How does carbon monoxide poisoning manifest? Providing first aid for carbon monoxide poisoning
is a pathological condition that occurs when inhaling carbon monoxide-laden air or smoke. The clinical picture is dominated by disturbances in the central nervous system, respiratory and cardiovascular failure. A characteristic feature poisoning is a bright hyperemia skin. The diagnosis is established on the basis of anamnesis, clinical manifestations, and determination of blood carboxyhemoglobin levels. As emergency care oxygen therapy and detoxification measures are carried out. Next, symptomatic conservative treatment is carried out.
Prognosis and prevention
Prognosis depends on severity pathological process, timeliness and quality of medical care. Mild poisoning is treated without consequences; moderate and severe poisoning often leads to complications from the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. It is not possible to predict the recovery of a patient in a coma. A poor prognostic sign is the worsening of neurological symptoms during the first 48 hours during intensive treatment.
For preventive purposes, it is necessary to follow fire safety rules. To avoid household and industrial poisoning, you should not use faulty gas and stove equipment and electrical appliances. It is not recommended to stay in the garage while the car engine is running. Production premises must be well ventilated.
In our article we will examine the question of what to do in case of poisoning carbon monoxide? Not only his future health, but also whether he will remain alive often depends on how correctly and quickly first aid is provided to the victim.
What is carbon monoxide?
“The silent killer” is what people call carbon monoxide. This is one of the most powerful poisons, capable of killing a living creature in just a few minutes. The chemical formula of this gaseous compound is CO (one carbon atom and one oxygen atom). Another name for carbon monoxide is carbon monoxide. This air mixture has neither color nor odor.
CO is formed from any type of combustion: from the combustion of fuel at thermal and power plants, from the burning of a fire or gas stove, from the operation of an internal combustion engine, from the smoldering fire of a cigarette, etc.
The toxic properties of carbon monoxide have been known to mankind since ancient times. Our distant ancestors were well aware of how dangerous it is to turn off the stove draft when the wood is not completely burned out. Wanting to retain more heat, the unreasonable owner was in a hurry to close the damper, the whole family went to bed, and did not wake up the next morning.
With the development of civilization, the danger associated with carbon monoxide has not decreased. After all, now instead of stoves in homes modern people Gas boilers and stoves are actively working, cars are puffing with toxic fumes on the streets and in garages, and reports periodically appear in the news about tragic accidents associated with CO poisoning.
How does carbon monoxide affect the human body?
Carbon monoxide has the ability to bind hemoglobin molecules, thereby preventing the blood from carrying oxygen. How longer person breathes toxic air that contains carbon monoxide, the faster the pathological process develops. The substance carboxyhemoglobin is formed in the blood. The cells of the body do not receive life-giving oxygen, a headache appears, the person begins to experience suffocation, and the consciousness is confused. The victim does not realize what is happening to him, in this case, self-providing first aid for carbon monoxide poisoning becomes impossible. Help must come from other people.
It takes quite a long time for hemoglobin to be completely cleared of carbon monoxide. The danger to life is directly related to the increase in CO concentration in the air and the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood. If the accumulation of carbon monoxide in the air is only 0.02-0.03%, then after 5-6 hours the content of carboxyhemoglobin in human blood will be 25-30%.
Rescue actions in case of carbon monoxide poisoning must be very fast, because if the CO concentration reaches only 0.5%, carboxyhemoglobin will increase to lethal values within 20-30 minutes.
What are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?
The toxic effects of CO on the body can be manifested by the following symptoms:
- When a person is mildly poisoned by carbon monoxide, he may feel weakness, tinnitus, headache, nausea, and the urge to vomit. These signals are evidence oxygen starvation which the brain experiences.
- In case of moderate poisoning, the symptoms of intoxication increase. Tremors in the muscles, short-term memory loss, and loss of coordination of movements appear. A person may cease to distinguish colors, objects begin to appear in two in the eyes. Later, respiratory function and the functioning of the circulatory system are disrupted. The victim develops tachycardia and cardiac arrhythmia. If a person does not receive quick help at this stage, then loss of consciousness and subsequent death occurs.
- Severe CO poisoning is accompanied by irreversible damage to brain cells. The victim may fall into a comatose state and remain there for a week or more. At this time, the patient experiences strong seizures, uncontrolled urination and defecation. Breathing is usually shallow and intermittent, body temperature rises to 38-39 degrees. Respiratory paralysis and death may occur. The survival prognosis depends on the depth and duration of the coma.
When can CO poisoning occur?
With normal ventilation and a well-functioning exhaust hood, carbon monoxide is quickly removed from the room without causing any harm to the people there. However, according to statistics, more than one and a half million people die from carbon monoxide poisoning in the world every year. In some cases, this happens for reasons beyond a person’s control, for example, during a fire. Usually, people caught in a fire lose consciousness, inhaling the deadly gas, and cannot get out of the fire trap themselves.
CO poisoning is also possible when following cases and circumstances:
- In rooms with stove or fireplace heating (residential buildings, bathhouses, etc.) in case of untimely closing of the exhaust dampers or poor exhaust.
- In rooms where gas appliances operate (water-flowing heaters, stoves, gas boilers, heat generators with an open combustion chamber); if there is insufficient air flow necessary for gas combustion, as well as if the draft in the chimney is impaired.
- In production workshops where CO is used as a working substance for the synthesis of certain organic substances (phenol, methyl alcohol, acetone, etc.).
- If you spend a long time next to a busy highway or directly on it (on most large highways, CO levels in the air can exceed the permissible standards several times).
- In garages, with the car engine running and no ventilation.
Carbon monoxide poisoning - first aid
It is important to act very quickly, remembering that the countdown is not just minutes, but even seconds. What should you do first in case of carbon monoxide poisoning? The sequence of actions should be as follows:
- Quickly open all windows and doors and carry the person out of the room.
- Call a specialized ambulance team. When making a call, you need to describe the problem as clearly as possible to the operator taking the call, so that doctors with the necessary equipment are sent to the victim.
