Which organ produces immune cells? The immune system: what it is, its organs and functions

The immune system – a complex of organs and cells whose task is to identify the causative agents of any disease. The ultimate goal of immunity is to destroy the microorganism, abnormal cell, or other pathogen causing negative impact on human health.

The immune system is one of the critical systems human body

Immunity is a regulator of two main processes:

1) he must remove from the body all cells that have exhausted their resource in any of the organs;

2) build a barrier to the penetration of infections of organic or inorganic origin into the body.

As soon as the immune system recognizes the infection, it switches to an enhanced mode of protecting the body. In such a situation, the immune system must not only ensure the integrity of all organs, but also help them perform their functions, as in a state of absolute health. To understand what immunity is, you need to find out what this protective system of the human body is. A set of cells such as macrophages, phagocytes, lymphocytes, as well as a protein called immunoglobulin - these are the components of the immune system.

In a more condensed formulation concept of immunity can be described as:

The body's immunity to infections;

Recognition of pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria) and elimination of them when they enter the body.

Immune system organs

The immune system includes:

• Thymus (thymus gland)

The thymus is at the top chest. The thymus gland is responsible for the production of T lymphocytes.

• Spleen

The location of this body is left hypochondrium. All blood passes through the spleen, where it is filtered and old platelets and red blood cells are removed. To remove a person's spleen is to deprive him of his own blood purifier. After such an operation, the body's ability to resist infections is reduced.

• Bone marrow

It is found in the cavities of tubular bones, in the vertebrae and bones that form the pelvis. The bone marrow produces lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and macrophages.

• Lymph nodes

Another type of filter through which the lymph flow passes and is cleaned. Lymph nodes are a barrier to bacteria, viruses, cancer cells. This is the first obstacle that the infection encounters on its way. The next to enter the fight against the pathogen are lymphocytes, macrophages produced by the thymus gland and antibodies.

Types of immunity

Any person has two immunities:

1. Specific immunity is a protective ability of the body that appears after a person has suffered and successfully recovered from an infection (flu, chickenpox, measles). Medicine has in its arsenal of fighting infections a technique that makes it possible to provide a person with this type of immunity, and at the same time insure him against the disease itself. This method is very well known to everyone - vaccination. The specific immune system, as it were, remembers the causative agent of the disease and, when the infection attacks again, provides a barrier that the pathogen cannot overcome. Distinctive feature of this type of immunity in the duration of its action. Some people have a specific immune system that lasts until the end of their lives, while others have such immunity for several years or weeks;
2. Nonspecific (innate) immunity– a protective function that begins to work from the moment of birth. This system goes through the formation stage simultaneously with the intrauterine development of the fetus. Already at this stage, the unborn child synthesizes cells that are able to recognize the forms of foreign organisms and produce antibodies.

During pregnancy, all fetal cells begin to develop in a certain way, depending on what organs will be formed from them. The cells seem to differentiate. At the same time, they gain the ability to recognize microorganisms that are hostile by nature to human health.

The main characteristic of innate immunity is the presence of identifier receptors in cells, thanks to which the child during the intrauterine period of development perceives the mother’s cells as friendly. And this, in turn, does not lead to fetal rejection.

Prevention of immunity

Conditionally the whole complex preventive measures, aimed at preserving the immune system can be divided into two main components.

Balanced diet

A glass of kefir, drunk every day, will provide normal microflora intestines and eliminate the likelihood of dysbacteriosis. Probiotics will help enhance the effect of taking fermented milk products.

Proper nutrition is the key to strong immunity

Fortification

Regular consumption of foods with increased content vitamins C, A, E will provide an opportunity to provide for yourself good immunity. Citrus fruits, infusions and decoctions of rose hips, black currants, viburnum - natural springs these vitamins.

Citrus fruits are rich in vitamin C, which, like many other vitamins, plays a huge role in maintaining immunity.

You can buy the corresponding vitamin complex in the pharmacy, but in this case it is better to choose the composition so that it includes a certain group of microelements, such as zinc, iodine, selenium, iron.

Overestimate role of the immune system impossible, so its prevention should be carried out regularly. Absolutely simple measures will help strengthen your immune system and, therefore, ensure your health for many years.

Sincerely,

Immunity ( from lat. immunitas - liberation) is the innate or acquired immunity of the body to foreign substances or infectious agents that have penetrated into it. Immunity is an integral system of biological self-defense mechanisms of the body, with the help of which it recognizes and destroys everything foreign (genetically different from it) if it penetrates the body or arises in it.

