How to check the thyroid gland and what tests need to be taken to diagnose the organ. Common endocrine system disorders

- These are helper organisms. A balanced hormonal background is an invariable part for the full functioning of the body. Therefore, it is important to know how to check hormones in women and men.

Not only does this depend on general state person:

• appearance;
• healthy sleep;
• psychological state of the body;
• gland function internal secretion.

Causes of hormonal imbalance

Disturbances in hormone levels in the body can occur for a number of reasons. The most vulnerable is the reproductive function. Thanks to female sex hormones, the body can fulfill its purpose - procreation.

There are several causes of hormonal imbalance:

• various gynecological diseases. This could be a polyp, tumor (benign or malignant), uterine fibroids, cyst, menopause and other diseases;
• diseases endocrine system;
• changes and disturbances in the functioning of the thyroid gland;
• pregnancy;
• abortions.

Depending on the cause affecting the imbalance of hormones in the body, the specialist will refer the woman for testing. After research and diagnosis of the problem in the body, appropriate treatment is prescribed.

Indications for taking a hormone test

The specialist must keep the change under control hormonal levels among women. The slightest fluctuations may indicate that there is serious problem. As a rule, a test is prescribed so that the doctor can make sure whether the body has ethologies of the endocrine system or gynecological diseases.

Signs indicating a hormonal imbalance:

• irregular menstrual cycle, without corresponding etiology;
• infertility different stages and degrees;
• before planning pregnancy;
• with decreased sexual desire;
• with sexual infantilism;
• mastopathy;

• pressure surges;
• skin problems: acne;
• establishment of pregnancy;
• severe premenstrual syndrome;
• excessive body hair and others.

Testing for hormones

A blood test is a study that helps clarify the presence and content according to the norm. It is mainly prescribed for the following symptoms:

• menstruation disorders;
• infertility;
• miscarriage;
• menopause

Hormones are biological substances, which fall into blood vessels after secretion by the endocrine glands. They influence the entire body and guide our actions.

The results of the study are assessed exclusively by the doctor. Since hormonal levels will fluctuate depending on the period of menstruation, the condition of the woman, and age. That is why, in a group of different ages, the test norm will differ in value.

How to do a hormone test correctly?

For analysis, a woman needs to donate blood. Hormones are very sensitive biologically active substances, any external changes environments may give inaccurate results. That is why it is imperative to know how to take the test correctly and accurately.

The doctor must give his recommendation on which specific day of menstruation the test should be taken. Is it possible to eat before taking the test or not? In addition, the level of body hormones depends on physical activity, depression and stress, poor nutrition. Under no circumstances should you get tested if you have symptoms of the disease.

Rules for taking a hormone test

A prerequisite is delivery on an empty stomach. Food affects some hormones. As a result, their number in the body may increase or decrease. Result: unreliable diagnosis.

Before donating blood, you must exclude:

• sexual intercourse;
• alcohol;
• smoking.

Physical activity should be reduced to a minimum.

Cannot be accepted medicines. It is necessary to check with your doctor for a list of prohibited drugs.

The ideal time to take the test is approximately 2 hours after you wake up.

Female hormones

Hormones are released. After being absorbed into the blood, they begin to regulate metabolism in the body. useful substances. And only then, hormones are destroyed under the influence of special enzymes.

This is a cycle that allows the body to develop properly and helps the functioning of various processes in the body. When taking an analysis, a specialist can promptly identify any abnormalities and begin treatment.

Blood donation period

Depending on the type of hormone, the test takes place in different period menstrual cycle.

Progesterone helps the egg implant in the uterus. If the level in the pregnant woman’s body is insufficient, a miscarriage may occur. Progesterone is determined on days 22–23, at 28 menstrual cycle, it is being produced yellow body ovary.

• the presence of hair on the beard is noted, sideburns begin to grow, and the chest is covered with hair;
• fast fatiguability, sharp changes mood;
• changes in the menstrual cycle;
• hair loss or brittleness;
• dry mouth, frequent urination, psoriasis.

The period of change depends on age female half humanity. For teenagers alarm bell is the absence of menstruation, poor development breasts, excessive thinness.

After 40 years, women experience disruptions due to the onset of menopause. If there are painful manifestations, headaches, chest pain, hot flashes, insomnia. This is the first reason that obliges you to see a doctor.