- If a person loses consciousness due to carbon monoxide poisoning, it is necessary to lay him on his side. Next, bring a cotton wool soaked in ammonia to his nose (at a distance of 2 cm from the nostrils) and gently wave it. Remember that if you bring ammonia too close, the powerful effects of ammonia can lead to paralysis of the respiratory center.
- If a person is not breathing, then you need to immediately start doing artificial respiration. If the victim has not only lost consciousness, but also has no signs of cardiac activity, then artificial respiration should be supplemented with chest compressions. Such first aid for carbon monoxide poisoning should be done until the arrival of a medical team or until the person begins to actively show signs of life.
- If the poisoned person is conscious, he must be laid down and try to ensure the maximum flow of fresh air. For this purpose, you can fan it with newspaper, turn on the air conditioner and fan. You should put a warm heating pad or mustard plasters at your feet. Alkaline drinking (per 1 liter) can bring considerable benefit to the victim warm water– 1 tbsp. spoon of soda).
We found out what to do in case of carbon monoxide poisoning and how to provide first aid. Now let's talk about one more thing important point: It is important for people involved in providing assistance to protect themselves. When removing a person from a poisoned room, you need to cover your airways with gauze or a handkerchief.
What treatment is provided in the hospital?
Victims who received moderate or severe degree poisoning are subject to mandatory hospitalization. The main antidote is 100% oxygen. Its uninterrupted intake into the body is 9-16 l/min. occurs through a special mask placed on the patient’s face.
In severe cases, the victim undergoes tracheal intubation and is connected to the device artificial ventilation lungs. In a hospital setting it is also carried out infusion therapy using a course of drips with sodium bicarbonate - this helps to correct hemodynamic disorders. Solutions "Chlosol" and "Quartasol" are also used for intravenous infusion.
Another drug used by doctors to help victims of carbon monoxide poisoning is Acizol. This drug is administered intramuscularly into the body. Its action is based on accelerating the breakdown of carboxyhemoglobin while simultaneously saturating the blood with oxygen. "Acyzol" reduces toxic effect CO on muscle tissue And nerve cells.
Providing assistance for carbon monoxide poisoning using folk remedies
The following traditional medicine recipes can be used at home for mild carbon monoxide poisoning. Here are some easy-to-make home remedies that have very effective antitoxic properties:
- Dandelion tincture (only roots are used). To prepare the infusion, pour 10 g of finely ground dry raw materials into a glass of boiling water. Boil for about 20 minutes. and then leave for 40 minutes. Then strain and dilute with warm water (100 ml). Take the product 3 or 4 times a day, one tablespoon at a time.
- Lingonberry-cranberry tincture. What to do after carbon monoxide poisoning with its help? First, for cooking you will need 200 g of lingonberries and 150 g of rose hips. The ingredients are ground as thoroughly as possible and 350 ml of boiling water is poured. Infuse the berries for 3 hours, then strain the product and consume 2 tbsp orally 5 to 6 times a day. spoons.
- Tincture of knotweed herb. 3 tbsp. spoons of crushed dry knotweed are poured into 0.5 liters of boiling water. Leave for at least 3 hours, then strain and drink a glass 3 times a day.
- Rhodiola rosea tincture with alcohol. You do not need to prepare this drug yourself; it is sold at any pharmacy. The method of administration is as follows: 7-12 drops are added to a glass of water. Drink half a glass twice a day.
Preventive measures to prevent CO poisoning
As already mentioned, carbon monoxide is often responsible for the death of people. To protect yourself and your loved ones, you need not only to know what to do in case of carbon monoxide poisoning, but also try to follow preventive measures, which include the following:
- It is necessary to regularly check the condition of chimneys and ventilation shafts. It is especially important to pay attention to this before the start of the heating season.
- Before using flammable fuel appliances, you should always check that they are in good working order. If a fault is identified in a timely manner, many problems can be avoided.
- If there is poor ventilation in the room, you need to take additional measures for regular ventilation.
- Do not start your car in a closed, unventilated garage and do not sleep in a car with the engine running.
- Purchase a special sensor that responds to CO leaks and install it in your house or apartment.
- Try to avoid being near busy highways, especially during their busiest hours.
Carbon monoxide sensor
As already mentioned, the presence of carbon monoxide in the air cannot be detected using one’s own senses. To protect yourself and your loved ones from harm, you can purchase a carbon monoxide detector. This small device will continuously monitor the composition of the air in the room. After all, first aid in case of carbon monoxide poisoning should be almost instantaneous, otherwise you may not have time.
In the event that the CO indicators exceed the prescribed norm, the sensor will notify the owners with sound and light signals. Similar devices can be used for household and industrial purposes. The latter have a more complex structure and are designed for large areas.
Risk group
To some extent, we are all at risk and, under certain circumstances, can suffer from CO. Therefore, each of us should know well what to do in case of carbon monoxide poisoning. However, there are a number of professions whose representatives are at greatest risk. These include:
- welders;
- taxi drivers;
- auto repair shop workers;
- diesel engine operators;
- firefighters;
- workers of breweries, boiler houses;
- personnel of steel foundries, oil refining, pulp and paper production, etc.
Conclusion
It is very important to know what to do if you have carbon monoxide poisoning. IN difficult situations people with necessary knowledge and skills can bring the greatest help to victims. The main thing is not to panic, but to act as quickly, clearly and consistently as possible.
Most likely, everyone has heard the concept of “carbon monoxide” at least once. After all, many people have suffered because of this substance. Unfortunately, despite awareness of carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide poisoning is still common. This is often observed in homes where there is a harmful effect of carbon monoxide on the human body in that the substance affects the respiratory system. As a result, changes in blood composition occur. After which the whole body begins to suffer. If left untreated, intoxication can cause serious consequences.
What is carbon monoxide?
Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless substance. Another name for this compound is carbon monoxide. The formula of carbon monoxide is CO. This substance is not considered to pose much of a hazard at room temperature. High toxicity occurs if the atmospheric air is very heated. For example, during fires. However, even a small concentration of carbon monoxide can cause poisoning. At room temperature, this chemical rarely causes symptoms of severe intoxication. But it can cause chronic poisoning, which people rarely pay attention to.
