Calendar of professional vaccinations for children. What vaccinations are required for children?

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Today vaccinations have already become firmly established in our lives, as highly effective remedy prevention of dangerous infectious diseases, which has Negative consequences in the form of complications, or even death. In modern medical practice they are made either with the aim of creating immunity to dangerous infections, or to treat an infected person at an early stage. Accordingly, all vaccinations are usually divided into preventive and therapeutic. Basically, a person is faced with preventive vaccinations, which are given in childhood, and then re-immunization is carried out if necessary. An example of a therapeutic vaccinations is the introduction antitetanus serum etc.

What are preventive vaccinations?

Preventive vaccinations are a method of immunizing a person against certain infectious diseases, during which various particles, which can lead to the development of stable immunity to pathology. All preventive vaccinations involve the administration of a vaccine, which is an immunobiological preparation.

The vaccine is a weakened whole microbe - pathogens, parts of membranes or genetic material pathogenic microorganisms, or their toxins. These vaccine components cause specific immune reaction, during which antibodies are produced against the pathogen infectious disease. Subsequently, it is these antibodies that provide protection against infection.

Today, all preventive vaccinations are classified into:
1. Planned.
2. Conducted according to epidemiological indications.

Routine vaccinations are given to children and adults at certain time and at a specific age, regardless of whether an epidemic focus of infection has been identified in a given region or not. And according to epidemiological indications, vaccination is given to people located in a region in which there is a danger of an outbreak of a dangerous infectious disease (for example, anthrax, plague, cholera, etc.).

Among the scheduled vaccinations, there are those that are mandatory for everyone - they are included in the national calendar (BCG, MMR, DPT, against polio), and there is a category of vaccines that are administered only to people at risk of contracting infections due to the specifics of their work (for example, against typhus, tularemia , brucellosis, rabies, plague, etc.). All routine vaccinations carefully worked out, the timing of their production, age and time were established. There are developed administration regimens vaccine preparations, combination possibilities and sequence of immunization, which is reflected in regulations and guidelines, as well as in vaccination calendars.

Preventive vaccination of children

For children, preventative vaccinations are necessary to protect vulnerable children from dangerous infectious diseases that may result fatal even when treated with modern high-quality drugs. Full list preventive vaccinations for children is developed and approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, and then, for ease of use, is formalized in the form national calendar.

In addition to those indicated in the national calendar, there are a number of preventive vaccines that are recommended for administration to children. The recommendation for vaccination is given by the child's attending physician based on an analysis of the child's health status. Some regions also introduce their own vaccinations, which are necessary because the epidemiological situation for these infections is unfavorable and there is a risk of an outbreak.

Preventive vaccinations for children - video

The importance of preventive vaccinations

Despite the different structure of possible components for a specific vaccine, any vaccination is capable of creating immunity to infection, reducing the incidence and prevalence of pathology, which is its main purpose. Active components drugs, in response to introduction into the body of any person, cause a reaction on the part of him immune system. This reaction is in all respects similar to that which develops when infected with an infectious disease, but much weaker. The meaning of such a weak reaction of the immune system in response to the administration of the drug is that special cells are formed, which are called memory cells, which provide further immunity to infection.

Memory cells can remain in the human body for varying periods of time - from several months to many years. Memory cells that live only a few months are short-lived, but vaccination is necessary to form a different type of memory cell - long-lived. Each such cell is formed only in response to a specific pathogenic microorganism, that is, a cell formed against rubella will not be able to provide immunity to tetanus.

The formation of any memory cell, whether long-lived or short-lived, requires a certain period of time - from several hours to a whole week. When the causative agent of a disease enters the human body for the first time, all manifestations of the infection are caused precisely by the activity of this microbe. During this period, the cells of the immune system “get acquainted” with the pathogenic microbe, after which B lymphocytes are activated, which begin to produce antibodies that have the ability to kill the pathogenic microorganism. Each microbe requires its own special antibodies.

Recovery and relief of the symptoms of infection begins only from the moment when antibodies are developed and the destruction of the pathogenic microorganism begins. After the microbe is destroyed, some of the antibodies are destroyed, and some become short-lived memory cells. B lymphocytes that produced antibodies go into the tissue and become those very memory cells. Subsequently, when the same pathogenic microbe enters the body, the memory cells available against it are immediately mobilized, producing antibodies that quickly and effectively destroy the infectious agent. Since the pathogen is quickly destroyed, an infectious disease does not develop.