You should never ignore your health problems. Timely diagnosis health and treatment is the key good condition body. To prevent problems, you need to carefully monitor your health and undergo timely medical commission. This will save a person from serious troubles that arise from hormonal imbalance.

Hormones are biologically active substances that are produced by various glands of the endocrine system and then enter the blood. They influence the functioning of the entire organism, largely determining the physical and mental health person. Hormone tests help to significantly clarify clinical picture disease and prevent its development.

Of course, not every pathology requires urgent such tests, especially since human body produces dozens of types of hormones, each of which has its own “sphere of influence.”

Hormonal tests: when and why are they prescribed?

Hormone levels are most often determined in the blood, less often in the urine. Hormone tests may be ordered, for example, in following cases:

• disturbances in the development of certain organs;
• pregnancy diagnosis;
• infertility;
• pregnancy with threat of miscarriage;
• kidney dysfunction;
• metabolic disorders;
• problems with hair, nails and skin;
• depressive states and others mental problems;
• tumor diseases.

A referral for analysis can be given by a pediatrician, therapist, endocrinologist, gynecologist, gastroenterologist, or psychiatrist.

Preparing for hormone tests

What rules should be followed when donating blood to analyze hormone levels so that the results are as accurate as possible? It is necessary to refrain from eating for 7-12 hours before blood collection. During the day before the study, alcohol, coffee, physical exercise, stress, sexual contacts. The possibility of taking medications during this period should be discussed with your doctor. When researching hormonal status It is important for women to know which day of the cycle they should take tests. Thus, blood is donated for follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormones and prolactin on days 3–5 of the cycle, for testosterone on days 8–10, and for progesterone and estradiol on days 21–22.

If you donate daily urine, you should strictly adhere to the collection scheme and observe the storage conditions.

General principles of conducting and interpreting analysis

Blood for research is taken from a vein in the morning on an empty stomach. The study period is usually 1–2 days. The obtained result is compared by the doctor with the hormone concentration standards developed taking into account the patient’s gender, age and other factors. The patient himself can study these norms.

Laboratory diagnostic methods

Only a specialist (endocrinologist, gynecologist, therapist, gastroenterologist, etc.) can decide which tests need to be taken for hormones based on the results of the examination. Moreover, the number of tests is commensurate with the number of hormones, and there are more than 100 of them in the body. In the article we will consider only the most common types of studies.

Assessment of somatotropic function of the pituitary gland necessary for people who have gigantism, acromegaly (enlarged skull, hands and feet) or dwarfism. Normal content growth hormone in the blood is 0.2–13 mU/l, somatomedin-C is 220–996 ng/ml at the age of 14–16 years, 66–166 ng/ml after 80 years.

Pathologies of the pituitary-adrenal system manifest themselves in disruption of the body's homeostasis: increased blood clotting, increased carbohydrate synthesis, decreased protein and mineral metabolism. To diagnose such pathological conditions it is necessary to determine the content in the body the following hormones:

• Adrenocorticotropic hormone is responsible for skin pigmentation and the breakdown of fats; the norm is less than 22 pmol/l in the first half of the day and no more than 6 pmol/l in the second.
• Cortisol regulates metabolism, the norm is 250–720 nmol/l in the first half of the day and 50–250 nmol/l in the second (the difference in concentration should be at least 100 nmol/l).
• Free cortisol– is given if there is a suspicion of Itsenko-Cushing’s disease. The amount of hormone in urine is 138–524 nmol/day.

These tests are often prescribed by endocrinologists for obesity or underweight; they are taken to determine whether there are serious hormonal imbalances and which ones.

Disruption thyroid gland manifested by increased irritability, changes in body weight, increased blood pressure, fraught gynecological diseases and infertility. What tests should be taken for thyroid hormones if at least several of the above symptoms are detected? First of all we're talking about about the study of the level of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH), which regulate metabolic processes, mental activity, as well as the functions of the cardiovascular, reproductive and digestive systems. Normal hormone levels look like this:

• Total T3 – 1.1–3.15 pmol/l, free – 2.6–5.7 pmol/l.
• Total T4 – 60–140 nmol/l, free – 100–120 nmol/l.
• TSH – 0.2–4.2 mIU/l.
• Antibodies to thyroglobulin – up to 115 IU/ml.
• Antibodies to thyroid peroxidase – 35 IU/ml.
• T-Uptake – 0.32–0.48 units.
• Thyroglobulin – up to 55 ng/ml.
• Antibodies to microsomal antigen of thyrocytes – less than 1.0 U/l.
• Autoantibodies to thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors – 0–0.99 IU/l.