Types of immunity.

Congenital - a person receives it at the beginning of life, while still in the womb. This type of immunity is inherited, and its work is ensured by many factors at the cellular and non-cellular (humoral) level.
Despite the fact that the body’s natural defenses are quite strong, at the same time, foreign microorganisms are able to improve over time and penetrate the defense, thereby reducing natural immunity.
As a rule, this occurs under stress or lack of vitamins. If, as a result of a weakened state, a foreign agent enters the body’s circulatory system, then acquired immunity begins to work.

Acquired appearance - the peculiarity is that it is formed during a person’s life and is not inherited. In this case, antibodies are produced to fight the antigens.
The acquired type of immunity can be natural. In this case, the body independently produces antibodies that protect it from re-infection for months, years or for life, as, for example, with measles or chickenpox.

An artificial acquired type of immunity is vaccination or vaccination against various infectious diseases, which can also be divided into active (weak pathogens are introduced) and passive (ready-made antibodies are introduced). Passive immunity has the advantage of being able to as soon as possible prevent the outbreak of infectious diseases.

The immune system- a set of organs, tissues and cells that ensure the cellular-genetic constancy of the organism. Principles antigenic (genetic) purity are based on the recognition of “friend or foe” and are largely determined by the system of genes and glycoproteins (products of their expression) - the main histocompatibility complex in human, often called the HLA system Organs of the immune system. Highlight central(Bone marrow - hematopoietic organ, thymus or thymus, intestinal lymphoid tissue) and peripheral(spleen, lymph nodes, accumulations lymphoid tissue in the own layer of intestinal mucous membranes) immune organs.

Immunocompetent cells

All immune reactions are carried out with the participation of three main cell populations: B-, T-lymphocytes and macrophages (A-cells).
B lymphocytes(bursa-dependent) appear during the process of antigen-dependent differentiation of stem cells in the bursa of Fabricius in birds (bursa - bursa) or its equivalent in mammals. The final stages of B lymphocyte maturation are plasmalast, plasmacyte and plasma cell.
T lymphocytes(thymus-dependent) arise during antigen-independent differentiation of stem cells in the thymus gland, one of the central organs of immunity. Mature T-lymphocytes, formed after contact with an antigen, are divided into antigen-reactive, helper, killer, HRT effectors, suppressors, immunological memory cells, and special kind regulatory T cells. In addition to B- and T-lymphocytes, there is a 0-population (“nullers”), which differs in origin and functional characteristics.

Clinical significance T- and B-lymphocytes are different. T-lymphocytes provide predominantly HRT, protecting the body from viral, mycotic, some bacterial and tumor antigens, can participate in allergic reactions of various types, are the main “culprit” of the cytotoxicity effect, and cause transplant rejection.
The role of B lymphocytes is mainly limited to participation in HNT. The leading function of B cells is the production of antibodies induced in complex cooperation of T and B lymphocytes with macrophages. T-lymphocytes can exist from 1 week to several months and even up to 10 years (carriers of immune memory). They perform various functions: cause remote hypersensitization, eliminate tissue breakdown products, and carry out immune control directed against foreign organisms and cells, including tumor cells. B lymphocytes, which provide antibody genesis, have such a pronounced ability to differentiate that they can reproduce about 1 million types of Iglg. The lifespan of B lymphocytes is about 1 week.

The human immune system plays an important role in the professional knowledge of a personal trainer, since often in his coaching practice he has to deal with the fact that excessive loads increase the impact of stress on the body, and aggressive conditions external environment contribute to the weakening of the immune system and the occurrence of diseases. A personal trainer must know and be able to explain not only what the immune system is, but also what is often the causative agent of the disease and by what means the body fights it.

The goal of the immune system is to completely rid the human body of foreign agents, which are often pathogenic microorganisms, foreign pathogens, toxic substances, and sometimes mutated cells of the body itself. In the immune system there is a large number of options for identifying and neutralizing foreign bodies. This process is called an immune response. All his reactions can be divided into congenital and acquired. Characteristic difference between them is that acquired immunity has high specificity in relation to specific types of antigens, which allows it to quickly and efficiently neutralize them upon repeated encounter. Antigens are molecules that are perceived as foreign agents, entailing specific responses in the body. For example, if a person has had chickenpox, measles or diphtheria, he often develops lifelong immunity to these diseases.