It makes no sense to vaccinate against infections that the human body can cope with. But if the infection is dangerous, the mortality rate of sick people is very high, it is necessary to vaccinate. Vaccinations are simply a carrier of the antigen of a microbe - a pathogen, for which memory cells are produced. When you have a dangerous infection, there are two possible outcomes– recovery with the formation of immunity, or death. Vaccination ensures the formation of this immunity without mortal risk and the need to endure severe course infections with extremely painful symptoms.

It is quite natural that in response to vaccination, the process of formation of memory cells during activation of the immune system is accompanied by a number of reactions. The most common reactions are at the injection site, and some are general (for example, fever for several days, weakness, malaise, etc.).

List of preventive vaccinations

So, today in Russia the list of preventive vaccinations includes the following vaccines, which are given to children and adults:

• against hepatitis B;
• against tuberculosis - only for children;
• ... tetanus;
• ... Haemophilus influenzae;
• ...poliomyelitis;
• ... rubella;
• ...mumps (mumps);
• ... meningococcal infection;
• ... tularemia;
• ... tetanus;
• ... plague;
• ... brucellosis;
• ... anthrax;
• ...rabies;
• ... tick-borne encephalitis;
• ... Q fever;
• ... yellow fever;
• ... cholera;
• ... typhus;
• ... hepatitis A;
• ... shigellosis.

This list includes mandatory vaccinations that are given to all people, and those performed for epidemiological reasons. Epidemiological indications can be different - for example, living or temporarily staying in a hotbed of an outbreak of a dangerous infection, traveling to regions with an unfavorable situation, or working with dangerous microbes - pathogens or with livestock that are carriers of a number of pathologies.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations (2013, 2012, 2011)

The calendar of preventive vaccinations is compiled and approved based on the significance of the infections against which vaccination is carried out, as well as the availability of drugs. The calendar may be revised if any circumstances change - for example, the emergence of new vaccines that have different rules for use, or the risk of an outbreak of infection, which requires urgent and urgent immunization.

In Russia, a vaccination calendar has been approved for children and adults, valid throughout the country. This calendar has not changed last years, so for 2011, 2012 and 2013 it is the same. The vaccinations included in this calendar are performed for all people. Vaccines from the national calendar are shown in the table:

Vaccine	Age at which vaccination is given
Against hepatitis B	The first day after birth, at 1 month, at 2 months, at six months, at a year, then every 5 to 7 years
Against tuberculosis (BCG)	Children 3–7 days after birth, at 7 years old, at 14 years old
Against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus (DTP)	At 3 months, at 4 - 5 months, at six months, at one and a half years, at 6 - 7 years, at 14 years, at 18 years
Against Haemophilus influenzae	At 3 months, at 4 – 5 months, at six months, at one and a half years
Against polio	At 3 months, at 4 - 5 months, at six months, at one and a half years, at 20 months, at 14 years
Against measles, rubella and mumps	At 1 year, at 6 years
Against rubella	From the age of 11 every five years until the age of 18 for boys and until the age of 25 for girls
Against measles	At 15 – 17 years old, then every five years until age 35
Against the flu	Children from the age of 6 months are vaccinated every year

These vaccinations are given to all children within the specified period. If vaccination has not been carried out, the dates are postponed taking into account the child’s condition, but the scheme of procedures remains the same.

Regional calendar of preventive vaccinations

The regional calendar of preventive vaccinations is developed and approved by local authorities of the Ministry of Health, taking into account specific circumstances and the epidemiological situation. The regional calendar of preventive vaccinations must include all vaccines from the national one, and add the necessary ones.

An individual program of preventive vaccinations for the child is developed and reflected in the following medical documentation:
1. Card of preventive vaccinations - form 063/у.
2. Child development history - form 112/у.
3. Child’s medical record – form 026/у.
4. Insert for an outpatient medical record - form 025/u (for adolescents).

These documents are issued for each child living in the area, attending kindergarten, school, college or college.