Failures in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism lead to osteoporosis or increased bone mineralization. Parathyroid hormone promotes the absorption of calcium into intestinal tract, as well as reabsorption in the kidneys. The content of parathyroid hormone in the blood of an adult is 8–24 ng/l. Calcitonin promotes calcium deposition in bones, slowing its absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and increasing excretion in the kidneys. The normal level of calcitonin in the blood is 5.5–28 pmol/l. It is recommended to donate blood for tests of this type at the onset of menopause, since women during this period are most susceptible to osteoporosis.

The body of any person produces both male and female hormones. Their correct balance ensures stable operation reproductive system, normal secondary sexual characteristics, smooth mental condition. The production of certain sex hormones may be disrupted due to age, bad habits, heredity, endocrine diseases.

Reproductive system dysfunctions, conditioned hormonal imbalances, lead to masculine and female infertility, and also provoke miscarriages in pregnant women. If there are such problems, donate blood for analysis female hormones, such as:

• Macroprolactin is the norm for men: 44.5–375 µIU/ml, for women: 59–619 µIU/ml.
• Prolactin - the norm is 40 to 600 mU/l.
• Pituitary gonadotropic hormones and prolactin – before menopause the ratio is 1.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone: its content in the follicular phase is normally 4-10 U/l, during the ovulation period - 10-25 U/l, during the luteal phase - 2-8 U/l.
• Estrogens (the norm in the follicular phase is 5–53 pg/ml, during the ovulation period – 90–299 pg/ml and 11–116 pg/ml during the luteal phase) and progestins.
• Luteinizing hormone - the norm in the follicular phase is 1-20 U/l, during the ovulation period - 26-94 U/l, during the luteal phase -0.61-16.3 U/l.
• Estradiol – the norm in the follicular phase is 68–1269 nmol/l, during the ovulation period – 131–1655 nmol/l, during the luteal phase – 91–861 nmol/l.
• Progesterone is the norm in the follicular phase - 0.3-0.7 µg/l, ovulation period - 0.7-1.6 µg/l, during the luteal phase 4.7-8.0 µg/l.

Assessing androgen function produced in case of infertility, obesity, high cholesterol, hair loss, juvenile acne, decreased potency. So:

• Testosterone - normal levels in men are 12–33, in women – 0.31–3.78 nmol/l (hereinafter in the list, the first indicator is the norm for men, the second for women).
• Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate – 10–20 and 3.5–10 mg/day.
• Sex hormone binding globulin is –13–71 and 28–112 nmol/l.
• 17-hydroxyprogesterone – 0.3–2.0 and 0.07–2.9 ng/ml.
• 17-ketosteroids: 10.0–25.0 and 7–20 mg/day.
• Dihydrotestosterone – 250–990 and 24–450 ng/l.
• Free testosterone – 5.5–42 and 4.1 pg/ml.
• Androstenedione – 75–205 and 85–275 ng/100 ml.
• Androstenediol glucuronide – 3.4–22 and 0.5–5.4 ng/ml.
• Anti-Mullerian hormone – 1.3–14.8 and 1.0–10.6 ng/ml.
• Inhibin B – 147–364 and 40–100 pg/ml.

Diabetes Diagnosis and Evaluation endocrine function pancreas necessary for abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, excess weight gain, dry mouth, skin itching, swelling. Below are the names and standard indicators pancreatic hormones:

• C-peptide – 0.78-1.89 ng/ml.
• Insulin – 3.0–25.0 µU/ml.
• Insulin Resistance Assessment Index (HOMA-IR) – less than 2.77.
• Proinsulin – 0.5–3.2 pmol/l.