Development of the immune system

The immune system consists of a large number of varieties of proteins, cells, organs and tissues, the process of interaction between which is extremely complex and occurs quite intensively. A prompt immune reaction allows one to quickly identify certain foreign substances or cells. The process of adaptation to working with pathogens contributes to the development of immunological memory, which subsequently helps to provide even better protection for the body the next time it encounters foreign pathogens. This type of acquired immunity is the basis for vaccination methods.

Structure of the human immune system: 1- Liver; 2- Portal vein; 3- Lumbar lymphatic trunk; 4- Caecum; 5- Appendix; 6- Inguinal lymph nodes; 7- Cervical lymphatic trunk; 8- Left venous angle; 9- Thymus gland; 10- Intrathoracic lymphatic duct; 11- Tank of milky juice; 12- Spleen; 13- Intestinal lymphatic trunk; 14- Lumbar lymphatic trunk; 15- Inguinal lymph nodes.

The human immune system is represented by a collection of organs and cells that perform immunological functions. First of all, leukocytes are responsible for implementing the immune response. The cells of the immune system are mostly derivatives of hematopoietic tissues. In an adult, the development of these cells begins in bone marrow and only T lymphocytes differentiate within thymus gland. Adult cells settle inside lymphoid organs and at the border with the environment, near the surface of the skin or on mucous membranes. Transport of cells of the immune system during immune activation provides lymphatic system. It realizes its function by introducing into the systemic circulation various molecules, liquids and infectious agents packaged in exosomes and vesicles.

Stages of immune defense

The immune system protects the body from infections in several stages, with each subsequent stage increasing the specificity of the protection. The most simple form protection are physical barriers whose task is precisely to prevent bacteria and viruses from entering the body. If the infectious agent does penetrate these barriers, the innate immune system then reacts to it. If the pathogen successfully overcomes the barrier of the innate immune system, the third barrier of defense is activated - the acquired immune system. This part of the immune system adapts its response during the infection process to increase its recognition of foreign objects. biological materials. This response persists after the pathogen is eliminated in the form of immunological memory. It enables the mechanisms of acquired immunity to develop a faster and stronger response with each subsequent encounter with this pathogen.

The flow pattern of blood, interstitial fluid and lymph in the body: 1- Right atrium; 2- Right ventricle; 3- Left atrium; 4- Left ventricle; 5- Aorta and arteries; 6- Blood capillary; 7- Tissue fluid; 8- Lymphatic capillary; 9- Lymphatic vessels; 10- Lymph nodes; 11- Vienna great circle blood circulation, where lymph flows; 12- Pulmonary artery; 13- Pulmonary vein. I- Circulatory system; II- Lymphatic system.

Both innate and acquired immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self molecules. In immunology, self-molecules mean those components of the body that the immune system can distinguish from foreign ones. Conversely, foreign refers to those molecules that are recognized by the immune system as foreign. One of many classes of foreign molecules is called antigens and is defined as substances that are able to bind to specific immune receptors and trigger an immune response.

Immune system barriers

Since the human body is in constant interaction with its environment, nature has made sure that the functioning of the defense mechanism occurs, including through the respiratory, digestive and genitourinary system. These systems can be divided into constantly operating and symptomatically activated (in response to intrusion). Constantly leading by example current system protection are small hairs on the walls of the trachea, which are also called cilia. They make intense upward movements, due to which they respiratory tract dust particles, plant pollen and other foreign objects are removed. Actions similar in purpose (removal of microorganisms) are carried out due to the washing action of tears and urine. Mucus that is secreted in the respiratory and digestive systems serves to bind and immobilize foreign bodies, objects and microorganisms. If the constantly operating defense mechanisms are not enough, “emergency” mechanisms of cleansing the body of pathogens, such as coughing, sneezing, vomiting and diarrhea, are activated.

Structure lymph node: 1- Capsule; 2- Sine; 3- Valve to prevent reverse flow; 4- Lymphatic nodule; 5- Cortex; 6- Gate of the lymph node. I- Bringers lymphatic vessels; II- Efferent lymphatic vessels.

In the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tract intestinal tract There are biological barriers represented by friendly microorganisms - commensals. Non-pathogenic microflora that has adapted to living in these conditions competes with pathogenic bacteria for food and space, often changing living conditions, namely acidity or iron content. This greatly reduces the likelihood of pathogenic microbes reaching the quantities necessary for the development of pathology. There is quite convincing evidence that the introduction of probiotic flora, for example, pure cultures of lactobacilli, which are contained in the same yogurt and other fermented milk products, helps restore an adequate balance of microbial populations during intestinal infections.