The preventive vaccination program is separately drawn up for adults. This work carried out by specialists - doctors from clinics. Preventive vaccinations for adults cover everyone who is eligible for vaccination, regardless of whether the person works. Adults are included in the immunization plan based on data on vaccinations performed and their expiration date.

Carrying out preventive vaccinations

Preventive vaccinations can be carried out in a state medical and preventive institution (clinic), or in specialized centers immunization of the population, or in private clinics licensed to carry out this type of medical manipulation. Preventive vaccinations are administered directly in the vaccination room, which must meet certain requirements and standards.

In institutions where the BCG vaccine is administered, it is necessary to have two vaccination rooms. One of them is designed exclusively for working with the BCG vaccine, and the other carries out all other vaccinations.

The vaccination room must have:

• sterile instruments and materials;
• disposable syringes and needles for intradermal and intramuscular injections;
• forceps (tweezers);
• containers in which used tools and waste are collected.

Also, the office must have a sufficient number of tables, each of which is intended for administering only one type of vaccine. The table must be marked, syringes, needles and sterile materials are prepared on it.

Any sterile material must be taken with sterile forceps, which are stored in containers with chloramine or chlorhexidine. The solution is changed daily, and the forceps and containers themselves are sterilized every day.

All used syringes, needles, ampoules, drug residues, cotton wool or tampons are disposed of in a container with a disinfectant solution.

Organization and procedure for vaccination

The organization of preventive vaccinations and the procedure for their implementation have been developed and prescribed in Guidelines MU 3.3.1889-04, which were approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on March 4, 2004. These rules are still in effect today.

What kind of preventive vaccinations are given is prescribed in the national and regional calendars. To carry out vaccination, all institutions use only registered drugs of domestic or imported production, approved for use.

All preventive vaccinations are organized and carried out in accordance with the following requirements and instructions:

• Any vaccination is carried out only in a specialized institution accredited to perform immunizations (vaccination rooms in clinics, kindergartens, schools, colleges, colleges, health centers, first aid stations).
• If necessary, special teams are formed and procedures are carried out at home.
• Preventive vaccines are given exclusively as prescribed by a doctor or paramedic.
• Immediately before the planned vaccination, data on the condition of the child or adult are carefully clarified, on the basis of which permission for manipulation is given.
• Before planned immunization, a child or adult is examined by a doctor to determine the presence of contraindications, allergies or strong reactions to previously administered drugs.
• Before the injection, the temperature is measured.
• Before the planned vaccination, the necessary tests are taken.
• The vaccine is injected only with disposable syringes and needles.
• Vaccinations can only be given by a medical specialist who is proficient in injection techniques, as well as emergency care skills.
• In the vaccination room in mandatory there is a kit for providing emergency care.
• All vaccines must be stored according to rules and regulations.
• The vaccination office must have all the documentation.
• Under no circumstances should vaccination be carried out in a treatment room or dressing room.
• The vaccination room is cleaned twice a day using disinfectant solutions.

Technique of preventive vaccinations

Preventive vaccinations must be carried out following a certain technique. General rules and the methodology for administering preventive vaccines are determined regulatory documents. So, the sequence of actions of a medical worker when administering a vaccine should correspond to the following plan:

1. The ampoule with the vaccine preparation is taken out of the refrigerator and inspected appearance. It is necessary to record the integrity of the ampoule, the markings on the bottle, as well as the quality of the liquid inside. Vaccine preparations should not contain flakes, pieces, turbidity, etc.
2. The ampoules are opened using sterile gloves in the cold.
3. The vaccine is administered exclusively with a disposable syringe and needle.
4. If several vaccines are administered at a time, it is necessary to inject each drug into different places and draw the vaccine into a separate syringe.
5. The injection site is wiped with alcohol or other antiseptics.
6. The injection site of the BCG vaccine or Mantoux test is treated with ether.
7. The vaccine is administered to the patient in a sitting or lying position.
8. After administration of the drug, the patient remains under observation for half an hour.

Journal of Preventive Vaccination

The medical worker must enter all vaccinations performed in a special logbook. In case of loss individual card or moving to another location, all data can be restored by contacting medical institution, where the vaccination was carried out, where they will make an extract from such journals stored in the archives. Plans are also drawn up based on journal entries. preventive immunization, in which the names of people to be vaccinated are entered.