Found everywhere. It is formed not only during fires, but also in normal conditions. People who own cars and smoke deal with carbon monoxide every day. In addition, it is contained in the air. However, its concentration is significantly higher during various emergency situations. The permissible content of carbon monoxide is considered to be 33 mg/m3 ( maximum value), lethal dose - 1.8%. As the concentration of a substance in the air increases, symptoms of hypoxia develop, that is, lack of oxygen.
Causes of carbon monoxide poisoning
The main cause of poisoning is considered bad influence carbon monoxide on the human body. This occurs if the concentration of this compound in the atmosphere is higher permissible norm. What causes carbon monoxide levels to increase? There are several factors that cause the formation of carbon monoxide:
- Fires in confined spaces. Known fact is that most often death in fires occurs not due to direct exposure to fire (burns), but due to hypoxia. The low supply of oxygen to the body is due to increased amount carbon monoxide in the air.
- Stay in specialized institutions (factories, laboratories) where carbon monoxide is used. This substance is necessary to synthesize various chemical compounds. Among them are acetone, alcohol, phenol.
- Failure to comply with the rules for operating gas equipment. This includes heaters running water, plates.
- Malfunction of stove heating. High concentrations of carbon monoxide are often observed due to poor draft in ventilation ducts and chimneys.
- Staying with cars for a long time in an unventilated garage or box.
- Tobacco smoking, especially hookah.
In the situations listed above, you should constantly pay attention to changes in well-being. If there are signs of illness, you need to seek help. If possible, it is worth purchasing a carbon monoxide detector. It is most needed in poorly ventilated areas.
Effects of carbon monoxide on the body
Why is carbon monoxide dangerous for the body? This is due to the mechanism of its effect on tissue. The main effect of carbon monoxide on the human body is to block the delivery of oxygen to cells. As is known, the hemoglobin protein contained in red blood cells is involved in this process. Under the influence of carbon monoxide, oxygen transport to tissues is disrupted. This occurs as a result of protein binding and the formation of a compound such as carboxyhemoglobin. The consequence of such changes is the development of hemic hypoxia. That is, the cause of oxygen starvation is considered to be damage to red blood cells. In addition, there is another harmful effect of carbon monoxide on the human body. It has a detrimental effect on muscle tissue. This occurs due to the binding of carbon monoxide to myoglobin. As a result, there are disturbances in the functioning of the heart and skeletal muscles. Can lead to death severe consequences hypoxia of the brain and other organs. Most often, violations occur during acute poisoning. But chronic intoxication cannot be ruled out.
Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning
The main damaging effects of carbon monoxide are directed towards tissue of the brain, heart and skeletal muscles. Damage to the central nervous system is characterized by the occurrence of the following symptoms: headache, nausea, decreased hearing and vision, tinnitus, impaired consciousness and coordination of movements. In severe cases, a coma and convulsive syndrome may develop. Changes from the side of cardio-vascular system consist in the occurrence of tachycardia, pain in the chest area. There is also a decrease in muscle tone and weakness. The patient has difficulty breathing and tachypnea is noted. The skin and mucous membranes are hyperemic.
In some cases there are atypical clinical forms poisoning These include symptoms such as fainting and euphoria. In the first case, short-term loss of consciousness, decreased blood pressure, and pale skin are observed. The euphoric form is characterized psychomotor agitation, development of hallucinations, delusional ideas.
Diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide can only be treated if such a condition is diagnosed in time. After all, symptoms of hypoxia are observed when various diseases. You should pay attention to living conditions, patient's place of work. If the house has stove heating, you need to find out how often the room is ventilated. If carbon monoxide poisoning is suspected, a blood gas test should be performed. At medium degree severity, the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin ranges from 20 to 50%. In addition, there is an increase in carbon dioxide levels. Oxygen concentration decreases. In severe poisoning, carboxyhemoglobin is more than 50%. In addition to oximetry, general and biochemical analysis blood. To diagnose complications, ECG, electroencephalography, and Dopplerography of the vessels of the heart and brain are performed.
Consequences of carbon monoxide poisoning
The severity of the patient's condition with carbon monoxide poisoning is due to hypoxia. The higher the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air, the worse the prognosis of the disease. In addition, how long a person was in contact with the toxic substance matters. The consequences of hypoxia of organs and tissues can lead to complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, acute respiratory and heart failure. With severe intoxication, biochemical disturbances of the acid-base balance are observed. They consist in the development of metabolic acidosis. If the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air is more than 1.8%, a person can die within the first minutes of being indoors. To prevent the development of severe hypoxia, you should consult a doctor as early as possible.
First aid for gas poisoning
What is emergency care for carbon monoxide poisoning? Not only doctors, but also people at risk (constantly in contact with carbon monoxide) should know the answer to this question. First of all, you should take the injured person out into the fresh air and ventilate the room. If the patient is unconscious, it is necessary to provide access to oxygen, remove restrictive clothing and place him on his left side. If necessary, resuscitation measures are carried out. If a person is in a situation, you should bring a cotton swab with ammonia to his nose and rub his chest to improve blood flow to the organs. The antidote to carbon monoxide is oxygen. Therefore, patients with moderate severity of intoxication should wear a special mask for several hours.
Carbon monoxide poisoning: treatment in a hospital setting
In most cases, hospitalization is indicated. The patient does not need a special regimen if he has mild carbon monoxide poisoning. Treatment in this case consists of walking in the fresh air. In moderate to severe cases, hospitalization is necessary, especially this rule applies to pregnant women, children and people suffering from heart pathologies. If complications develop, the patient is placed in the intensive care unit to monitor oxygen saturation indicators. After stabilization of the condition, specific treatment in pressure chambers, climate change, etc. are recommended.
household - what is it?
Currently, there are special sensors that respond to increased concentrations of carbon monoxide indoors. A carbon monoxide detector is a household appliance that should be installed almost anywhere. Unfortunately, this rule is rarely observed, and sensors are only available in industrial premises (laboratories, factories). It should be noted that detectors must be installed in private houses, apartments, and garages. This will help avoid dangerous consequences for life.
Carbon monoxide is a strong toxic substance that, when entering the body, leads to disruption of the functioning of its organs and systems.