Pregnancy monitoring carried out in order to prevent developmental pathologies and fetal death. IN antenatal clinic When registering, they tell you in detail what hormone tests need to be carried out and why you should donate blood for hormone analysis during pregnancy. In general, the following are investigated:

• Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - its concentration depends on the stage of pregnancy: from 25–200 mU/ml at 1–2 weeks to 21,000–300,000 mU/ml at 7–11 weeks.
• Free b-hCG – from 25–300 mU/ml at 1–2 weeks of pregnancy to 10,000–60,000 mU/ml at 26–37 weeks.
• Free estriol (E3) – from 0.6–2.5 nmol/l at 6–7 weeks to 35.0–111.0 nmol/l at 39–40 weeks.
• Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) - the test is done from the 7th to the 14th week, the norm is from 0.17–1.54 mU/ml at 8–9 weeks to 1.47–8.54 honey/ml at 13–14 weeks.
• Placental lactogen - from 0.05–1.7 mg/l at 10–14 weeks to 4.4–11.7 mg/l at 38 weeks.
• Prenatal screening for trisomy 1st trimester (PRISCA-1) and 2nd trimester of pregnancy (PRISCA-2).

Malfunctions of the sympathoadrenal system should be sought if available panic attacks and others autonomic disorders. To do this, you need to donate blood for analysis and check which hormones from the list are outside the normal range:

• Adrenaline (112–658 pg/ml).
• Norepinephrine (less than 10 pg/ml).
• Metanephrine (less than 320 mcg/day).
• Dopamine (10–100 pg/ml).
• Homovanillic acid (1.4–8.8 mg/day).
• Normetanephrine (less than 390 mcg/day).
• Vanillylmandelic acid (2.1–7.6 mg/day).
• 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (3.0–15.0 mg/day).
• Plasma histamine (less than 9.3 nmol/l).
• Serum serotonin (40–80 μg/l).

State of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is responsible for maintaining circulating blood volume, allow us to evaluate hormones such as aldosterone (in blood) - 30–355 pg/ml and renin (in plasma) - 2.8–39.9 μIU/ml in the patient’s supine position and 4 .4–46.1 µIU/ml – standing.

Regulation of appetite and fat metabolism carried out using the hormone leptin, the concentration of which in the blood normally reaches 1.1–27.6 ng/ml in men and 0.5–13.8 ng/ml in women.

Assessment of the state of endocrine function of the gastrointestinal tract carried out by determining the level of gastrin (less than 10–125 pg/ml) and stimulated gastrin-17 (less than 2.5 pmol/l)

Assessment of hormonal regulation of erythropoiesis(erythrocyte formation) is based on data on the amount of erythropoietin in the blood (5.6–28.9 IU/L in men and 8–30 IU/L in women).

The decision about what tests need to be taken for hormones should be made based on the existing symptoms and preliminary diagnosis, as well as taking into account concomitant diseases.

Instructions

All disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system should be addressed to you by a specialist. The doctor will conduct necessary examination and prescribe medications that will help restore the normal functioning of all organs that participate in its work. Please note that without accurate diagnosis even herbal infusions may cause harm.

Negative influence to endocrine system also have unfavorable external factors: ecology, radiation, chemical pollution, nervous stress and stress. Especially background radiation, which disrupts the iodine balance. Try to eliminate the influence of these factors on your health.

note

Check your first aid kit. Frequent use Some medications can negate all your efforts to restore the endocrine system. These are steroids that are taken for arthritis, diuretics and contraceptives. If the endocrine system malfunctions, immediately eliminate diets.

In the lives of athletes, dancers and most ordinary people People of all ages sometimes experience unpleasant injuries, and one of them is a knee injury. can be both common and very dangerous, and in all cases it is necessary to know how to properly care for the damaged knee and how to avoid negative consequences from improper treatment.

Instructions

If you have bruised or damaged your knee, first of all you need to protect the joint from stress and sudden movements. Apply cold to the bruise to reduce swelling and hematoma, relieve pain by taking any anti-inflammatory analgesic, and apply a pressure bandage.

Pay special attention to applying a pressure bandage to the knee - for example, elastic bandage. A pressure bandage fixes the knee, reduces swelling, and prevents hemorrhages. Relax your legs, take a comfortable position and bandage tightly knee-joint, making several turns of the bandage, first up and then down the same number of times.

Also for speedy recovery In order for the knee to work, it needs to be lubricated with a medicinal gel - for example, Diclofenac, Indomethacin, Voltaren-gel, Lyoton are suitable for this. The ointment will relieve local inflammation, pain syndrome, and also restore blood vessels and strengthen them.

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Before starting any treatment, consult your healthcare professional.

In order for the human body to work like a clock, its hormonal level must correspond normal indicators. Alas, for many reasons, the endocrine glands that produce malfunction, which entails the most various diseases. Due to the greater complexity of the female body, these problems are more common among the fairer sex.