The preventive vaccination log is a standard form of medical documentation 064/u, which reflects the following data:

• last name, first name and patronymic of the person being vaccinated;
• patient's address;
• year of birth;
• place of study or work;
• name of the vaccine product;
• primary vaccination or revaccination;
• method of vaccine administration (subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, etc.).

In addition, information about vaccination is recorded for each patient, which takes into account the following data:
1. Date of administration, drug series and dose.
2. All reactions that were observed after vaccination.
3. Any atypical manifestations or doubtful points.

The preventive vaccination logbook is stitched and the pages are numbered. The magazine form is usually ordered from a printing house, which prints them according to a template approved by the Ministry of Health.

Vaccination card, form 063

The preventive vaccination card, form 063/u, is a medical document that contains information about all vaccinations and biological tests performed. Often this document is simply called a “vaccination sheet”. The document must record the date of vaccination, numbers and series of the drug.

The vaccination card is filled out by medical specialists in the clinic, at the first aid station, at school or kindergarten. Moreover, when carrying out immunization in a school or kindergarten, other documentation can be used, from which information about vaccinations is transferred to the vaccination card in form 063/u. Vaccination certificate form 063/u can be issued to the child’s parents if it is necessary to provide information about the child’s vaccinations to any authorities (for example, visa department, hospitals, etc.). One copy of the vaccination certificate is stored in the archives of the medical institution for 5 years.

The vaccination card is printed and filled out individually for each child.

Certificate

The certificate of preventive vaccinations has been entered into the register of state documents, and has the form 156/u - 93. Today, a vaccination certificate is a medical document that is maintained throughout a person’s life. A certificate of preventive vaccinations is required for people traveling abroad, working in hazardous conditions or Food Industry, as well as athletes, and for routine medical examination. Today in Russia there is no common federal vaccination base, so it is almost impossible to restore a lost certificate.

A certificate of preventive vaccinations is issued to a person in a maternity hospital, clinic, medical unit or health center. Each vaccination performed is included in the vaccination certificate, which displays the date, the name of the clinic, the signature of the medical worker who performed the manipulation, and the seal of the health care institution. The vaccination certificate must not contain any blots or corrections. Any corrections or blank fields will result in the certificate being invalidated. The document does not include contraindications or reasons for lack of vaccination.

A vaccination certificate is required for admission to kindergarten, school, work, the army, when visiting a doctor, and when undergoing treatment in a hospital. The certificate of preventive vaccinations must be kept by the owner until death.

Refusal of preventive vaccinations, sample form

Today, every adult, or guardian representative of a minor, has the right to refuse vaccination. The basis for this is provided by the Law of the Ministry of Health Russian Federation No. 157 F3 of September 17, 1998, Article 5. Regarding vaccinations for children, a parent can refuse them on the basis of the same law, only Article 11, which states that vaccination of a child is carried out only with the consent of his legal representatives, that is parents, guardians, etc.

Refusal from vaccinations must be submitted in writing to the head of the treatment and prevention, preschool child care institution or school. An approximate form of refusal of vaccinations, which can be used as a form and sample, is presented below:

Head physician of clinic no./ or
To the director of school no./ or
To the head of kindergarten No.
_______district, __________city (village, hamlet)
From __________name of the applicant_____________________

Statement
I, ____________full name, passport details______________, refuse to do all preventive vaccinations (or indicate which specific vaccinations you refuse to do) to my child _______full name of the child, date of birth_________, registered at clinic No. (or attending kindergarten No., or school No.). The legal basis is the legislation of the Russian Federation, namely “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens” dated July 22, 1993 No. 5487-1, articles 32, 33 and 34 and “On the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases” dated September 17, 1998 No. 57 - Federal Law, Articles 5 and 11.
Number
Signature with transcript

What does the lack of preventive vaccination entail?

