chickens before they are hatched . Any ( any) counts chickens in the fall. From the spoken word any won't let go. I I’ll have a snack at the rest stop and then go again.
1.4. Impersonal offer
1) Predicate verb in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form).	A) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; b) Melting; V) To me(Danish case) can't sleep; G) by the wind(creative case) blew the roof off.	b) Snow is melting; V) I am not sleeping; G) The wind tore off the roof.
2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	A) It's cold outside ; b) I'm cold; V) I'm upset ;	a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; V) I am sad.
3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	A) To me sorry to leave with you; b) To me Need to go .	A) I I don't want to leave with you; b) I have to go.
4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a short passive participle of the past tense in the singular form, neuter.	Closed . Well said, Father Varlaam. The room is smoky.	The shop is closed . Father Varlaam said smoothly. Someone smoked in the room.
5) The predicate no or a verb in an impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences).	No money . There was no money. There is no money left. There wasn't enough money.
6) The predicate no or a verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences).	There is not a cloud in the sky. There wasn't a cloud in the sky. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.	The sky is cloudless. The sky was cloudless. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.
1.5. Infinitive sentences
The predicate is an independent infinitive.	Everyone keep quiet! Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea! To forgive a person, you need to understand him.	Everyone keep quiet. There will be a thunderstorm. I would go to the sea. To you could forgive the person, you must understand him.
2. Sentences with one main member - SUBJECT
Nominative (nominative) sentences
The subject is a name in the nominative case (there cannot be a circumstance or addition in the sentence that would relate to the predicate).	Night . Spring .	Usually there are no correlative structures.

Notes.

1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) are monocomponent only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: the genitive case form will change to the nominative case form (cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).

2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There's not a cloud in the sky) is considered part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually treated as an addition.

3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be a thunderstorm!) a number of researchers classify them as impersonal. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor. In infinitive sentences the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea!).

4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.

Note!

1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a penny).

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate be.

Wed: It was night ; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.

Wed: The pharmacy is / is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.

4) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that are correlated with the predicate. If there are such additions in the sentence ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to parse these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.

Wed: I'm walking/following you.

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

Determine the type of one-part sentence.
Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that allow the sentence to be classified specifically as this type of one-part sentence.

Sample parsing

Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.

A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.

With a kind word you can melt a stone(proverb).

The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; by meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the predicate verb refers to any actor (cf.: A kind word will melt any stone).

It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).

The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in an impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).

Soft moonlight(Zastozhny).

The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.

Two-Part Sentences contain two The main members are the subject and the predicate.

The boy is running; The earth is round.

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).

Evening; It's getting dark.

Types of one-part sentences

Principal term expression form	Examples	Correlative constructions two-part sentences
1. Sentences with one main member - PREDICATE
1.1. Definitely personal proposals
Predicate verb in the 1st or 2nd person form (there are no past tense or conditional forms, since in these forms the verb has no person).	I love the storm in early May. Run after me!	I I love the storm in early May. You Run after me!
1.2. Vaguely personal proposals
Verb-predicate in the third person plural form (in the past tense and conditional mood, verb-predicate in the plural).	They knock on the door. There was a knock on the door.	Somebody knocks on the door. Somebody knocked in the door.
1.3. Generalized personal proposals
They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Isolated by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a specific person (speaker) is habitual, repetitive, or presented in the form of a generalized judgment (the predicate verb is in the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person).	You can't take the fish out of the pond without difficulty(definitely personal in form). Do not count your chickens before they are hatched(in form - vaguely personal). You can't get rid of the spoken word. You’ll have a snack at the rest stop, and then you’ll go again.	Any ( any) can’t easily take the fish out of the pond. All do not count your chickens before they are hatched . Any ( any) counts chickens in the fall. From the spoken word any won't let go. I I’ll have a snack at the rest stop and then go again.
1.4. Impersonal offer
1) Predicate verb in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form).	A) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; b) Melting; V) To me(Danish case) can't sleep; G) by the wind(creative case) blew the roof off.	b) Snow is melting; V) I am not sleeping; G) The wind tore off the roof.
2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	A) It's cold outside ; b) I'm cold; V) I'm upset ;	a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; V) I am sad.
3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	A) To me sorry to leave with you; b) To me Need to go .	A) I I don't want to leave with you; b) I have to go.
4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a short passive participle of the past tense in the singular form, neuter.	Closed . Well said, Father Varlaam. The room is smoky.	The shop is closed . Father Varlaam said smoothly. Someone smoked in the room.
5) The predicate no or a verb in an impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences).	No money . There was no money. There is no money left. There wasn't enough money.
6) The predicate no or a verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences).	There is not a cloud in the sky. There wasn't a cloud in the sky. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.	The sky is cloudless. The sky was cloudless. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.
1.5. Infinitive sentences
The predicate is an independent infinitive.	Everyone keep quiet! Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea! To forgive a person, you need to understand him.	Everyone keep quiet. There will be a thunderstorm. I would go to the sea. To you could forgive the person, you must understand him.
2. Sentences with one main member - SUBJECT
Nominative (nominative) sentences
The subject is a name in the nominative case (there cannot be a circumstance or addition in the sentence that would relate to the predicate).	Night . Spring .	Usually there are no correlative structures.