Instructions

First of all, visit an endocrinologist and gynecologist, undergo an examination, get tested. Let us remind you once again about the inadmissibility of self-medication. If only because there are a lot of reasons for hormonal imbalance, and only a qualified specialist can understand them.

Along with drug therapy It is recommended to correct it by introducing foods rich in microelements such as zinc and selenium into your diet. You can, in agreement with your doctor, take multivitamin complexes or nutritional supplements containing these microelements.

Treatment hormonal disorders can be carried out in a variety of ways. The so-called “hormone therapy” is very common and effective. Many are still wary of it, fearing such side effects, such as increased body weight, change in voice timbre, etc. But that was typical hormonal drugs first generation, modern means lead to such consequences in extreme in rare cases.

Good effect can give treatment with leeches, then there is hirudotherapy. It can help at any stage of a woman’s life: adolescence, in adulthood, reproductive age And . Some women cannot even bear the thought of such treatment. But this is a reliable, proven remedy, known since ancient times, so fear and disgust should be overcome.

You can also resort to herbal medicine, that is, herbal treatment. Nutrition correction gives good results. It is recommended to reduce the proportion of meat and meat products in the diet, respectively, increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables, vegetable oil(preferably olive), nuts.

In some cases the most severe cases have to resort to surgical intervention.

It is part of the endocrine system. Located in the front of the neck, lateral to the trachea, immediately behind the Adam's apple. Its tasks include the production of hormones responsible for metabolism and normal development body. For normal functioning of this body iodine is needed, which enters the body with food and water. A deficiency or excess of it can lead to disruption of the thyroid gland.

You will need

• - hawthorn flowers;
• - St. John's wort;
• - red rowan flowers;
• - fruits of black rowan;
• - leaf walnut;
• - White bloodroot;
• - nettle;
• - Oak bark;
• - sweet clover;
• - knotweed;
• - evasive peony.

Instructions

For hypothyroidism, prepare the following collection. Take equal quantities of hawthorn flowers, St. John's wort, red rowan flowers, black rowan fruits, and walnut leaves. Grind all ingredients and mix. Place 2 tablespoons of the mixture in a thermos, pour 600 ml of boiling water, leave for 4-5 hours. After straining, drink 0.5 glasses three times a day half an hour before meals. The course of treatment is 7-8, according to the scheme: 20 days of infusion, 10 days of rest, during which it is recommended to drink an infusion from one plant: dandelion root, chickweed, echinacea flowers and leaves, mint (one tablespoon per 200 ml of boiling water).

For hyperthyroidism, prepare the following effective. Take equal quantities of white cinquefoil, nettle, oak bark, sweet clover, knotweed, chop everything and mix. 2 tablespoons, pour 0.5 boiling water, leave in a warm place for 2-3 hours. After straining, drink a third of a glass three times a day half an hour before meals.

For nodular formations and tumors, take tincture of peony root. Take 10 grams of carefully crushed root and add 100 ml of 70% medical alcohol and leave for 2 weeks in a warm, dark place. Drink 30 drops dissolved in 30 ml boiled water three times a day 1.5 hours of food. One serving is required per course of treatment. Carry out the next course through tincture of other plants (monkshood, hemlock, etc.).

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Before you treat thyroid gland, it is necessary to cleanse the intestines, liver, blood and lymph.

Endocrine diseases are accompanied by disorder normal operation. They secrete hormones that affect the body and control the functioning of all organs and systems. Endocrine disorder characterized by dysfunction, hyper-or. The most important components of this system are the pituitary gland, pineal gland, pancreas, thyroid gland, thymus, and adrenal glands. In women, these also include the ovaries, in men – the testicles.

The causes of endocrine pathologies that form due to a lack of certain hormones are as follows:

• damage to the endocrine glands due to infectious diseases (for example, tuberculosis);
• congenital pathologies causing (underdevelopment). As a result, such endocrine glands are not able to produce sufficient quantities of the necessary substances;
• hemorrhage in the tissue or, conversely, insufficient blood supply to the organs responsible for the production of hubbub;
• inflammatory processes affecting the malfunction of the endocrine system;
• the presence of autoimmune lesions;
• tumors of the endocrine glands;
• nutritional problems, when the body does not receive enough substances necessary for the production of certain hormones;
• negative impact toxic substances, radiation exposure;
• iatrogenic reasons and others.