Innate immunity

If the microorganism successfully penetrates all barriers, it encounters the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system. Innate immune defense is nonspecific in nature; in other words, its components identify and respond to foreign bodies, regardless of their characteristics. This system does not provide long-term resistance to specific infections. The innate immune system is the body's main defense tool in both humans and most living multicellular organisms.

Inflammation is one of the primary responses of the immune system to infection. Symptoms of inflammation usually include redness and swelling, which is an indication of increased blood flow to the affected tissues. In development inflammatory reactions eicosanoids and cytokines play an important role, which are released by damaged or infected cells. The first include prostaglanids, which provoke an increase in temperature and expansion blood vessels, as well as leukotrienes, which attract certain types of white blood cells. The most common cytokines include interleukins, which are responsible for the interaction between leukocytes, chemokines, which trigger chemotaxis, as well as interferons, which have antiviral properties, namely the ability to inhibit protein synthesis in microbial cells. In addition, secreted growth factors and cytotoxic factors also play a role in the reaction to a foreign pathogen. These cytokines and other bioorganic compounds lead immune system cells to the site of infection and promote healing of damaged tissue by eliminating pathogens.

Acquired immunity

The acquired immune system developed during the evolution of the simplest vertebrate organisms. It guarantees a more intense immune response, as well as immunological memory, thanks to which each foreign microorganism is “remembered” by antigens unique to it. The acquired immune system is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific foreign antigens in a process called antigen presentation. This specificity of the antigen makes it possible to carry out reactions that are characteristic of specific microorganisms or cells infected by them. The ability to implement such reactions is supported in the body by “memory cells”. If the human body is infected by a foreign microorganism more than once, these specific memory cells are used to intensively eliminate this kind of consequences.

Cells of the immune system, whose functions are to implement the mechanisms of the acquired immune system, belong to lymphocytes, which in turn are a subtype of leukocytes. The overwhelming number of lymphocytes are responsible for specific acquired immunity, as they are able to identify infectious agents both inside and outside cells - in tissues or in the blood. The main types of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells, which are derived from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. In an adult, they are formed in the bone marrow, and T-lymphocytes additionally undergo separate differentiation procedures in the thymus. B cells are responsible for the humoral component of acquired immunity, in other words, they produce antibodies, while T cells are the basis of the cellular component of the specific immune response.

Conclusion

The human immune system is primarily designed to protect the body from the infectious effects of foreign bodies, objects and substances. It protects the body from the occurrence and development of diseases, identifies and destroys tumor cells, recognizes and neutralizes various viruses in the early stages and more. The immune system has at its disposal a large number of tools for quickly detecting and no less quickly eliminating harmful infectious agents. Also, do not forget that there is a method of developing immunity to a number of infectious diseases, such as vaccination. In general, the immune system is a guardian that protects and protects your health at all costs.

Faculty Control

Department "Humanitarian and social disciplines"

by discipline Physical Culture

"The body's immune system

person"

Completed by: student Shundakova K.M.

Group ED20.1/B-12

Checked by Orlov A.N.

Moscow 2013

The immune system is a collection of organs, tissues and cells, the work of which is aimed directly at protecting the body from various diseases and to destroy foreign substances that have already entered the body.

This system is an obstacle to infections (bacterial, viral, fungal). When the immune system malfunctions, the likelihood of developing infections increases, which also leads to the development of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis.

Organs included in the human immune system: lymph glands (nodes), tonsils, thymus gland (thymus), bone marrow, spleen and lymphoid formations of the intestine (Peyer's patches). The main role is played by a complex circulation system, which consists of lymphatic ducts connecting the lymph nodes.

A lymph node is a soft tissue formation, oval in shape and 0.2 - 1.0 cm in size, which contains a large number of lymphocytes.

Tonsils are small collections of lymphoid tissue located on both sides of the pharynx. The spleen is very similar in appearance to a large lymph node. The functions of the spleen are varied, it is a filter for blood, a storage for blood cells, and the production of lymphocytes. It is in the spleen that old and defective blood cells are destroyed.

Thymus gland (thymus) - located this body behind the sternum. Lymphoid cells in the thymus multiply and “learn.” In children and young people, the thymus is active; the older a person is, the less active the thymus becomes and decreases in size.

Bone marrow is soft, spongy tissue located inside tubular and flat bones. The main task of the bone marrow is the production of blood cells: leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets.