Notes.

4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.

Note!

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

Wed: It was night ; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

Wed: The pharmacy is / is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.

Wed: I'm walking/following you.

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

Determine the type of one-part sentence.
Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that allow the sentence to be classified specifically as this type of one-part sentence.

Sample parsing

Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.

A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.

With a kind word you can melt a stone(proverb).

It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).

The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in an impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).

Soft moonlight(Zastozhny).

The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of two main members (subject and predicate) are called two-part.

Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member are called one-part sentences. One-piece sentences have a complete meaning, and therefore the second main member is not needed or even impossible.

For example: In the summer I will go to the sea. Dark. It's time to go. Magic night.

Single-part sentences, unlike incomplete ones, are understandable out of context.

There are several types of one-part sentences:

Definitely personal
vaguely personal,
generalized-personal,
impersonal,
nominative (nominative).

Each type of one-part sentence differs in its meaning and form of expression of the main member.

Definitely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of a certain person (speaker or interlocutor).

In definitely personal sentences the main member is expressed by a verb in the form of 1st and 2nd person singular and plural indicative mood(present and future tense), and in the imperative mood ; the producer of the action is defined and can be called personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons I , You , We , You .

For example: I love thunderstorm in early May(Tyutchev); We will endure trials patiently(Chekhov); Go, bow down fish(Pushkin).

In definitely personal sentences the predicate cannot be expressed by a 3rd person singular verb and a verb in the past tense. In such cases, the proposal does not indicate a specific person and the proposal itself is incomplete.

Compare: Do you know Greek too? - I studied a little(Ostrovsky).

Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of an indefinite subject.

In vaguely personal sentences the main member is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural form (present and future tense in the indicative mood and in the imperative mood), the plural form of the past tense of the indicative mood and the similar form of the conditional mood of the verb.

The producer of the action in these sentences is unknown or unimportant.

For example: In the house knocked stove doors(A. Tolstoy); On the streets somewhere far away they're shooting (Bulgakov); Would you give person relax in front of the road(Sholokhov).

Generalized-personal proposals

Generalized-personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of a generalized subject (the action is attributed to each and every individual).

The main member in a generalized personal sentence may have the same methods of expression as in definite personal and indefinite personal sentences, but most often expressed by a 2nd person singular and plural present and future tense verb or a 3rd person plural verb.

For example: Good for bad don't change (proverb); Not very old these days respect (Ostrovsky); What sow, then you will reap (proverb).

Generalized personal sentences are usually presented in proverbs, sayings, catchphrases, and aphorisms.

Generalized-personal sentences also include sentences containing the author’s generalization. To give a generalized meaning, the speaker uses a 2nd person verb instead of a 1st person verb.

For example: You're going out sometimes outside and you're surprised air transparency.

Impersonal offers

Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying actions or states that arise regardless of the producer of the action.

In such sentences it is impossible to substitute the subject .

The main member of an impersonal sentence may be similar in structure to a simple verbal predicate and is expressed:

1) an impersonal verb, the only syntactic function of which is to be the main member of impersonal one-part sentences:

For example: It's getting colder / it was getting cold /it will get colder .