Why do diseases caused by excess hormone production occur?

Causes endocrine pathology, which causes excessive production of any hormones:

• excessive stimulation of the endocrine glands, which is caused by natural factors or any pathologies, including congenital ones;
• production of hormonal substances by tissues that ordinary person are not responsible for this;
• the formation of hormones in the periphery from their precursors, which are present in the human blood. For example, fatty tissue capable of producing ;
• Iatrogenic reasons.

Why do pathologies of a different nature arise?

The latest report by foreign scientists contains information that diseases of the endocrine system often occur due to disruption of the transport of hormones or their abnormal metabolism. Most often, the reasons for this phenomenon are liver pathologies, pregnancy and others.

Also common hormonal diseases, which are caused by mutations in genes. In this case, the production of abnormal hormones that are unusual for the human body is observed. This condition is quite rare.

Also in some cases, human endocrine diseases are observed that are associated with hormone resistance. The reason for this phenomenon is believed to be hereditary factor. In this condition, pathologies of hormonal receptors are observed. Active substances, produced by the endocrine glands in the required quantities, are not able to get to the required areas of the body where they must perform their function.

Diseases of the endocrine system often differ wide range related violations. Disruptions in the functioning of the body occur due to the fact that hormones affect many functions different organs and systems. Their excess or deficiency in any case negatively affects a person.

Symptoms of endocrine system disorders are:

• loss or, conversely, excessive weight gain;
• heart failure uncharacteristic for humans;
• causeless increase in heart rate;
• fever and constant feeling heat;
• increased sweating;
• chronic diarrhea;
• increased excitability;
• the appearance of headaches, which are most often caused by high blood pressure;
• severe weakness, muscle adynamia;
• inability to concentrate on one thing;
• drowsiness;
• pain in the limbs, cramps;
• significant memory impairment;
• unexplained thirst;
• increased urination, and others.

Specific signs indicating the presence of a certain endocrine disease associated with hormones indicate an excess or, conversely, a deficiency.

Diagnosis of disorders

To determine a specific endocrine disorder, some tests are done to determine the amount and type of hormones missing:

• radioimmunological study using iodine 131. Diagnostics are carried out to determine the presence of pathologies in the thyroid gland. This is based on how intensely a particular area of ​​the iodine particle absorbs;
• X-ray examination. Helps determine if there are any changes in bone tissue, which is typical for certain diseases;
• computed and magnetic resonance imaging. Aimed at comprehensive diagnostics endocrine glands;
• ultrasound diagnostics. The condition of some glands is determined - the thyroid, ovaries, adrenal glands;
• blood test. Determines the concentration of hormones, the amount of sugar in the blood and other indicators that are important for setting a certain indicator.

Disease Prevention

To prevent the development of diseases associated with the endocrine system, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

• balanced diet. The intake of a sufficient amount of useful substances into the body makes it possible to prevent the occurrence of serious pathologies of various localizations;
• fight against extra pounds. causes many disorders that can only be eliminated after losing weight;
• exception negative impact on the body of toxic substances, radiation;
• timely consultation with a doctor. Having identified the first signs of any disease, a person should go to a specialized specialist (). On initial stages Most diseases respond well to treatment.

Common diseases associated with pituitary dysfunction

Endocrine diseases that are associated with:

• . The main manifestation is excessive human growth, which can exceed 2 m. An increase in size is observed internal organs. Against this background, other disorders arise - disruption of the heart, liver, diabetes, underdevelopment of the genital organs and others;
• . Incorrect (disproportionate) growth of body parts is observed;

• precocious puberty syndrome. Characterized by the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics in early age(8-9 years), but lack of appropriate psycho-emotional development;
• . Appears against the background of excessive production of corticotropin and hyperfunction of the adrenal glands. Manifested by obesity, trophic processes on the skin, increased blood pressure, sexual dysfunction, mental disorders;

• pituitary cachexia. There is acute dysfunction of the adenohypophysis, leading to a serious disruption of all types of metabolism in the body and subsequent exhaustion;
• . It is observed when the production of somatotropin decreases. Such a person has short stature, dry, flabby, wrinkled skin, sexual dysfunction;

• . Dysfunction of the endocrine system is caused by insufficient production of sex hormones in both sexes. There is a loss of reproductive function, development of the body according to the type of the opposite sex and other disorders;
• . It is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of urine (from 4 to 40 liters per day), which leads to dehydration and unbearable thirst.