Lack of preventive vaccinations entails the following consequences, according to the law of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 157 F3 dated September 17, 1998, article 5:
1. A ban for citizens to travel to countries whose stay, in accordance with international health regulations or international treaties of the Russian Federation, requires specific preventive vaccinations.
2. Temporary refusal to admit citizens to educational and health institutions in the event of widespread infectious diseases or the threat of epidemics.
3. Refusal to hire citizens for work or removal of citizens from work, the performance of which is related to high risk diseases infectious diseases. The list of work, the performance of which is associated with a high risk of infectious diseases, requires mandatory preventive vaccinations is established by the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.

As can be seen from the law, a child or an adult may not be allowed to visit a child care facility, and an employee may not be allowed to enter the workplace if there are no vaccinations and the epidemiological situation is unfavorable. In other words, when Rospotrebnadzor announces the danger of any epidemic, or the transition to quarantine, unvaccinated children and adults are not allowed into groups. During the rest of the year, children and adults can work, study and attend kindergartens without restrictions.

Order on preventive vaccinations

Today, on the territory of Russia, Order No. 51n dated January 31, 2011 “On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications". Precisely according to this order and approved current calendar national vaccinations.

Preventive vaccination in kindergarten

For children preventive vaccination can be carried out individually or in an organized manner. In an organized manner, vaccinations are given to children attending kindergartens and schools, where immunization specialists come with ready-made drugs. In this case medical workers child care institutions draw up vaccination plans that include those children who require them. All information about the manipulations carried out in kindergarten is recorded on a special vaccination sheet (form 063/u) or medical card(form 026/у – 2000).

Vaccinations in kindergarten are carried out only with the consent of the parents or other legal representatives of the child. If you wish to refuse vaccinations for your child, you must register your refusal in writing with the office of the institution and notify the nurse.

Before use, you should consult a specialist.

Vaccination calendar is a list mandatory vaccinations, which specifies which vaccine should be given and at what age. Currently in Russia there is a Russian calendar of preventive vaccinations, approved by order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 229 of June 27, 2001.

The national vaccination calendar provides for vaccination against the following diseases:

• Hepatitis B - infectious viral disease, affecting the liver. May purchase chronic course with the formation of liver cirrhosis.
• Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease that most often affects the lungs.
• Poliomyelitis is an acute infectious disease of a viral nature, accompanied by the formation of irreversible paresis and paralysis.
• Diphtheria is an acute infectious bacterial disease that affects Airways, heart, nervous system, kidneys and other organs. Before the use of the diphtheria vaccine, the disease was fatal in most cases.
• Whooping cough is an acute infectious bacterial disease accompanied by paroxysmal cough.
• Tetanus is an acute infectious bacterial disease characterized by damage to the central nervous system. Causes the development of convulsions and suffocation (asphyxia).
• Measles is an acute viral disease manifested by symptoms of intoxication (fever, etc.), rash and damage to the mucous membrane of the nose and pharynx. Measles can be accompanied by severe complications.
• Rubella - viral infection, which is characterized by the appearance of a rash and an increase in lymph nodes. Rubella is especially dangerous in the first half of pregnancy, as it can lead to miscarriage or severe fetal malformations.
• Mumps (mumps) is an acute viral disease that affects salivary glands, nervous system. In boys, the testicles are often involved, leading to infertility.

Russian calendar of preventive vaccinations

Using inactivated vaccines for creating protective immunity One injection is not enough. Typically, a course of vaccination is required, consisting of 2-3 injections, followed by revaccination, that is, additional “feeding” of the immune system.

• The very first vaccination is carried out when the newborn turns 12 hours. The child is vaccinated against hepatitis B.
• C 3 By 7 day The child is vaccinated against tuberculosis with a vaccine called BCG.
• As soon as the child turns one month(30 days), a second vaccination against hepatitis B is carried out.
• At three months the child must be vaccinated against four diseases at once: whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio. However, in fact, he will only receive two vaccinations (or even one - "tetracoc"): the first - against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough (for example, DPT vaccine) and the second - against polio.
• At four o'clock half a month do the same as at three.
• At six months the same as at four and a half. In addition, they are vaccinated against hepatitis B for the third time.
• When a child turns one year, it's time to get vaccinated against measles, rubella and mumps (one vaccine).
• IN one and half year revaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus is given, and the polio vaccine is also administered.
• IN 20 months- another revaccination against polio.
• The following vaccinations only need to be done V 6 years. The child is given another dose of vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps.
• AT 7 years: first revaccination against tuberculosis (BCG), second revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus (DT).
• IN 13 years Vaccinations are done selectively. If your child has not been vaccinated against hepatitis B on time, the time to do so is now. Only girls are given the rubella vaccine at age 13.
• At 14 years- another revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus, polio, tuberculosis.
• Adults should be revaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus every ten years from the date of the last vaccination.