2) a personal verb in an impersonal form:

For example: It's getting dark .

3) the verb to be and the word not in negative sentences:

For example: Winds did not have / No .

Main member, similar in structure to the compound verbal predicate , may have the following expression:

1) modal or phase verb in impersonal form + infinitive:
For example: Outside the window it started to get dark .

2) linking verb to be in impersonal form (in the present tense in the zero form) + adverb + infinitive:
For example: It's a pity / it was a pity to leave with friends.
It's time to get ready on the road.

Main member, similar in structure to the compound nominal predicate , is expressed:

1) linking verb in impersonal form + adverb:
For example: It was a pity old man.

On the street. it was becoming freshly.

2) linking verb in impersonal form + short passive participle:

For example: In the room it was smoky .

A special group among impersonal sentences is formed by infinitive sentences .

The main member of a one-part sentence can be expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action possible or impossible, necessary, inevitable. Such sentences are called infinitive.

For example: Him tomorrow be on duty. Everyone stand up! I'd like to go to Moscow!

Infinitive sentences have different modal meanings: obligation, necessity, possibility or impossibility, inevitability of action; as well as inducement to action, command, order.

Infinitive sentences are divided into unconditional (Be silent!) And conditionally desirable (I'd like to read).

Nominative (nominative) sentences- these are one-part sentences that convey the meaning of being (existence, presence) of the subject of speech (thought).

The main member in a nominative sentence can be expressed by a noun in the nominative case and a quantitative-nominal combination .

For example: Night, Street, flashlight, pharmacy .Pointless and dull light (Block); Three wars, three hungry pores, what the century has awarded(Soloukhin).

Denominative sentences may include demonstrative particles over there , Here , and to introduce an emotional assessment - exclamation particles WellAnd , Which , like this :

For example: Which weather! Well rain! Like this storm!

Distributors of a noun sentence can be agreed upon and inconsistent definitions:
For example: Late autumn .

If the disseminator is a circumstance of place, time, then such sentences can be interpreted as two-part incomplete:
For example: Soon autumn . (Compare: Soon autumn will come .)
On the street rain . (Compare: On the street it's raining .)

Denominative (nominative) sentences can have the following subtypes:

1) Proper existential sentences expressing the idea of the existence of a phenomenon, object, time.
For example: April 22 years old. Sineva. The snow has melted.

2) Demonstrative-existent sentences. The basic meaning of beingness is complicated by the meaning of indication.
For example: Here mill.

3) Evaluative-existential (Dominance of evaluation).
For example: Well day! Oh yes...! And character! + particles well, then, also for me, and also.

The main member can be an evaluative noun ( beauty . Nonsense .)

4) desirable-existential (particles only, if only).
For example: If only health. Not just death. If happiness.

5) incentive (incentive-desirable: Attention ! Good afternoon ! and incentive-imperative: Fire ! and so on.).

It is necessary to distinguish constructions that coincide in form with them from nominative sentences.

The nominative case in the role of a simple name (name, inscription). They can be called proper-nominal - there is absolutely no meaning of beingness.
For example: "War and Peace".

The nominative case as a predicate in a two-part sentence ( Who is he? Familiar.)

The nominative case of the topic can be classified as an isolated nominative, but in terms of content they do not have the meaning of existentiality, do not perform a communicative function, and form a syntactic unity only in combination with the subsequent construction.
For example: Moscow. How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart... Autumn. I especially love this time of year.

§1. Total information

Let us remember: sentences are divided into two-part sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of two main members - the subject and the predicate, and one-part sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of only one main member: the subject or the predicate.

One-part sentences are divided into two groups:

with the main member - subject
with the main member - predicate

The latter are divided into four types.

This means that there are five types of one-part sentences in total. Each has its own name:

nominal
definitely personal
vaguely personal
generalized-personal
impersonal

Each type is discussed separately below.

§2. One-part sentences with the main member - subject

Name sentences- These are one-part sentences with the main member - the subject.
In nominal sentences, the existence of an object or phenomenon is reported or an emotional and evaluative attitude towards it is expressed. Examples:

Night.
Silence.
Night!
Sweet raspberries!
What a beauty!