Adrenal pathologies

Endocrine diseases associated with disruption of the normal functioning of the adrenal glands:

• . Accompanied by a total lack of hormones produced by the adrenal glands. As a result, the activity of many organs and systems is disrupted, which manifests itself arterial hypotension, polyuria, muscle weakness, skin hyperpigmentation and other signs;
• primary hyperaldosteronism. Observed increased production. Against the backdrop of such a violation, serious pathologies– hypernatremia, hypokalemia, alkalosis, hypertension, edema, muscle weakness, renal dysfunction and others;
• hormonally active adrenal tumors. They are characterized by the appearance of neoplasms (benign and malignant) that cause disturbances in the production of certain hormones.

Thyroid dysfunction

Endocrine diseases affecting the thyroid gland:

Other endocrine diseases

Endocrine diseases that are associated with the pancreas and ovaries:

• diabetes. A disease that is accompanied by a deficiency (of pancreatic hormone);
• exhausted ovarian syndrome. Characterized by early menopause;
• resistant ovarian syndrome. Characterized by the insensitivity of the organs of the reproductive system to gonadotropic stimulation, secondary after the age of 35 years;
• polycystic ovary syndrome. Accompanied by disruption of the ovaries due to the formation multiple cysts, dysfunction of the pancreas, adrenal glands, pituitary gland;
• premenstrual syndrome. Occurs due to various reasons and manifests itself different symptoms a few days before menstruation.

The human endocrine system includes many elements that work as a single complex. Male and female body equally susceptible to diseases in this area. Medical students study for more than one year this issue. To do this, they use many sources of information, after which they draw up a message plan, based on which they make reports and scientific articles.

Bibliography

1. Guide for emergency doctors. help. Edited by V.A. Mikhailovich, A.G. Miroshnichenko. 3rd edition. St. Petersburg, 2005.
2. Anosova L. N., Zefirova G. S., Krakov V. A. Brief endocrinology. – M.: Medicine, 1971.
3. Ovchinnikov Yu.A., Bioorganic chemistry // Peptide hormones. - 1987. - p.274.
4. Biochemistry: Textbook for universities / ed. E. S. Severina, M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2003. – 779 pp.;

The thyroid gland is part of the endocrine system, which produces hormones that affect the immune system, physical activity, nervous and digestive system person. Malfunctions endocrine gland like parts common system, lead to dysfunction of organs, and if left untreated, lead to death.

Thyroid diseases can for a long time be asymptomatic, so patients turn to an endocrinologist only when disorders lead to problems that interfere ordinary life person. The patient begins to experience changes in the shape of the neck, coughing, difficulty breathing, excess weight, excessive protrusion of the eyes.

Symptoms appear depending on the hormonal status of a person. The production of hormones can decrease, a condition called hypothyroidism, or increase, then hyperthyroidism develops.

With hypothyroidism, a decrease in the functionality of the gland and a drop in the level of synthesized substances cause a slowdown in metabolic processes, weight gain, swelling, and shortness of breath.

P With hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland functions in an enhanced mode, which leads to an acceleration of metabolic processes, weight loss, general weakness, V extreme cases To mental disorders, infertility.

In order to check the functioning of the endocrine gland, doctors refer patients for a blood test necessary to study the level of hormones in the blood serum.

Which hormone levels are important to check for diagnosis? correct diagnosis? Patients donate blood for total T4, total and free T3, TSH, calcitonin.

Norm for adults and children

The level of thyroid hormones is different in women, men and children. For women during pregnancy, criteria are applied depending on the gestation period.

What standards exist for adults:

• Free T4 for adults from 8 to 22 pmol/l;
• For pregnant women in the first trimester from 10 to 25; in the second and third trimester from 8 to 25;
• TSH up to 61 ng/ml;
• Free T3 for men and women from 3 to 6 pmol/l;

Thyroglobulin is a protein that indicates the presence of benign and malignant tumors, as well as inflammatory processes:

• carcinoma;
• adenoma;
• subacute thyroiditis;
• hyperthyroidism.

Who needs to be tested for T3, T4 and TSH

An analysis for substances synthesized by the endocrine gland is taken under the following circumstances:

• suspicion of a change in hormone levels towards hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism;
• correction of hormone synthesis;
• the appearance of goiter;
• mental and physical development in children;
• hair loss;
• infertility;
• sexual dysfunction in men;
• lack of libido in women;
• amenorrhea.

