How did whalers kill whales in the 19th century? Harpoon - the answer is incorrect. Correct answer: spear. For early whalers, the harpoon did not serve as a killing weapon; it was used to attach a line (rope) to the whale. Metal harpoon professional harpooneer standing on the bow of a rowboat and

FEED THE PEOPLE, CATCHED FISH, KILLED WHALES, BUILD LIGHTHOUSES AND GAVE MONEY FOR CULTURE: OTTO LINDHOLM If someone decided to write a novel about the Far Eastern “sea wolf”, then Otto Vasilyevich Lindholm, who was born in 1831, would be quite suitable for this role The path was thorny.

Eating right: what to eat, when to eat, how to eat. Ten basic principles of nutrition. How to count calories. Food pyramid. Vitamins and microelements. Which drinks to drink and which ones not to drink. All diets are postponed. Correct mode nutrition. Ten principles

Why don't all plants have flowers? Ensuring the continuation of the race is the key to preserving life on earth. And the existence of each plant is aimed at fulfilling this most important task. Reproductive organs are necessary for the production of offspring. At the highest

Loss of baby teeth – important period in a child’s life, because it is at this time that his permanent teeth grow, that is, those with which he will have to live his whole life. For this reason, parents are interested in the question: do all baby teeth change in babies and what do you need to know about this process?

Eruption and loss of baby teeth

The formation of the rudiments of baby teeth occurs during the period of gestation, approximately in the fifth month of pregnancy. They begin to erupt at the age of 4-6 months (later in some children), and by the age of three, babies already have a full set of teeth - 20 pieces. In their structure, milk teeth differ from permanent teeth - their roots are slightly wider, since under them there are the rudiments of permanent roots.

It is also quite difficult to name the exact timing of when - usually the process begins at 6-7 years and lasts for 6-9 years. There are a number of factors that influence this process, including:

• genetic predisposition;
• quality of food and water;
• state of the immune system;
• the nature of the diseases suffered;
• region of residence.

Thus, in healthy children who live in regions with high quality drinking water, permanent teeth grow faster, the replacement process is much easier. In general, fourteen-year-old adolescents have all permanent teeth, but the chewing apparatus is considered fully formed only by the age of 20. It should be noted that these dates are very average - a deviation from the dates by 1-2 years is considered the norm.

The order of changing teeth

The replacement of baby teeth with permanent ones occurs in approximately the same order as eruption, but here, too, deviations are possible, which are considered a variant of the norm. Usually, the child's lower incisors fall out first, followed by the upper incisors. Over the next few years, the baby loses the lower incisors, which grow on the sides of the jaw, and then the upper ones. Starting from the age of seven, the upper and lower molars fall out, then the canines come in the same order, and the last to fall out are the large molars. In some children, the canines and large molars switch places, meaning the canines are the last to fall out.

Table. Approximate age loss of baby teeth.

There is an opinion that absolutely all baby teeth fall out and change in babies, but in fact this is not entirely true. The structure of a child’s jaw differs from that of an adult’s – while babies have only 20 teeth, an adult has 32. The first permanent teeth that appear in a child are molars, or sixes. They erupt after the age of four behind the second primary molars and simply stand in line with the primary teeth.

The so-called children's teeth that should fall out are the lateral incisors, two pairs of molars, a pair of premolars, and canines. In addition, the child will grow 4 additional teeth (second molars - sevens), that is, at the end of the process of loss there will be 28 of them. Lower teeth, as a rule, grow faster than the upper ones - an exception may be premolars. Eights - or wisdom teeth - grow already in mature age, and for some people they remain in their infancy.

As in the case of baby teeth, the order and timing of the appearance of permanent teeth are individual and depend on a number of factors. But there is one here too important nuance- too much quick loss Decaying of baby teeth can cause permanent teeth to grow crookedly, causing the child’s bite to deteriorate.

Table. Approximate age of appearance of permanent teeth.

What is the process of changing teeth?

The process of changing teeth human body laid down at the genetic level - twenty teeth are enough for small children to chew food well. After the age of five, the period begins active growth, the jaw enlarges, gaps appear between the baby teeth, which are subsequently filled with permanent teeth.

Unlike teething, the process of changing baby teeth to permanent teeth does not cause discomfort to the child. The roots simply dissolve, after which the teeth fall out under the pressure of their “brothers” growing from below. The peculiarity of newly grown permanent teeth is that they do not have a fully formed root - this takes about three years.

Despite the fact that in most cases the process does not require outside intervention, parents should keep it under strict control. Once a week it is necessary to examine the child’s oral cavity - from about the age of five, the baby’s teeth seem to thin out, and subsequently begin to become loose. Having noticed this phenomenon, you can begin to gradually loosen your teeth so that they come out of the gums more easily.

1. If a loose tooth begins to interfere, you can pull it out yourself. To do this, wrap it in a piece of sterile gauze, gently swing it to the sides and pull it up. Do not apply too much force, otherwise you may cause serious injury to the baby. If the tooth does not give in, it is better to leave it alone for a while or consult a dentist.
   

   

2. Sometimes baby teeth sit firmly in the gums and interfere with the growth of permanent teeth - in in this case It is recommended to consult a doctor who will remove the tooth. If this is not done in a timely manner, the permanent tooth may grow incorrectly or “stand out” from the general row, causing the child’s bite to deteriorate.
3. Many parents are faced with the phenomenon of caries of baby teeth. The decision to treat the disease should be made exclusively by a specialist (sometimes such a procedure is simply impractical). It is necessary to remember that after filling baby teeth, their roots dissolve much more slowly.