Peyer's patches - This is a concentration of lymphoid tissue in the intestinal wall. The main role is played by the circulation system, consisting of lymphatic ducts that connect the lymph nodes and transport lymphatic fluid.

Lymphatic fluid (lymph) is a colorless liquid that flows through the lymphatic vessels; it contains many lymphocytes - white blood cells involved in protecting the body from disease.

Lymphocytes are figuratively speaking “soldiers” of the immune system; they are responsible for the destruction of foreign organisms or diseased cells (infected, tumor, etc.). The most important species lymphocytes (B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes) they work together with other immune cells and do not allow foreign substances (infections, foreign proteins, etc.) to invade the body. At the first stage, the body “teaches” T-lymphocytes to distinguish foreign proteins from normal (its own) proteins of the body. This learning process takes place in the thymus gland childhood, since at this age the thymus is most active. Then a person reaches adolescence, and the thymus decreases in size and loses its activity.

The immune system appeared along with multicellular organisms and evolved as an aid to their survival. It connects organs and tissues that guarantee the body’s protection from genetically foreign cells and substances that come from environment. In terms of organization and functioning mechanisms, it is similar to the nervous system.

Both systems are represented by central and peripheral organs that are capable of responding to different signals, have a large number of receptor structures, and specific memory.

The central organs of the immune system include the red bone marrow, and the peripheral organs include the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and appendix.

The central place among the cells of the immune system is occupied by various lymphocytes. Upon contact with foreign bodies with their help, the immune system is able to provide different forms of immune response: the formation of specific blood antibodies, the formation of different types of lymphocytes.

The very concept of immunity was introduced into modern science by the Russian scientist I.I. Mechnikov and the German - P. Ehrlich, who studied the body's defense reactions in the fight against various diseases, primarily infectious ones. Their joint work in this area was even noted in 1908 Nobel Prize. The work of the French scientist Louis Pasteur, who developed a vaccination method against a number of dangerous infections, also made a great contribution to the science of immunology.

The word immunity comes from the Latin immunis, which means free from anything. At first it was believed that immunity protects the body only from infectious diseases. However, research by the English scientist P. Medawar in the mid-twentieth century proved that immunity provides protection in general from any foreign and harmful interference in the human body.

Currently, immunity is understood, firstly, as the body’s resistance to infections, and, secondly, as the body’s responses aimed at destroying and removing from it everything that is alien to it and poses a threat. It is clear that if people did not have immunity, they simply would not be able to exist, and its presence allows us to successfully fight diseases and live to old age.

The immune system has been formed over many years of human evolution and acts like a well-oiled mechanism and helps fight diseases and harmful environmental influences. Its tasks include recognizing, destroying and removing from the body both foreign agents penetrating from the outside, as well as decay products formed in the body itself (during infectious and inflammatory processes), as well as pathologically changed cells.

The immune system is able to recognize many “strangers”. Among them are viruses, bacteria, toxic substances of plant or animal origin, protozoa, fungi, and allergens. She includes among them the cells of one’s own body that have turned cancerous and therefore become “enemies.” Its main goal is to provide protection from all these “strangers” and preserve the integrity of the internal environment of the body, its biological individuality.

How is “enemies” recognized? This process occurs at the genetic level. The fact is that each cell carries its own genetic information, unique only to a given person (we can call it a mark). This is what the immune system analyzes when it detects penetration into the body or changes in it. If the information matches (the label is present), then it is yours; if it does not match (the label is missing), it means it is someone else’s.

In immunology, foreign agents are usually called antigens. When the immune system detects them, defense mechanisms immediately turn on, and the fight against the “stranger” begins. Moreover, to destroy each specific antigen, the body produces specific cells, they are called antibodies. They fit antigens like a key to a lock. Antibodies bind to the antigen and eliminate it - this is how the body fights the disease.

One of immune reactions Allergy is a state of increased response of the body to allergens. Allergens are substances or objects that contribute to the appearance of allergic reaction in organism. They are divided into internal and external.

External allergens include some foods (eggs, chocolate, citrus fruits), various chemicals (perfumes, deodorants), and medications.

Internal allergens are the body’s own tissues, usually with altered properties. For example, with burns, the body perceives dead tissue as foreign and creates antibodies for them. The same reactions can occur with the bites of bees, bumblebees, and other insects. Allergic reactions develop rapidly or sequentially. When an allergen affects the body for the first time, antibodies with increased sensitivity to it are produced and accumulated. When this allergen enters the body again, an allergic reaction occurs, for example, skin rashes and various tumors appear.