Carbon monoxide poisoning can occur in a variety of places. This substance is odorless, which undoubtedly increases its danger, since people are not aware of its presence in the air.
The entire body is forced to work under conditions of severe oxygen deficiency. This leads to serious consequences: damage to the heart, brain, lungs, and skeletal muscles.
The effect of carbon monoxide on the human body
First of all, it is necessary to consider its effect on the composition and functioning of the blood. This dangerous substance enters the human body through the respiratory tract into the lungs, which are well supplied with blood. It is here that the poison is quickly absorbed into the blood.
In the bloodstream, carbon monoxide seeks out red blood cells and binds to them. These blood cells, in turn, perform an important function - respiratory. That is, they bind oxygen and transfer it to all organs and tissues.
In case of poisoning, carboxyhemoglobin is formed in the blood, which is no longer able to perform this function. That is, red blood cells lose their ability to capture oxygen. IN in this case a severe pathological condition develops - hypoxia, that is, oxygen starvation.
Carbon monoxide poisoning can occur under the following conditions:
- Household. Fires release large amounts of this dangerous gas. This occurs when the interior burns, the decoration of which contains plastic, wiring and household appliances. When you find long time in a closed garage where the car is running. In a traffic jam in calm weather. In the event of a domestic gas leak, as well as improper operation of furnace equipment;
- Production. Poisoning can occur in the gas and automobile industries. Where carbon monoxide is used for the synthesis of organic compounds.
It should be noted that children, pregnant women, elderly and weakened people are most sensitive to carbon monoxide. Let's take a closer look at the consequences of individual systems of the body.
Effect on heart function
Under conditions of hypoxia, the heart activates compensatory devices. That is, under any conditions it tries to fulfill its main function– supply the body with oxygen-enriched blood.
When carbon monoxide enters the blood, the oxygen concentration in it decreases significantly. In this case, the heart begins to pump blood through the systemic and pulmonary circulation at a higher speed. This leads to tachycardia - an increase in the number of heartbeats per minute.
At first the tachycardia is moderate, but with severe poisoning or long-term exposure gas on the body, the pulse becomes frequent, but weakly filled. The heart rate reaches 130 – 140 beats per minute.
Against the background of severe tachycardia and hypoxia, there is a high probability of developing myocardial infarction.
Consequences for the central nervous system
With the bloodstream, the toxin enters the brain, where it has Negative influence to its various departments. First, a person feels a severe headache, and “cerebral vomiting” may occur, which occurs when the center of the brain responsible for digestion is irritated.
Carbon monoxide leads to disruption of nervous regulation, which is manifested by dysfunction various organs feelings:
- Hearing impairment (noise, ringing), decreased hearing acuity;
- Violation visual function. There may be fog, spots in front of the eyes, blurry pictures, decreased visual acuity (may be significant).
When the cerebellum is damaged, the victim exhibits pathological signs such as unsteady gait and incoordination.
In severe cases, a large volume of the brain is affected, which results in consequences such as seizures and coma.
Carbon monoxide and respiratory organs
Hypoxia provokes disruption of the respiratory system. There is hyperventilation of the lungs, that is, shortness of breath, which progresses over time. This is a compensatory mechanism. Thus, the lungs try to eliminate the oxygen deficiency in the body.
If a person with carbon monoxide poisoning is not immediately given help, then his breathing becomes shallow, that is, unproductive. In this case, respiratory arrest and death of the victim may occur.
Effect of gas on skeletal muscles
Muscles need a constant supply of oxygen. If it is deficient, they cease to function fully. The person experiences severe weakness. He cannot stand on his feet; they give way.
Similar articles
In severe cases, muscle weakness is pronounced. A person is unable to stand up, pick up even a light object, or call for help.
Symptoms of poisoning
The clinical picture of poisoning in this case depends on the severity of the pathological process (the amount of carbon monoxide affecting the body and the time a person stays in unfavorable conditions).
There are 3 degrees of severity of carbon monoxide poisoning:
- The first or mild degree is manifested by headache, pressure in the temples and forehead, nausea, and single vomiting. There is dizziness and slight weakness in the body. Man complains about rapid heartbeat and chest tightness. In rare cases, auditory hallucinations are recorded;
- The second or moderate severity is characterized by neurological symptoms. The patient experiences complete or partial paresis and paralysis. The victim is drowsy and has reduced hearing;
- Third or severe degree. The patient is in critical condition, he requires immediate medical attention. Convulsions and loss of consciousness are observed. Uncontrolled bowel movements may occur Bladder and intestines. Breathing is shallow, pupils almost do not react to light. There is a high probability of death before arrival at the hospital.
First aid and subsequent recovery
A person suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning must receive first aid as soon as possible. The outcome of the poisoning depends on this.
Algorithm for providing first emergency aid to a victim:
- Stop the flow of carbon monoxide into the body. To do this, the person must be removed or removed from the gas-contaminated area;
- Provide oxygen access. You should loosen tight clothing, remove your belt, tie, scarf, handkerchief, and so on. If a person is indoors, then you need to open the windows;
- Call ambulance. Before arrival medical workers provide assistance independently;
- If the person is conscious, then you should give him hot and strong coffee or tea;
- If consciousness is absent, check for pulse and breathing. If these indicators are not determined, then you should immediately begin to implement cardiopulmonary resuscitation(indirect cardiac massage and artificial respiration);
- To improve blood circulation, you need to rub the patient’s limbs, cheeks and chest;
- If a person is unconscious, pulse and breathing are detected, then it is necessary to give him a stable lateral position. That is, lay it on its side. This prevents the tongue from retracting and aspiration of the respiratory tract with vomit (in the presence of vomiting);
- If ammonia is available, they need to lubricate the temples and let the victim smell cotton wool soaked in ammonia.
The ambulance team continues to provide assistance to the victim:
- Oxygen is supplied through an oxygen mask;
- It is necessary to introduce an antidote – Acizol. The solution is administered intramuscularly in a volume of 1 milliliter. This drug eliminates the negative effects of carbon monoxide. It is capable of destroying carboxyhemoglobin formed in the blood;
- To restore the functions of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, subcutaneous administration of caffeine is indicated;
- Carboxylase is administered intravenously. This drug is an enzyme that destroys carboxyhemoglobin;
- Hospitalization of the victim in a hospital.