   

4. If after a tooth falls out of the wound there's blood coming out, you should clamp the wound clean piece bandage or cotton wool and hold for several minutes. For two hours after the loss, it is better to avoid eating food, especially cold, hot, sour and salty foods.
5. You can rinse your mouth after a tooth falls out, but not too actively - a blood clot forms in the hole that remains in place of the tooth, which protects it from germs.
6. If changing teeth causes discomfort to the child, you can buy a special toothpaste, which eliminates unpleasant sensations.

   

7. During the period of changing teeth, it is important to pay attention to caries and other dental diseases. If a baby tooth is affected by caries, there is a risk that its permanent “brother” will also be sick. In addition, the child’s diet at this time should be balanced and contain a sufficient amount of vitamins and microelements, especially vitamin D and calcium. It is better to limit the amount of sugar and sweets so as not to create an environment favorable for the growth of bacteria. To cleanse and strengthen teeth, you can give your child hard fruits and vegetables, such as apples or carrots.
8. To protect your child's permanent teeth from negative impact, you should contact a dentist who will perform fluoridation of teeth or fissure sealing (protection of areas that are in hard-to-reach places).
9. Even if the process of changing teeth goes easily and without discomfort, the child should visit the doctor at least once every six months - this will help identify dental caries. early stages, and also prevent its occurrence.



If a permanent tooth does not appear in the place of the milk tooth within 3-4 months, parents should consult a dentist. The reason for this may be rare pathology called adentia - absence of tooth buds. If the examination indicates this diagnosis, prosthetics will be necessary to maintain a beautiful bite and facial shape.



Oral care when changing teeth

During the period of change from milk teeth to permanent ones, oral care plays a special role, since in soft tissues wounds form that can become infected. To avoid gum infection and inflammatory process, the child should rinse his mouth after every meal. For these purposes, you can buy special solutions at the pharmacy (for example,) or prepare a decoction of chamomile, sage, or oak bark.



To care for your teeth, you should use not only a brush and toothpaste, but also dental floss, dental brush and other dental devices. At proper care In the oral cavity, changing baby teeth will be absolutely painless, and permanent teeth will not become a source of problems for parents and the child.

Video - Stages of changing baby teeth to permanent ones

Everyone has seen frogs and toads in childhood. Some tried to catch them and torture the poor things, and some were afraid to get closer than two meters to them until they lost their pulse. They are amazing and interesting creatures, but there is still reason to be afraid of them. And this reason is teeth. Many people have probably wondered whether frogs and toads have teeth. You will find the answer in our article.

Does a frog have teeth?

Childhood has passed, no one has been running after frogs for a long time, but the main question of this article still sometimes pops up in my head. And yet, does a frog have teeth? It would seem, where do these cute and friendly creatures get their teeth? But it turns out that they exist and are in the frog’s mouth for a reason. They are on upper sky amphibians and are directed inward, so that it is more convenient to hold the victim with them. In tandem with a strong jaw, these babies play a good role in the frog’s nutrition.

They dig into the skin of the poor thing, caught in the amphibian’s horizon, like dozens of fragments. But more often than not, the small victim dies immediately from shock or suffocation. Even though instant death, the poor fellow would not feel their full force, since the frog does not use its teeth to chew food. The amphibian immediately tries to push food into the stomach, helping itself with its paws, and there it digests it until next appointment food. Sometimes it even happens that the frog itself dies from suffocation if the size of its victim is too large.

The bullfrog has the most painful bite. This is the largest representative of this species, and its teeth correspond to the dimensions of its body.

The bullfrog is very lazy, so it doesn't really hunt. She's just waiting. And when an unsuspecting mouse or bird happens to be nearby, a sudden visit to the frog’s mouth awaits them. She either grabs the victim with her tongue and, dragging her towards her, pushes her paws into her mouth, or she pounces on the poor fellow and grabs her tightly with her teeth. The next time someone asks if a frog has teeth, you'll know what to say. Perhaps someday your children will come to you with this question.

And here is the answer in the form of a photo to the question whether a frog has teeth. The photo shows the skeleton of a frog, and the small teeth on the upper jaw are clearly visible.

Does a toad have teeth?

You probably thought that since a frog has teeth, then a toad should definitely have teeth. But that was not the case. Toads do not have them and never have had them. Toads feed mainly on small invertebrates, and they do not need teeth at all; a large mouth, powerful jaws and a sticky tongue do an excellent job of this.

If a toad comes across some large prey, it simply tries with all its might to push it into the stomach, helping itself with its paws, squeezing the animal with its jaws until the food ends up in the amphibian’s stomach. Then the toad calms down and sits quietly and digests its prey.

By the way

It would seem that a toad and a frog are so similar. They develop and feed similarly. The toad would be happy to eat some mouse, but for her it is a little difficult. However, there are differences, and quite noticeable ones. The toad chooses places to live that are wetter than the frog. Externally, toads are larger than frogs. They are flatter and their head is close to the ground. Frogs, on the contrary, always hold their heads higher, and their heads are larger in size than toads.

It is also important to note that frogs have good jumping ability, and toads move slowly, waddling from side to side and swaying, like a bull in a poem by Agnia Barto. Toads most spend time on land. Frogs prefer to be in water. And another one important detail. The skin of toads is dry, with tubercles, their color is usually smooth and covered with mucus, usually colored in the color of the aquatic vegetation of the reservoirs in which they live.