What are they vaccinated with?

Immunization within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations is carried out with vaccines of domestic and foreign production, registered and authorized for use in the prescribed manner in accordance with the instructions for their use.

Well, just think, an injection, they gave an injection, and off they went - poems about vaccination are familiar to almost every parent from childhood. If at a young age they cause a slight trembling, then in an adult they make you think - is it worth doing the same injection for your beloved child, what consequences will it lead to, will it harm the baby?

In Russia, as in other countries, there is a special document adopted by the Ministry of Health (dated March 21, 2014).

National vaccination schedule for children(NCP) establishes which vaccinations should be given to children of what age in order to maximize short time create immunity from the most dangerous infections. The NCP in our country is periodically adjusted; in 2015, it was supplemented with vaccination against pneumococcus.

The question of why preventive vaccinations are needed contains the answer - for prevention.

There are thousands of infections in the world that can cause epidemics and claim many lives.

Experts learned to neutralize three dozen of them. It is to neutralize, not to defeat.

The virus remains to exist in nature, but when it encounters an immune barrier formed as a result of vaccination, it retreats. The body becomes immune to it.

Vaccination was discovered for the world community at the end of the 18th century by an Englishman, doctor Jenner, who found out that healthy body capable of overcoming even dangerous disease , if you introduce a small dose of weakened pathogenic bacteria or a product of their vital activity.

Since then, the principle of vaccine production has remained the same, but the process has been improved. Vaccines contain calibrated doses of pathogens that will not cause harm to health and will help the body form antibodies designed to protect itself from infection.

With a single injection of the vaccine, the body's cells temporarily remember the danger.

Phased vaccination contributes to the emergence of a sustainable mechanism of protection. So, what vaccinations do children get?

What diseases are vaccinated against in Russia?

Initially, children were vaccinated against such dangerous diseases How:

• tuberculosis;
• mumps;
• tetanus;
• whooping cough;
• measles;
• polio;
• diphtheria.

In 1997 the list was supplemented two more vaccinations against rubella and hepatitis B(infectious liver disease).

By 2016, three more positions appeared in it: CHIB - infection (according to indications), pneumococcus, influenza.

Compared to other countries, the Russian national vaccination calendar remains less intense: in Germany and the United States, vaccines against chickenpox and meningococcal infection are administered; in America, the list also includes vaccination against rotavirus infection.

Vaccination table

Basic children's vaccination schedule designed for the first two years of life, immunization begins immediately after the baby is born. The child is discharged from the maternity hospital with a record of two vaccinations. It is advisable to follow the vaccination schedule for children, then there will be fewer health problems.

Important! If you feel the slightest discomfort, you should postpone vaccination before going to treatment room A pediatrician's examination is required.

Vaccination names	Age	Where do they put it?	Name of vaccines
For hepatitis B	1 vaccination– 12 hours after birth 2 vaccination- 1 month 3 vaccination-6 months	in the right thigh	Combiotech (Russia) EngerixV Shenvak-B (India) Euvax B (Korea) – all vaccines are interchangeable
For tuberculosis	3-7 days after birth	left forearm	BCG-M
Against whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria (maybe with a component of hemophilus influenzae infection) - four doses	1 vaccination – 3 months 2 vaccination– 4-5 months (30-45 days after the first vaccination) 3 vaccination-6 months Revaccination- one and half year	Intramuscularly (preferably in the thigh)	Domestic DTP vaccination Infanrix - they are considered reactogenic Pentaxim - includes polio vaccine, gives almost no reaction
From polio	1 vaccination– 3 months 2 vaccination– 4-5 months 3 vaccination-6 months 1 revaccination-1.5 years 2 revaccination– 20 months	through the mouth	inactivated polio vaccine, imovax polio (1,2) 3 + revaccination – live vaccine against polio polio sebin verot (France)
For measles, rubella, mumps	12 months	hip	Domestic vaccine Priorix

Vaccination against pneumococcal infection is given at two and 4.5 months, revaccination at 15 months.