The immune system is perhaps the most complex and ingeniously designed system in our body. She is almost constantly fighting against potential dangerous microorganisms, invading from outside. It's likely that as you read this, your immune system is desperately fighting an army of pathogens (microscopic harmful bacteria or viruses).

Pathogenic microorganisms are present everywhere - in the air, on the ground, in water and in food products. Our body is also one of the favorite havens for germs; countless hordes of them live on the skin, in the hair, under the nails. And also inside our body. If the immune system cannot cope with pathogens, an infection develops.

How often do we think about our immune system? Many people have heard that during a cold it is useful to take nutritional supplements containing vitamin C and drinking more orange juice, but their knowledge is often limited to this. Although several decades may not be enough to understand all the intricacies of immunological mechanisms, in our opinion, everyone should learn the basics of immunology - only then will you understand how important proper nutrition and your lifestyle are for immunity. But now you can find out how your immune system is doing by answering the questions in the questionnaire.

Basic protection

One can only admire the ingenuity of the defensive systems erected by our body to protect against various troubles. The first line of defense is the skin, which is a natural protective barrier. Its surface is protected by a secret sebaceous glands, preventing the proliferation of certain bacteria. Those located in the skin also contribute to the fight against potentially dangerous microorganisms. sweat glands- sweat released removes germs from the skin surface.

Similar protective function The tear ducts of the eyes also perform this function, secreting a liquid that washes away particles that irritate the eyes. In the summer, people suffering from hay fever especially notice this - their eyes always water from contact with countless grains of pollen.

The air we breathe contains a huge amount of harmful particles that the respiratory tract fights. The inner epithelium of the respiratory tract is lined with tiny hair-like projections (cilia) that trap these particles. The mucus secreted here also contributes to the capture of foreign particles. The latter contains so-called secretory immunoglobulins A (sIgA), which have the ability to neutralize pathogens.

Questionnaire: your immune system

How effectively does your immune system function? To get an idea of ​​this, answer the following questions.

1. Do you often get colds or flu?
2. If you have a cold, is it difficult for you to get rid of the cold?
3. Do you often experience stress?
4. Are you suffering from depression or depression?
5. Do you have food allergies?
6. Do you regularly use painkillers?
7. Do you suffer from hay fever?
8. Behind Last year have you used antibiotics more than once?
9. Is a sore throat not uncommon for you?
10. Do you drink alcohol more than three times a week?
11. Do you often experience headaches?

• If you answered yes to three questions, then you may need to pay more attention to your immune system.
• If you answered yes to four questions, then your immune system obviously needs more attention.
• Five or more positive responses indicate that your immune system cannot cope with the load.

Saliva in the mouth helps get rid of germs that have entered the mouth by airborne droplets, or with food. After swallowing, saliva in the stomach mixes with gastric juice, which contains hydrochloric acid(see - 70). Most of bacteria die under the influence of this acid, but such as Helicobacter pylori survive. If some microorganisms manage to overcome the gastric barrier and enter the intestines, then beneficial local microflora enters into the fight against them.

Thus, our body is protected both externally and internally. However, sometimes, despite all the efforts of the immune system, pathogenic microorganisms manages to cope with all the barriers, and then the disease arises.

The immune system

Immunological armada

What happens when we happen to swallow or inhale harmful microbes? In these cases, the immunological army protects us just as a military flotilla defends a strategically important island - our body - from the enemy. The forces that make up this fleet not only prevent outside invasion, but also identify and destroy all those who began to behave suspiciously in the ranks of the defenders - for example, cancer cells. Naval commanders vigilantly monitor what is happening and throw their ships where the need arises.

SOME IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELLS SWIM AROUND THE BODY IN SEARCH OF THE ENEMY, WHILE OTHERS SITT IN AMBUSH AND ATTACK ENEMIES THAT ARE CLOSE TO THEM.

The fleet consists of immunocompetent cells. Some of them swim around the body in search of the enemy, while others sit in ambush and attack enemies who are nearby. Traveler cells are otherwise called macrophages. In the process of phagocytosis (see), they ingest and digest pathogens.

Typically, immunocompetent cells are carried in the blood. There are red and white blood cells(cells) that perform different functions.

Red blood cells

These cells, otherwise called red blood cells, represent the most numerous category. They are formed in the bone marrow, from which they enter the bloodstream. The main function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen throughout the body, but in addition, they have the ability to attract pathogens, after which white cells, in turn, pay attention to them. Red blood cells live very briefly and, having completed their mission, are destroyed.