In the hospital it is carried out symptomatic therapy, and also continue treatment with Acizol. The course of treatment with this drug is at least 7 days.
It should be remembered that carbon monoxide is a highly toxic substance. Therefore, the consequences of poisoning are very diverse.
Doctors distinguish 2 types of consequences that arise due to the toxic effects of this substance:
- Early occurs in the first few days after poisoning;
- Late - develops after several weeks or months.
Early complications include:
- Prolonged headaches and loss of coordination;
- Impaired functioning of the sense organs. Noted a sharp decline or short-term loss of vision and hearing;
- ONMK ( acute disorder cerebral circulation). This pathology develops due to ischemia of the meninges (oxygen starvation) or hemorrhage when the integrity of the blood vessel is violated. Stroke can vary in severity. In severe cases, coma and death of the patient occur;
- Cerebral edema is a pathological condition that involves the impregnation of brain tissue with fluid from blood vessels. This condition is very dangerous for human life. The consequences of carbon monoxide poisoning for the brain are extremely severe: disruption of the central nervous system, damage to brain tissue and death;
- Pulmonary edema is an emergency condition that requires immediate resuscitation. A characteristic feature is coughing with the release of pink foam from the mouth, the patient begins to choke;
- Violation heart rate;
- Sudden cardiac arrest and, as a consequence, death of the victim.
Late consequences are due to the fact that many organs and systems were damaged under the influence of carbon monoxide.
Late Negative consequences most often observed from the nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems:
- Memory impairment. Amnesia develops, that is, memory loss;
- Decrease in a person’s intellectual abilities;
- Impaired motor function of the upper and lower limbs up to paralysis;
- Blindness;
- Disorders of the bladder and intestines. Urinary incontinence and involuntary bowel movements are observed;
- Myocardial infarction is characterized by an area of necrosis in the heart muscle. This is an emergency condition that can be fatal (especially with a large heart attack);
- Angina pectoris – ischemic heart disease;
- Cardiac asthma. In this case, the patient is worried about shortness of breath, a feeling of tightness in the chest, an obsessive cough, and suffocation. The attack occurs during physical exertion and horizontal position person;
- Pneumonia. They occur frequently and have a long course with complications.
1travmpunkt.com
First aid for carbon monoxide poisoning: symptoms and treatment, consequences
Carbon monoxide poisoning refers to acute pathological conditions that develop as a result of a certain concentration of carbon monoxide entering the human body. This condition is life-threatening and without qualified medical assistance can be fatal.
Carbon monoxide (CO, carbon monoxide) is a combustion product and enters the atmosphere in any form. Having no smell or taste, the substance does not demonstrate its presence in the air in any way and easily penetrates walls, soil and filter materials.
Therefore, excess CO concentrations can be detected only with the help of special devices, and in the worst case, in a rapidly developing clinic. In urban air, the main contribution to the concentration of this dangerous substance bring in exhaust gases from automobile internal combustion engines.
Effect on the body
- CO enters the bloodstream 200 times faster than O2 and enters into active contact with hemoglobin in the blood. As a result, carboxyhemoglobin is formed - a substance that has a stronger bond with hemoglobin than oxyhemoglobin (oxygen combined with hemoglobin). This substance blocks the process of oxygen transfer to tissue cells, causing hemic hypoxia.
- CO binds to myoglobin (a protein in skeletal and cardiac muscle), reducing the pumping function of the heart and causing muscle weakness.
- In addition, carbon monoxide enters into oxidative reactions and disrupts the biochemical balance in tissues.
Where are cases of CO poisoning possible?
- On fires.
- In production where CO is used in reactions for the synthesis of substances (phenol, acetone).
- In gasified premises operating gas equipment (gas stoves, water heaters, heat generators) with insufficient ventilation or insufficient amount of supply air necessary for gas combustion.
- Garages, tunnels and other areas with insufficient ventilation where vehicle exhaust fumes may accumulate.
- When staying near busy highways for a long time.
- At the time of a lighting gas leak at home.
- When the stove doors of a home stove, a stove in a bathhouse, or a fireplace are closed untimely (early).
- Prolonged use of a kerosene lamp in an unventilated area.
- Use of poor quality air in breathing apparatus.
Risk groups (with increased sensitivity to CO)
Signs of poisoning depending on CO concentration
| CO concentration, % | Time of onset of clinical manifestations | Signs |
| Up to 0.009 | 3-5 hours |
|
| Up to 0.019 | 6 hours |
|
| 0,019-0,052 | 2 hours |
|
| Up to 0.069 | 2 hours |
|
| 0,069-0,094 | 2 hours |
|
| 0,1 | 2 hours |
|
| 0,15 | 1.5 h | |
| 0,17 | 0.5 h | |
| 0,2-0,29 | 0.5 h |
|
| 0,49-0,99 | 2-5 min |
|
| 1,2 | 0.5-3 min |
|
|
|
|
- The brain and nerve cells are most sensitive to hypoxia, so headache, nausea, dizziness, etc. are a signal that nerve cells are suffering from oxygen starvation.
- More severe neurological symptoms (convulsions, loss of consciousness) occur against the background of deep damage nerve structures up to irreversible.
The lack of oxygen begins to be compensated by more intense cardiac activity (tachycardia), but the occurrence of pain in the heart indicates that the heart muscle is also experiencing hypoxia. Acute pain indicates complete cessation oxygen supply to the myocardium.
Respiratory symptoms
Increased breathing also refers to compensatory mechanisms, but damage to the respiratory center in severe poisoning leads to superficial, ineffective respiratory movements.
Skin symptoms
The red-blue tint of the scalp and mucous membranes indicates increased, compensatory blood flow to the head.
Consequences of carbon monoxide poisoning
In mild to moderate poisoning, the patient may experience headaches, dizziness, decreased memory and intelligence, and emotional instability for a long time, which is associated with damage to the gray and white matter of the brain.