Vaccinations for children school age do it less often:

• at 6 years old revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps;
• at 7, 14 years old revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, revaccination against tuberculosis, polio.

Flu vaccinations are offered annually on a voluntary basis.

It is important to know! In order to achieve stable immunity against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria, it is necessary to administer 4 doses of the vaccine, with a break of one and a half months the first three times. It is better to use the same vaccine.

Rules for preparing for vaccination

Some mothers divide vaccinations into more and less easy ones, this judgment is partly true. Some vaccines, such as DTP, actually give more severe stress on the body, causing a general reaction after vaccination in the form of moodiness, fever, diarrhea, local, when the injection site becomes inflamed. But this does not mean that other injections should be taken lightly.

Two days before the expected vaccination day, citrus fruits and chocolate should be excluded from the baby’s diet and served allergy medications(the medicine and dosage are prescribed by the doctor, most often it is fenistil, after a year it is suprastin).

Before vaccination, an examination by a pediatrician is required.

A medical exemption may be given if the baby has a fever, runny nose, or other painful conditions.

Find out what vaccinations are given to children, what vaccines are used, imported or domestic. According to observations, foreign ones are better tolerated, but they are paid.

Rules of conduct after vaccination

Walking and swimming on the day of vaccination and the next day are usually canceled, since the reaction to vaccinations is different for all children - a lump may form at the vaccination site, the temperature may rise, and the child may even get sick.

Within 8 hours after vaccination, the child may have a fever, especially after DTP. In this case you need to have at home antipyretic medicine: Tsefekon suppositories, paracetamol for children (suspension), Nurofen. A foreign vaccine, for example Pentaxim, usually does not cause any special complications or fever. The day after vaccination, be prepared for a visit from a nurse, she will check the injection site.

To avoid complications after vaccination, experts recommend:

1. Choose the right time so that the child is absolutely healthy, it’s worth waiting when elevated temperature body, malaise, bad tests, if less than a week has passed since the illness.
2. Tell your pediatrician if your child has allergic reactions or complications after the first vaccination.
3. Give antihistamines two days before the procedure.

Vaccinations for children: pros and cons

The question of the benefits and harms of vaccinations is always relevant. Arguments of opposing mothers childhood vaccinations usually boil down to the fact that vaccinations weaken the health of the baby. However, children without vaccinations are potential danger spread of infection.

Those who approve of NCP appeal to the fact that we do not live in an isolated world, a child is susceptible to infections, and it is easier to prevent them than to treat them.

Statistics speak in favor of the latter; vaccination does not guarantee 100 percent protection, but it significantly weakens the virus, even if it manages to pass the body’s immune defense.

In any case, parents themselves decide whether to vaccinate their child. The pediatrician must receive written permission from the child's legal representative before sending the baby to the treatment room. When deciding whether to vaccinate or not, it is important to use common sense and not your own fears.

Watch the video to find out why Don't be afraid of vaccinations:

Appendix N 1. National calendar of preventive vaccinations Appendix N 2. Calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications

Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 N 125n
"On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications"

With changes and additions from:

calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications in accordance with Appendix No. 2.

IN AND. Skvortsova

Registration N 32115

The national calendar of preventive vaccinations has been approved. The order in which they are carried out is prescribed.

Mandatory vaccination against tuberculosis, pneumococcal and hemophilic infections, diphtheria, whooping cough, polio, viral hepatitis B, tetanus. The calendar also includes vaccinations against measles, rubella, and mumps. The categories and ages of citizens who receive the listed vaccines are indicated.

Vaccinations can be performed by medical organizations that have the appropriate license.

Before vaccination, the person or his legal representative is explained the need for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, possible post-vaccination reactions and complications, as well as the consequences of refusing vaccination. An informed voluntary consent for medical intervention.

All persons who should receive preventive vaccinations are first examined by a doctor (paramedic).

The requirements for health workers conducting vaccinations are given. Thus, they must undergo training on the use of immunobiological medicines and provision of emergency or emergency medical care.