White blood cells.

Helper T cells are an important type of lymphocyte. When a pathogen is detected, they instantly send a warning signal, setting up the immune system to repel an enemy attack. In the case of HIV infection, it is these cells that are affected, as a result of which the immune system is disarmed.

Complement and interferon

Complement and interferon are also part of the immunological armada. They are like reserve troops who call for help when needed. These troops have their own targets, and they enter battle when the immune system has already recognized the enemy. Complement is involved in the destruction of cancer cells and some viruses, in particular the herpes simplex virus. Interferon is a substance that is usually secreted by tissue for self-defense, in response to enemy invasion. It has antiviral activity, which depends on the presence of vitamin C and the trace element manganese: this is why additional vitamin C is so necessary in the treatment of colds and flu.

Diseases and their treatments

In the wake of infection

To better understand how the immune system functions, let's follow the development of the infectious process that leads to disease.

Imagine sitting with friends in a cafe and having breakfast. Suddenly, a visitor at the next table sneezes. Tiny droplets are sprayed into the air at a speed of 185 km/h. You can become infected in just a few seconds. Luck has turned away from you, and it is at this moment that you take a breath. As a result, the infectious agents that made your neighbor sneeze find a new victim - you.

Your immune system immediately springs into action: first of all, your nose tries to capture the invading enemies and neutralize them. If this attempt fails, the pathogens penetrate the tissue and damage the cells, which leads to the release of substances contained in them, in particular histamine. Begins inflammatory process, described in more detail on pages 90-97. The release of histamine attracts white blood cells to the site of inflammation, where they begin to destroy pathogens. When the integrity of microbes is violated, their hidden antigens are exposed, which leads to the activation of B lymphocytes. As a result, pathogens are completely surrounded, and macrophages arrive in time to complete their destruction.

A delicious pepper salad, the recipe for which is given at, is very useful for stimulating the immune system. With it you will get a lot of vitamin C, as well as magnesium, calcium and selenium.

During this process, you will likely develop a fever as your body readjusts its internal thermometer to fight infection. You may also be harassed sore throat, stuffy nose and headache- classic cold symptoms.

What about your cafe companions? Perhaps they also got sick, although the opposite is not excluded. The strength and effectiveness of the immune system depends on the biochemical individuality of the body. A person whose immune system is weakened due to poor nutrition and consumption of immunosuppressants such as sugar and alcohol may develop an infection, whereas having a strong immune system will allow the infection process to be quickly dealt with.

Thus, if the microbes infecting these people were the same, the outcome was different thanks to the immune system. Let's now look at what nutrition promotes optimal immune function.

Nutrition and the immune system

It is possible that at the very time when the immune system is fighting viruses that cause colds, other pathogenic microbes are trying to penetrate the body. The constant threat of infection keeps the immune system in tension, so it normal functioning you need a diet that includes everything you need nutrients.

To maintain combat effectiveness, troops must be well-fed.

The immune system

Vitamin C

There is no vitamin more beneficial for the immune system than vitamin C. It has pronounced antiviral properties, which is very important because viruses, even in an inactive state, can have an immunosuppressive effect. And you already know about the support that vitamin C provides to interferon and complement.

Vitamin C has antibacterial effect: it neutralizes bacteria and prevents their reproduction. In addition, it is necessary for the formation of specific antibodies, with the help of which lymphocytes fight pathogens. This process is activated in the presence of zinc.

In short, the importance of vitamin C for immunity cannot be underestimated. When the immune system is suppressed, the body needs increased quantities this vitamin. Normally, an adult's daily requirement for vitamin C is 1-3 g per day. When the immune system is suppressed, this need doubles or even triples.

The human body is not able to produce vitamin C on its own, so it is necessary to replenish its reserves with the help of proper nutrition. Kiwi fruits, strawberries, watermelon and sweet potato. If your diet contains plenty of fruits and vegetables, then you are getting enough vitamin C. If you smoke, drink excessively and are stressed, then you need more vitamin C.

To determine whether the vitamin C intake limit has been exceeded, you can look at the intestinal reaction. The onset of diarrhea indicates that the cells are oversaturated with vitamin C and its intake should be cut in half.