Severe complications are most often irreversible and often lead to death:
- trophic skin disorders (edema followed by tissue necrosis);
- subarachnoid hemorrhages;
- disturbance of cerebral hemodynamics;
- cerebral edema;
- polyneuritis;
- visual and hearing impairment total loss;
- myocardial infarction;
- severe pneumonia complicating coma.
First aid for carbon monoxide poisoning
First aid involves stopping the victim’s contact with poisonous gas and restoring vital functions. Providing first aid for carbon monoxide poisoning should prevent poisoning of the person who is trying to provide this very assistance. Ideally, you should put on a gas mask and only then enter the room where the victim is located.
- Remove or remove the injured person from the room where there is an increased concentration of CO. This is the activity that must be performed first, since with each breath the pathological changes in the body intensify.
- Call an ambulance for any condition of the patient, even if he is joking and laughing. Perhaps this is a consequence of the effect of CO on vital centers of the central nervous system, and not a sign of health.
- In case of mild poisoning, give the person strong, sweet tea, warm him up and provide him with peace.
- In the absence or confusion of consciousness - lay on a flat surface on the side, unfasten the collar, belt, provide a flow of fresh air. Let the cotton wool with ammonia be sniffed at a distance of 1 cm.
- If there is no cardiac or respiratory activity, perform artificial respiration and massage the sternum in the projection of the heart.
What to do in case of poisoning in a fire?
If it so happens that there are people left in the burning building, you cannot try to save them yourself - this will lead to an increase in the number of victims of the emergency and nothing more! You should immediately call the Ministry of Emergency Situations.
Even 2-3 breaths of CO poisoned air can be fatal, so no amount of wet rags or filter masks will protect the person who comes to help. Only a gas mask can protect against the deadly effects of CO!
Therefore, rescuing people in such a situation should be trusted to professionals - the Emergencies Ministry team.
Treatment
If a person is in critical condition, the ambulance team carries out a set of resuscitation measures. In the first minutes, the antidote Acizol 6% is administered by intramuscular injection in a volume of 1 ml. The patient is taken to the hospital (intensive care unit).
In a hospital setting, the patient is provided with complete peace. Organize breathing with pure oxygen with a partial pressure of 1.5-2 atm or carbogen (95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide) for 3-6 hours.
Further therapy is aimed at restoring the functioning of the central nervous system and other organs and depends on the severity of the condition and the reversibility of the pathological reactions that have occurred.
Prevention of CO poisoning
- All work associated with the risk of CO poisoning should be carried out only in well-ventilated areas.
- Check stove and fireplace dampers. Never close them if the firewood is not completely burned.
- Install autonomous gas detectors in rooms with a potential risk of CO poisoning.
- In case of possible contact with CO, take 1 capsule of Acizol half an hour before possible contact with the gas. The protection lasts 2-2.5 hours after taking the capsule.
Acizol – domestic drug, a fast and effective antidote against acute poisoning carbon monoxide in lethal doses. Prevents the formation of carboxyhemoglobin and accelerates the removal of CO from the body. As early as possible, intramuscular administration of Acizol to victims significantly increases their chances of survival and increases the effectiveness of subsequent resuscitation and medical events.
zdravotvet.ru
Carbon monoxide poisoning. First aid for poisoning.
The site provides reference information. Adequate diagnosis and treatment of the disease is possible under the supervision of a conscientious doctor. Carbon monoxide poisoning is a common and severe form of intoxication that can cause serious damage to human organs and systems, including death. The consequences of poisoning often lead to loss of ability to work and disability of the victims. In Russia, carbon monoxide poisoning ranks first among the causes of death from acute poisoning. Fatalities attack mainly at the scene of the incident. Timely assistance to the victim, carried out at the scene of the incident, during transportation and in a hospital setting, can significantly reduce the risk of severe complications and the number of deaths. Carbon monoxide, also known as carbon monoxide or carbon monoxide (CO), is formed during incomplete combustion of substances containing carbon. It has neither color nor smell. It is able to penetrate through partitions, walls, and layers of soil. It is not absorbed by porous materials; therefore, filter gas masks will not protect against carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide is a poison with a rapid, general toxic effect; when its concentration in the air is 1.28% or more, death occurs in less than 3 minutes. Carbon monoxide is considered a blood poison, as it primarily affects blood cells (red blood cells). Normally, red blood cells carry oxygen to organs and tissues using a special protein - hemoglobin. Once in the blood, carbon monoxide binds tightly to hemoglobin, forming a destructive compound - carboxyhemoglobin. In this case, red blood cells lose their ability to carry oxygen and deliver it to vital important bodies. The entire body begins to experience oxygen starvation (hypoxia). Nerve cells are most sensitive to lack of oxygen. And therefore, the first symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are associated with disruption of the nervous system (headache, dizziness, nausea, lack of coordination, etc.). Carbon monoxide binds to a protein in skeletal muscle and heart muscle (myoglobin), which results in general muscle weakness and decreased pumping function of the heart (shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, weak pulse).2. Carbon monoxide poisoning in the home: malfunction of heating appliances (fireplaces, stoves, etc.), leakage of household propane gas (propane contains 4-11% CO), prolonged burning of kerosene lamps, etc.