In addition, the test must be taken if the patient suffers from cardiovascular diseases, unknown etiology, as well as patients with diagnosable systemic diseases, such as lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis.

The test must be taken by pregnant women and women menopause. Testing the functionality of the thyroid gland is necessary for men who complain of sexual dysfunction.

Hormone tests during pregnancy

During the period of bearing a child, a woman’s thyroid gland works under strain, which can lead to disruptions in the endocrine system. The synthesis of what substances is of particular importance for pregnant women?

The most important roles during this period are played by the hormones chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone, which regulate the process of gestation. A decrease in progesterone levels can lead to miscarriage or the birth of a child with abnormalities. A high level of placental substance indicates an ovarian cyst or abnormal development of the placenta.

The norm of progesterone in the first trimester is from 9 to 467 nmol/l, in the second trimester from 72 to 503 nmol/l, on latest dates pregnancy from 89 to 772 nmol/l.

The normal level of human chorionic gonadotropin during the 11th week of the fetus ranges from 20,900 to 292,000 mU/ml, then its level decreases. It is necessary to take a gonadotropin test because high level of this substance after 11 weeks may indicate diabetes mellitus, fetal defects, toxicosis or multiple pregnancy.

Endocrine gland hormones during pregnancy

The synthesis of thyroid hormones in pregnant women depends on the production of estrogens, the increased formation of which leads to the production of a protein that is formed in the liver and has the properties of binding the thyroid group of substances that stimulate the gland.

Wherein general indicator triiodothyronine and thyroxine increases. This trend leads to the fact that when carrying a fetus, only indicators with free T3 and T4. To check the functioning of the endocrine gland, doctors advise women to take a test for thyroid hormones. What tests for thyroid hormones do pregnant women take? Pregnant women need to donate blood for free T3 and T4, TSH and antibodies.

What hormone standards are used to diagnose thyroid function in pregnant women?

The normal range for TSH is 0.5 to 4 µIU/ml. Increased level thyrotropin tests indicate primary hypothyroidism; it can be manifest or subclinical.

A high TSH level can also diagnose secondary thyrotoxicosis. A decrease in the thyrotropin level in the tests of a woman carrying a child diagnoses primary thyrotoxicosis or secondary hypothyroidism.

The norm for free thyroxine T4 is from 0.9 to 1.9 pg/ml. Low level free thyroxine in blood serum tests of a pregnant woman diagnoses manifest hypothyroidism, high levels of manifest thyrotoxicosis.

The normal value for T3 is from 4 to 8 pg/ml. Exceeding the norm of triiodothyronine is characteristic of thyrotoxicosis in the manifest stage. A low level can be observed with the development of hypothyroidism in the manifest stage.

Indications of antibodies to TPO in blood tests above 35 mU/l indicate disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine gland.

How should you take a test during pregnancy? To check the functioning of the gland and get correct result, laboratory material is submitted in the morning, since hormonal levels reach their peak at this time.

Before donating blood, you need to have a good rest; any stress and overwork will cause errors in the results.

Take the test on an empty stomach; you can drink plain water during the test period. laboratory diagnostics It is recommended to avoid medications containing iodine.

Screening for children

A test for hormones secreted by the gland is performed on newborn babies to check its function and prevent severe consequences congenital endocrine diseases. Identified violations are corrected by replacement therapy prescribed for life.

What diseases of the endocrine gland are diagnosed in children:

• thyrotoxicosis;
• hypothyroidism;
• thyroiditis;
• Graves' disease;
• cyst or goiter;
• thyroid dysfunction in newborns.

What standards are defined for children:

• TSH for newborns ranges from 1.4 to 16 mIU/l.
• For children who have reached one month of age, the hormone norm is from 1 to 7.8 mIU/l.
• For schoolchildren, the normal value is from 0.7 to 5.6 mIU/l.

Children need to donate blood from a vein prophylactically if the mother has disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system, goiter, nodes, thyrotoxicosis, thyroiditis, various tumors malignant and benign.

Symptoms in a child such as changes in the shape of the neck, developmental delays, problems with learning, Bad mood, should alert parents and serve as a reason to check the child’s health.

Early diagnosis allows you to successfully treat endocrine system disorders and prevent irreversible consequences.