Vitamin A

For normal functioning, the immune system also needs vitamin A, which has powerful antiviral properties. IN large quantities This vitamin is found in red and yellow fruits and vegetables - carrots, peaches and pumpkin - as well as green vegetables such as broccoli. In addition, this vitamin is found in hard cheeses, eggs and liver. Pregnant women should not take supplements containing this vitamin; They should not eat liver either, unless the attending physician advises otherwise.

Vitamin B6

This vitamin enhances the anti-inflammatory activity of white blood cells. It is also necessary for the normal functioning of the thymus gland or thymus gland. Brown rice, brewer's yeast and greens contain a lot of vitamin B6.

Magnesium

Sometimes the body lacks this essential element. Magnesium is involved in the process of complement synthesis (see) and is necessary for the activity of the thymus. It is also required for the formation of prostaglandins (hormone-like substances present in all tissues) and for the maintenance normal level histamine (see). Magnesium is found in dark green vegetables, fish, soybeans, nuts, and pumpkin and sesame seeds.

If you have been treated with antibiotics, then to restore your intestinal microflora You are recommended to eat unsweetened live bio-yogurt three times a week. It is prepared from cow, sheep or goat milk.

Calcium

Calcium is another key element for the immune system. Firstly, it takes part in the formation of enzymes with which T cells fight infectious agents. Like vitamin C, calcium helps white blood cells digest and destroy certain viruses. And the activity of complement depends on the level of calcium in the body. Although dairy products are rich in calcium, they also usually contain quite a lot saturated fat, which promote inflammation and are therefore harmful to the immune system. It is therefore better to get calcium from eggs and fish. But nuts, seeds and greens contain approximately equal amounts of calcium and magnesium.

Selenium

The amount of selenium in industrial crops and vegetables depends on the composition of the soil in which they are grown. Nowadays, many lands are depleted of this essential microelements, and therefore the products grown there, despite the attractive appearance, contain little selenium. This trace element is necessary for the synthesis of antibodies. Without it, immunocompetent cells would lose the ability to quickly respond to reinfection. Like many other nutrients, selenium is most effective when combined with a vitamin; V in this case- with vitamin E (see).

The liver contains a lot of selenium, seafood, onions, garlic, whole grain cereals and granola, although it is also found in greens.

THE CONSTANT THREAT OF INFECTION KEEPS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN CONTINUOUS TENSION. CERTAIN NUTRIENTS ARE REQUIRED FOR IT TO PERFORM ITS FUNCTIONS.

Iron

The effect of iron on the immune system is controversial. It is absolutely necessary for the production of all white blood cells, and is also involved in the process of antibody synthesis. On the other hand, when there is a lot of iron, bacteria multiply well. We do not mean that during infectious disease you should completely avoid foods containing iron. However, supplements containing it should not be taken at this time.

Greens, liver and bread contain the most iron. whole grain. Iron is also found in dried fruits and granola.

Zinc

Zinc is needed by the thymus for the formation of T cells, which fight infectious agents that enter the body. Zinc is also needed for active maturation of T cells.

The immune system

Ten Vegetables Your Immune System Needs

During an infectious disease, it is important to eat as many raw and steamed vegetables as possible, which help the immune system fight pathogens. Below are photos of ideal vegetables in this regard, which contain the antioxidants necessary to eliminate the harmful effects free radicals. In addition, these vegetables have antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties, making them natural antibiotics.

To ensure your body also gets enough carbohydrates and protein, include legumes, whole grain bread and brown rice in your meals. These products also contain many microelements that stimulate the immune system.

Manganese

This microelement is necessary for the synthesis of interferon (see). The body often lacks manganese, which is involved in the formation of bone and cartilage tissue, and also controls glucose metabolism. With a lack of manganese, there is a disorder of coordination of movements, loss of clarity of thinking, pain in the knee joints. Breakfast cereals (granola), legumes, greens, wheat germ, rice bran, tea, nuts, ginger and cloves contain a lot of manganese. The absorption of manganese is slowed down by tea, coffee, smoking, excess iron and zinc.

Immunity inhibitors

Since we have looked at which nutrients are beneficial to the immune system, we now need to look at which foods and conditions interfere with its normal functioning.

Sugar

Sugar, in any form, disrupts the digestive function of white blood cells for quite a long time (up to 5 hours after consumption). Eating a breakfast of sweetened granola and then eating any sugary snacks throughout the day, sodas and juices, tea or coffee with sugar, and fast foods containing hidden sugar can all completely suppress your immune system. Avoid this type of food. It has no nutritional value, but it causes your teeth to deteriorate and you gain weight.