Denominative sentences with particles here, over there have a demonstrative meaning: Over there is the village!

Nominal sentences can be uncommon and consist of only one word - the main member, or common, including other members of the sentence:

Blue sky overhead.

Blue sea at your feet.

There is a small table covered with a tablecloth by the window.

Most often, the following are used as subjects in nominative sentences:

nouns in I.p.: Heat!
pronouns in I.p.: Here they are!
numerals or combinations of numerals with nouns in I.p.: Twelve. First of January.

§3. One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate - are not the same in the structure of the predicate. There are four types.

Classification of one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

1. Definitely personal proposals
2. Vaguely personal sentences
3. Generalized personal sentences
4. Impersonal offers

1. Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by the personal form of the verb in the form of 1 or 2 l. or a verb in the imperative mood. The person is defined: it is always either the speaker or the interlocutor. Examples:

I love meeting with friends.

the action referred to in the sentence is performed by the speaker, verb in the form of 1 l. units

Let's call each other tomorrow!

inducement to joint action of the speaker and interlocutor, verb in the imperative mood)

How are you living?

the action about which information is obtained is performed by the interlocutor, verb in the form of 2 l. plural

Declarative and interrogative sentences express the action of the speaker or interlocutor:

Tomorrow I'm leaving on a business trip. What do you prefer for dessert?

Incentive sentences express the motivation for the interlocutor to act:

Read! Write! Fill in the missing letters.

Such sentences are independent, they do not need a subject, because the idea of a person can be expressed in language by personal endings of verbs.

2. Vaguely personal sentences

Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by a verb in the form of 3 l. plural in the present or future tense or in the plural form. in the past time. Person is not defined: the action is performed by someone unidentified.

unknown, not determined by whom the action is performed

It was reported on TV that...

it is not determined who performed the action

Such sentences do not need a subject, since they express the idea of \u200b\u200bthe uncertainty of the persons performing the action.

3. Generalized personal sentences

Generalized personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, standing in the form of 2 l. units or 3 l. plural in the present or future tenses or in the form of 2 l. units or plural imperative mood:

In generalized-personal sentences, the person appears in a generalized form: all, many, and the action is presented as ordinary, always performed. Such proposals express the collective experience of the people as a whole and reflect stable, generally accepted concepts. Examples:

If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
You cannot build your happiness on someone else's misfortune.

The action being spoken of is common and common to all people, conveying the idea of collective experience.)

Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.

It does not matter who specifically performs the action, what is more important is that it is performed usually, always, by everyone - the collective experience is reflected, while a specific person is not implied.

In generalized-personal sentences, the idea of a generalized person is important, therefore they express generalizations characteristic of proverbs and sayings, aphorisms, and various kinds of maxims.

Note:

Not all textbooks highlight generalized personal sentences as a special type. Many authors believe that definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences can have a generalized meaning. Examples:

If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
(considered as a definite personal sentence that has a generalized meaning)

Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
(considered as an indefinitely personal sentence having a generalized meaning)

What is the basis for different interpretations?
Authors who distinguish generalized-personal sentences into a separate type pay more attention to the meaning of this group of sentences. And those who do not see a sufficient basis for this put formal features (verb forms) at the forefront.

4. Impersonal offers

Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, standing in the form of 3 l. units present or future tense or in the form s.r. past tense. Examples:

The action or state is expressed in them as involuntary, in no way dependent on any person or group of persons.

The predicate in impersonal sentences can be expressed in different ways:

1) impersonal verb: It was getting dark, it was getting dark.
2) a personal verb in impersonal use in the form of 3 l. units present or future tense or in s.r. units past tense. It's getting dark, it's getting dark.
3) a short passive participle in the form s.r.: Already sent to the market for fresh food.
4) in a state category word: Are you cold?, I feel good.
In the present tense, the zero copula of the verb be not used. In the past and future tenses, the connective be is in the following forms:

past tense, singular, middle: I felt good.
future tense, singular, 3 l.: I will be fine.

5) infinitive: To be a scandal, to be in trouble.
6) impersonal auxiliary verb with infinitive: I wanted to relax.
7) a state category word with an infinitive: Have a good rest!
8) negatives: no (no - colloquial), nor: There is no happiness in life!