3. Poisoning due to fires (buildings, transport cars, elevators, airplanes, etc.)
The manifestation of symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning directly depends on its concentration in the inhaled air and on the duration of its effect on the human body. So, when the concentration of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere is 0.02-0.03% and the exposure time on the body is 4-6 hours, symptoms will appear following symptoms: headache, dizziness, nausea, impaired coordination of movements. And at a concentration of 0.1-0.2% and a duration of exposure of 1-2 hours, coma occurs, respiratory arrest occurs and death is possible.
| What is affected? | Mild to medium | Severe degree | Mechanism of occurrence |
| CNS (central nervous system) |
|
| The most sensitive organ to a lack of oxygen is the brain and all the nerve structures adjacent to it. Thus, all primary symptoms such as headache, dizziness, tinnitus, nausea are the result of nerve cells suffering from oxygen starvation. All subsequent symptoms such as loss of coordination, loss of consciousness, convulsions are the consequences of deeper damage to the nervous structures from lack of oxygen. |
| The cardiovascular system |
|
| The body tries to compensate for the lack of oxygen more intensive work heart, pumping as much blood as possible (palpitations, rapid pulse). Pain is a signal of lack of nutrition to the heart muscle. Complete disruption of oxygen delivery to the heart muscle leads to a heart attack. |
| Respiratory system |
|
| Rapid breathing is a compensatory mechanism in response to lack of oxygen. In the severe stage, the respiratory control center is damaged, which is accompanied by shallow and irregular breathing movements. |
| Skin and mucous membranes |
|
| The result of increased blood flow to the head area. In the severe stage, the body becomes exhausted and loses its ability to pump blood effectively. In areas of insufficient blood circulation, the skin turns pale. |
| Carboxyhemoglobin content in blood |
| Form | Symptoms | Mechanism of occurrence |
| Fainting form |
| The exact mechanism is unknown. It is assumed that under the influence of a lack of oxygen and the toxic effect of CO, the center for regulating vascular tone is affected. This leads to a sharp drop in pressure and loss of consciousness. |
| Euphoric form |
| Toxic effect of carbon monoxide on the centers of higher nervous activity. |
| A fulminant form of carbon monoxide poisoning occurs when the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air exceeds 1.2% per 1 m³. In a matter of minutes, the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the victim’s blood reaches 75% or more. Which in turn is accompanied by loss of consciousness, convulsions, respiratory paralysis and death in less than 3 minutes. |
| Consequences of carbon monoxide poisoning |
|||
| What is affected? | Early complications of acute poisoning (first 2 days after poisoning) | Late complications of acute poisoning (2-40 days) | Mechanism of occurrence |
| Nervous system |
|
|
|
| The cardiovascular system |
|
|
|
| Respiratory system |
|
- From the concentration of carbon monoxide in the inhaled air
- The duration of exposure to carbon monoxide on the human body
- From degree physical activity victim at the time of action of the poison (the higher the load, the more severe consequences poisoning)
- Women are more resistant to carbon monoxide than men
- Poisoning is difficult to tolerate: exhausted people suffering from anemia, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, alcoholics, heavy smokers.
- Children, adolescents and pregnant women are especially sensitive to the effects of the poison.
| Not really | Why? |
| Yes need! And this must be done as soon as they see the victim. | Only a doctor is able to objectively assess the condition of the victim. Symptoms and signs of poisoning do not always indicate the true severity of the poisoning. Long-term complications may develop, after 2 days or several weeks. Timely start drug treatment can reduce the percentage of deaths and disabilities resulting from carbon monoxide poisoning. |
Indications for hospitalization for carbon monoxide poisoning:
|
| Help steps | How? | For what? | |
|  |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  |
|
|
| One cycle: 2 breaths and 30 chest compressions. Cm. Indirect massage hearts and artificial respiration |
|
|
|
| Lay down to reduce oxygen consumption. When hypothermia or overheating occurs, the body spends a lot of energy to maintain the necessary balance. | |
Treatment: 1 ml intramuscularly, as soon as possible after poisoning. Repeated administration after 1 hour. For prevention: 1 ml intramuscularly, 20-30 minutes before entering the danger zone. | Oxygen competes with CO for a place “on hemoglobin”, so the more oxygen there is, the more chances it has to displace CO and take its natural place. Acizol is an antidote to carbon monoxide, accelerates the breakdown of the pathological compound - carboxyhemoglobin and promotes the addition of oxygen to hemoglobin. Reduces the toxic effect of CO on cells. How to use it prophylactic, reduces the harmful effects of carbon monoxide on the body several times. |
www.polismed.com
Carbon monoxide poisoning - symptoms, first aid, treatment, consequences
Carbon monoxide, or carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO), is an extremely poisonous, colorless gas. He is must-have product incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances: detected in automobile exhaust gases, cigarette smoke, smoke from fires, etc. Carbon monoxide has no odor, so it is impossible to detect its presence and assess the concentration in the inhaled air without instruments.
Potential sources of danger include cars that are poorly ventilated, a home's stove heating system, various burners, and home fires. You can get carbon monoxide poisoning even in your home if you regularly use faulty heating appliances.
In most cases, poisoning with this gas occurs in the winter season, when people actively use various systems heating apartments, houses, cars, garages.
Carbon monoxide has a specific feature - it has no color or odor, so it is almost impossible to detect it in a room or car. If a person does not lose consciousness, then only after the symptoms of poisoning appear will he begin to act.
As soon as the gas enters the body through the respiratory tract, it begins to interact with hemoglobin (hundreds of times faster than with oxygen). As a result, hemoglobin ceases to transport oxygen in the amount necessary for the life support of various organs. Carboxyhemoglobin is also formed in the blood. It is what blocks the transfer of oxygen to tissues and cells. This is how hypoxia of the hemic type develops.
In addition, carbon monoxide enters into oxidative reactions and disrupts the biochemical balance in cells.
If a person has experienced carbon monoxide poisoning, but the necessary medical care was not provided to him on time, he may become disabled. In particular, there are various pathological disorders in the brain, which is fraught with psychological and neurological disorders irreversible.
In addition, after some time they may begin to develop serious illnesses, for example, Parkinson's disease, pathologies in intellectual development, paralysis. Also, this kind of poisoning of the body greatly affects optic nerves- vision is often partially or completely lost.
Therefore, the sooner the victim receives qualified assistance, the fewer serious health consequences of carbon monoxide poisoning he will receive. It is worth noting that on female body this toxic gas is less harmful than on men.
After carbon monoxide poisoning, the patient needs a long course of treatment and rehabilitation. Even if there was a mild degree of intoxication, it is necessary to be observed by a specialist for several weeks. Only with its help will complete and effective therapeutic therapy be provided.
Main causes of carbon monoxide poisoning
All types of devices that operate on the basis of combustible fuel emit carbon monoxide during operation. And if these mechanisms are out of order or damaged, health problems cannot be avoided.
The main dangers are:
- A car if left running indoors. The gas it releases will gradually fill the entire space.