Impersonal sentences are also diverse in the meanings they express. They can convey the states of nature, the states of people, and the meaning of the absence of something or someone. In addition, they often convey the meanings of necessity, possibility, desirability, inevitability, etc.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main predicate member?
Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main member - the subject?
What are sentences with one main member - the subject - called?
- incomplete
- nominal
What is the offer: What nonsense!?
- nominative
- definitely personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: Protect the environment!?
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: The newspaper published a weather forecast for the week.?
- vaguely personal
- generalized-personal
- definitely personal
What is the offer: I'm shivering.?
- nominative
- impersonal
- definitely personal
What is the offer: It's getting light.?
- impersonal
- vaguely personal
- generalized-personal
What is the offer: He wanted to sleep.?
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: Do you want some tea?
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- impersonal

One-part sentences- sentences with one main member, only the predicate or only the subject: Silence. It's getting light. There's no one on the street. A one-part sentence has only one main member, and it cannot be called either subject or predicate. This is the main part of the sentence.

One-part sentences can be common or uncommon, depending on whether the main member is explained by additional words or not. There are two types of one-part sentences: verbal and substantive.

One-part verb sentence. A distinctive feature of verbal one-part sentences is their lack of subjectivity: the subject of the action is not represented in them, therefore the action is considered as independent. Such a one-part sentence includes the conjugated form of the verb as an auxiliary or linking verb, or is only such a verb: Are you going home?; They are singing outside the window; You can't fool him; He was having fun; You can't get through here. Verbal one-part sentences are divided into:

definitely-personal;

vaguely personal;

generalized-personal;

impersonal;

Definitely personal proposals- one-part sentences denoting the actions or states of direct participants in speech - the speaker or interlocutor. The predicate (main member) in them is expressed in the 1st or 2nd person form of singular or plural verbs.

The category of person is in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed in the following forms: I’ll tell you, you’ll tell me, let’s tell you, tell me, tell me, tell me, let’s tell you; I'm going, you're going, we're going, you're going, you're going to go, you're going to go, we're going to go, you're going to go, go, go, let's go.

I know that when you go outside the ring of roads in the evening, we’ll sit in a pile of fresh ones under a nearby haystack. (S. Yesenin);

In the depths of Siberian ores, keep proud patience. (A. Pushkin).

These sentences are very close in meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by substituting a subject into the sentence me, you, we or you.

Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an unspecified person; the actor is not grammatically named, although he is thought of personally, but the emphasis is on the action.

The main member of such sentences is the form of the 3rd person plural (present and future tense, indicative mood and imperative mood) or the plural form (past tense verbs and conditional mood or adjectives): they say, they will speak, they spoke, let them speak, they would speak; (they are) satisfied; (he) is welcome.

For example:

They say in the village that she is not his relative at all... (N. Gogol);

They drove an elephant through the streets... (I. Krylov);

And let them talk, let them talk, but no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky);

It’s okay that we are poets, as long as they read us and sing. (L. Oshanin).

The 3rd person plural form of the predicate verb does not contain information about the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively addressing the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) person known and unknown: Somewhere in the distance they are shouting; I got an A on the exam.

Indefinite personal sentences most often contain secondary members, i.e. Vaguely personal sentences are usually common. As part of indefinite personal sentences, two groups of minor members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the actor: There was singing in the hall. There is noise in the next class. In youth they often try to imitate someone (A. Fadeev); These distributors usually indirectly characterize the actor, denoting the place and time associated with human activity. 2) Direct and indirect objects placed at the beginning of the sentence: We were invited into a room; He is welcome here; Now they will bring him here (M. Gorky).

Generalized-personal proposals- these are one-part sentences in which the predicate verb denotes an action that is performed by a wide, generalized circle of persons.

The predicate verb in a generalized-personal sentence is in the same form as in definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences. Proverbs are a striking example.

You can’t even catch a fish from a pond without difficulty.

Business before pleasure.

You never know where you will find the real word. (Paust.)

Generalized personal sentences are used in cases where it is important to name the action itself, and not the persons who perform it. Generalized-personal sentences are sentences in which the action is timeless and applies to any person or group of persons. Common in proverbs, sayings, aphorisms.

Definitely personal and indefinitely personal sentences can have a generalized meaning, that is, the action referred to in the sentence applies to all persons in general.

Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences that speak of an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the state.

A feature of the grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action ( The boat is carried ashore); condition of a person or animal ( I couldn't sleep; He is cold); state of the environment ( It's getting dark; Feels fresh); the state of affairs ( Poor staffing; Experiments cannot be postponed) etc. According to D. E. Rosenthal, impersonal sentences are characterized by “a shade of passivity and inertia.”

According to the school classification, infinitive sentences are also classified as impersonal (that is, sentences with the main predicate member expressed by an independent infinitive).

The main term can be expressed:

The 3rd person singular form of an impersonal or personal verb: It's getting light! The smell of spring through the glass (L. May);

Neuter form: You, happiness, were covered with snow, carried away centuries ago, trampled under the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even until Christmas time (A. Chekhov);

In a word No(in the past tense it corresponds to the neuter form did not have, and in the future - the 3rd person singular form - will not): And suddenly consciousness will answer me that you have never existed and never existed (N. Gumilyov).

By combining a state category word (with a modal meaning) with an infinitive (compound verbal predicate): When you know that you cannot laugh, then - then it is precisely then that this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's past seven (A. Pushkin);

Short passive participle of the neuter gender (compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); My place is not tidy!.. (A. Chekhov);

Infinitive: You will never see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how can you not please your loved one? (A. Griboyedov); The blizzard will sing and ring for a long time (S. Yesenin).

Substantive one-part sentence. The main member is expressed in the form of a noun. Substantive sentences are not just verbless, they do not even involve action. Depending on their meaning, substantive sentences are divided into:

nominative;

genitive.

nominative.

Nominative sentences affirm the existence of an object in the present tense: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy. (Blok A.A.).

Genitive sentences, in addition to beingness and the present tense, have the meaning of redundancy, enhanced by emotional overtones. Genitive sentences can be common: Gold, gold, how much evil comes through you! (Ostrovsky A.N.)

Nominal- this is one of the types of one-part sentences, the form of the main member in which is similar in expression to the subject.

The main member of nominative sentences is expressed by the nominative case form of the noun and a phrase that includes the nominative case. In principle, it is also possible to use a pronoun, usually in colloquial speech: "Here I am!" - Ariel said, floating into the living room. The use of the independent nominative case is possible in these sentences, since their meaning is a message about the being, presence, existence of an object or phenomenon. Consequently, only one grammatical tense is assumed - the present.

Types of nominative sentences

Denominal existentials state the fact of the existence of an object. The subject is expressed in the nominative case of any nominal part of speech: Mom, porridge, cat, spoon, book, bright cover...

Demonstratives point to an object. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, the demonstrative particles VOT or VON appear: Here's a sofa for you, lie back (Gr.).

Estimated and named evaluate the subject from the speaker's point of view. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, various expressive-emotional particles appear: What a night! Here's to you, grandma, and St. George's day.

Preferably denomination express a strong desire for something. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, particles appear ONLY BY, ONLY BY, IF: Just not a test.

Incomplete is a sentence characterized by an incomplete grammatical structure due to the omission of certain formally necessary members (major or secondary), which are clear from the context or setting even without being named.

The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, since the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.

In this regard, incomplete sentences differ from unspoken sentences, which are statements interrupted for one reason or another, for example: But wait, Kalinina, what if... No, it won’t work that way...(B. Pol.); - I am, mother. Am I... People say that she...(B. Pol.).

The correlation with complete sentences is revealed by the presence in such sentences of words that retain the grammatical functions and forms characteristic of them in the corresponding complete sentences. They are the ones that indicate the “empty” positions of the omitted members of the sentence. Incomplete sentences are especially common in colloquial styles of language; they are widely used in fiction, both in conveying dialogue and in description.

Types of Incomplete Sentences. Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational. Contextual incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context are called: in nearby sentences or in the same sentence (if it is complex).

Among the contextual proposals, the following stand out:

Simple sentences with unnamed main or secondary members (individually or in groups).