- Various household heating appliances with improper installation or operation.
- Buildings where the chimney does not work properly, carbon monoxide does not pass through the shaft and stagnates in the living quarters.
- Household fires. Frequent cases fumes poisoning if a person was in close proximity to the fire.
- Charcoal grill. Harmful gas accumulates in gazebos and enclosed spaces where the device is installed. Therefore, it is imperative to provide the grill with a good ventilation system.
- Scuba gear and other breathing apparatus. It is necessary to carefully ensure that they have a high-quality supply of fresh air.
Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning
Symptoms of poisoning can appear immediately, immediately after exposure to carbon monoxide, or over many months. In the latter case we're talking about O pathological changes that occurred due to the entry of a toxic substance into the body.
Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning may differ slightly with intoxication of varying severity:
- Mild poisoning. The victim suffers from vomiting, weakness in the body, and tinnitus. This is the first reaction from the brain, which is experiencing oxygen starvation.
- Moderate poisoning. Characterized by short-term loss memory, adynamia, muscle tremors, movement disorders. Color blindness and double vision may occur. A couple of hours after poisoning, disturbances in the functioning of the respiratory and circulatory systems are possible. Tachycardia, heart failure, and rapid pulse occur. The victim may lose consciousness, which will predetermine death in the absence of outside help.
- Severe poisoning. With this form of intoxication, a person may be in comatose during the week. The victim experiences irreversible brain damage, frequent seizures and convulsions, the patient does not control the processes of defecation and urination, hyperhidrosis is noted. The person has ragged breathing elevated temperature body up to 38-39 degrees. Possible death if respiratory paralysis occurs. Doctors can make some survival predictions based on the length and depth of the coma.
Features of the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning
The victim must first be taken out into fresh air. There should be a good draft in the building - open all windows and doors. After this, you must urgently call an ambulance to provide qualified medical care.
First aid for carbon monoxide poisoning
Before the doctors arrive, it is necessary to carry out a set of measures to alleviate the victim’s condition. Provide assistance for carbon monoxide poisoning slowly, without fuss.
Typically it includes the following procedures:
- Clearing the human respiratory tract. Lay him on his side. Provide fresh air.
- Activation respiratory process. It is necessary to stimulate blood flow to the head. To do this, let the patient smell ammonia, but do not bring the substance closer to the nose at a distance of less than 1 centimeter.
- Improving cerebral circulation. This can be done using mustard plasters or simply rubbing the patient’s chest and back.
- After the person regains consciousness, offer him tea or coffee. A hot drink will help tone the nervous system.
Remember! In any case, the patient should lie on his side to prevent the tongue from sinking or suffocation from vomit.
Drug therapy for carbon monoxide poisoning
Patients with moderate and severe poisoning must be hospitalized. Ambulatory treatment possible with a mild form of intoxication.
The main antidote in the treatment of this type of intoxication is 100% oxygen. The required dose is 9-16 liters per minute. It comes through a mask. If the patient is unconscious, intubation is performed and he is transferred to a ventilator.
In the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning, infusion therapy is also used, which helps correct hemodynamic disorders. The essence of this treatment is that the patient is given a course of sodium bicarbonate drips. Polyionic solutions - Kvartasol and Chlosol - are also administered intravenously.
Acizol is also used to eliminate the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning. The drug accelerates the breakdown of harmful carboxyhemoglobin, helps saturate the blood with oxygen, and reduces the effect of gas toxins on nerve cells and muscle tissue. Acizol is administered intramuscularly soon after the gas enters the body. The next injection is given after 60 minutes.
Victims are also prescribed vitamins that will help the body replenish energy costs. Intravenous administration of glucose solution may be prescribed.
Folk remedies to eliminate the effects of gas poisoning
Traditional medicine will help get rid of the serious consequences of carbon monoxide intoxication. But it is worth noting that such treatment is recommended after the victim has received professional help and drug therapy.
Recipes for folk remedies:
- Cranberry-lingonberry infusion. Required: 150 grams of dried cranberries and 200 grams of lingonberries. The ingredients are thoroughly ground. Afterwards they need to be filled with 350 milliliters of boiling water. The broth should be infused for 2-3 hours, then it should be strained. Medicine consumed 5-6 times a day, 2 tablespoons.
- Knotweed infusion. Helps remove harmful toxins from the body as quickly as possible. Preparation: pour 3 tablespoons of chopped dry herbs into 0.5 liters of boiling water. Leave for 3 hours, strain. Take 1 glass 3 times a day.
- Alcohol infusion of Rhodiola rosea extract. The tincture can be purchased at any pharmacy kiosk. Recommended dosage: dissolve 7-12 drops of extract in a glass of water. Drink half a glass twice a day. You can drink the infusion clean water, sweetened with a little honey.
- Dandelion root infusion. This plant has excellent antitoxic effects. Pour 10 grams of dry crushed raw materials with 250 milliliters of boiling water. Cook over low heat for 20 minutes. Then let the broth brew for another 40 minutes. Strain, dilute with 100 milliliters of warm boiled water. Drink 3-4 times a day, 1 tablespoon.
Preventing carbon monoxide poisoning
Ignorance of the symptoms of poisoning and the basics of first aid often becomes the reason that intoxication ends in death. Therefore, every person should know what to do in case of carbon monoxide poisoning, as well as follow simple preventive measures to avoid it.
The rules of prevention are as follows:
- Before use, always check that flammable fuel appliances are in working order. This will help to identify breakdowns in time and maintain health.
- Before the start of the heating season, be sure to check chimneys and ventilation shafts.
- If it doesn't work well indoors ventilation system, always ventilate it well. Take immediate measures to improve ventilation.
- Do not start the car in an unventilated area.
- Never fall asleep in a running car.
- Install a special sensor in your home that detects carbon monoxide leaks.
- Try to spend as little time as possible on busy roads, where there is a large concentration of cars, especially during rush hours.
Carbon monoxide poisoning is easier and safer to prevent by following simple preventive measures. Remember that even in cases of mild intoxication, consultation with a doctor is required! This will help avoid serious complications who are at risk of being poisoned by this toxic gas.