Lack of subject:

- - Wait, who are you? - Kurov was surprised.Rostislav Sokolov(B. Pol.).

, - the boy introduced himself and even bowed at the same time

Absence of predicate:

- Did you leave your wife, Mikola?- No, she me

(Shol.).

Absence of both subject and predicate:

- - Does the baker Konovalov work here?Here!- I answered her

(M.G.). Absence of predicate and circumstances:Kalinich stood closer to nature. Khor - to people, to society

(T.). Lack of predicate and object:Who was waiting for him?(B. Pol.).

Empty, uncomfortable room The mother slipped the carrots to the father, but forgot to give him gloves.I handed mine to my father(S. Bar.).

Complex sentences with an unnamed main or subordinate clause.

- Well, where are your Near Mills? - What is this to you? You say, not mills? - Where? - What do you mean, “where”? Here. - Where is it? -Where are we going(Cat.). The last sentence does not name the main part.

Incomplete sentences forming part of a complex sentence with an unnamed member present in another part of the complex sentence.

In a compound sentence: In one hand he held a fishing rod,and in the other - kukan with fish(Sol.). In the second part of a complex sentence, the main members present in the first part are not named.

In a complex sentence: Lopakhin jumped into the trench and,when he raised his head, saw how the leading plane, absurdly falling onto the wing, became covered in black smoke and began to fall obliquely(Shol.). In the subordinate part of the sentence when he raised his head, the subject common to the main part is not named.

In a non-union complex sentence: So here we go:on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, and downhill - like a jog(Sol.). In the explanatory part of a complex sentence, the predicate mentioned in the explanatory part is not named.

Situational called incomplete sentences with unnamed members that are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation. For example: One day, after midnight, he knocked on Crane’s door. She pulled back the hook... -Can?- he asked in a trembling voice(M. Alekseev).

Occasionally there was a hooting sound somewhere. Apparently, not close.

- Calm down, - my neighbor said peacefully(S. Bar.). While I was waiting in line, the printing presses began to crank behind me. Only women worked for them today.

- I'm behind you!- I warned and ran to my car(S. Bar.).

Incomplete sentences are especially typical for dialogic speech, which is a combination of replicas or a unity of questions and answers. The peculiarity of dialogical sentences is determined by the fact that in oral speech, along with words, extra-linguistic factors also appear as additional components: gestures, facial expressions, situation. In such sentences, only those words are named, without which the thought becomes incomprehensible.

Among dialogic sentences, a distinction is made between sentences-replicas and sentences-answers to questions.

Reply sentences represent links in a common chain of replicas replacing each other. In a replica of a dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated, and the replicas that begin the dialogue are usually more complete in composition than the subsequent ones. For example:

- Go get a bandage.

- Will kill...

- Crawling.

- You won’t be saved anyway(New-Pr.).

Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the issue. They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence is highlighted:

- What do you have in your bundle, eagles?

“Crayfish,” the tall one answered reluctantly.

- Wow! Where did you get them?

- Near the dam she me

There may be answers to a question that requires confirmation or denial of what was said:

- Do you have a woman?

- No way.

- And the uterus?

- Eat(New-Pr.).

Could be answers to a question with suggested answers:

- What haven’t you tried: fishing or loving?

- First- I answered her

And finally, answers in the form of a counter question with the meaning of the statement:

- How will you live?

- What about the head, and what about the hands?(M.G.).

- Tell me, Stepan, did you marry for love? - asked Masha.

- What kind of love do we have in our village? - Stepan answered and grinned.(Ch.).

How to identify nominative impersonal definitely personal sentences. Types of one-part sentences: features and characteristics

Generalized-personal proposals

§2. One-part sentences with the main member - subject

§3. One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

Test of strength

Final test

Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main predicate member?

Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main member - the subject?

What are sentences with one main member - the subject - called?

What is the offer: What nonsense!?

What is the offer: Protect the environment!?

What is the offer: The newspaper published a weather forecast for the week.?

What is the offer: I'm shivering.?

What is the offer: It's getting light.?

What is the offer: He wanted to sleep.?

What is the offer: Do you want some tea?

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