A calendar of preventive vaccinations has been established for epidemic indications. It's about on vaccination against tularemia, plague, brucellosis, anthrax, rabies, leptospirosis, tick-borne viral encephalitis, Q fever, yellow fever, cholera, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis A, etc.

Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 N 125n “On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications”

Registration N 32115

The domestic healthcare system pays a lot of attention to the prevention of diseases, among which infectious diseases occupy a special place. For warning epidemic process Among the population, epidemiologists developed a national calendar of preventive vaccinations. Official document regulates age periods and types of vaccination, which is absolutely free. According to the social insurance program for the medical industry in the Russian Federation, starting from birth, every resident of our country must be vaccinated against 12 mandatory infectious pathologies.

The national calendar of preventive vaccinations includes two main parts. The initial application states necessary vaccinations from the most common and potentially life-threatening pathologies, after what time to do them and dosages of drugs. The second part indicates vaccination episodes that are prescribed when necessary for epidemiological reasons or when there is a risk of an epidemic developing in the region where people live.

Number of preventable diseases included in the list of mandatory vaccinations in different countries of the world

Most countries support the basic concepts of the policy of the World Health Organization and are its participants, and have their own national calendars of preventive vaccinations. This is urgent preventative measure, allowing to prevent the popularization the most dangerous illnesses around the globe and significantly reduce the mortality rate among the population. In the Russian Federation, the national immunization calendar is not particularly different from its own foreign analogues, although it does not contain some vaccinations as in other countries. In Russia, it is not mandatory to vaccinate against viral hepatitis A, human papillomavirus, rotavirus or meningococcal invasion.

The United States of America boasts the most extensive calendar of preventive vaccinations, where the document list includes 16 diseases. In other states this list is somewhat smaller. Germany prefers to vaccinate against 14 diseases, while Russia and the UK prefer to vaccinate against only 6 of them. In total, 30 pathologies are included in national calendars and vaccination calendars for epidemic indications in the world. These pathogens are special danger for the normal existence of humanity.

Interesting fact. The US vaccination schedule does not include vaccination against tuberculosis. American infectious disease specialists do not regard the vaccine liquid against tuberculosis as reliable means its prevention. Our doctors are of the exact opposite opinion and are convinced that it is anti-tuberculosis vaccination that makes it possible to reduce high level incidence of tuberculosis among our fellow citizens. Today, vaccination against tuberculosis is among the mandatory anti-infective measures in more than 100 countries.

Features of vaccination calendars in foreign countries

Each individual country uses its own personal schedule of preventive vaccinations. This vaccination list is approved at the legislative level and can be supplemented depending on epidemiological features region. On general form and the content of the national calendar is influenced by several factors:

• indicators of general morbidity in the country;
• the presence of patients from so-called risk groups;
• territorial predisposition of the region to the spread of pathogenic agents (climate, population density, presence of vectors, etc.);
• socio-economic level of wealth.

Table 1. Comparative content of vaccinations in several countries

A country	Russia	England	Germany	USA
List of diseases subject to vaccination	- tuberculosis - diphtheria bacillus - whooping cough - tetanus - hemophilic disease (only people at risk are vaccinated) - rubella - mumps - viral hepatitis B - polio — pneumococcal infection(since 2014)	- diphtheria lesion - whooping cough - tetanus infection - rubella - hemophilic disease — papillomavirus — meningococcus - polio — parotitis - Pneumococcus	- against diphtheria - tetanus - whooping cough - Haemophilus influenzae - Hepatitis B - papilloma virus - meningitis virus - pneumococcal infection - rubella - mumps - chickenpox - polio	- tetanus - diphtheria disease - mumps - whooping cough - rubella - hemophilus influenzae infection - viral hepatitis A - viral hepatitis B — chicken pox - polio - Pneumococcus — papillomavirus — rotavirus — meningococcus

Despite the fact that in Russia vaccination is carried out against only 12 pathogens, each child under the age of two receives 14 injections of vaccine preparations. At the same time, children from America and Germany up to 24 months are vaccinated 13 and 11 times, respectively. With such a busy plan, there is always a risk of immunization complications.

The Russian schedule differs from its foreign competitors in less saturation. It does not include vaccination against HPV, rotavirus and chickenpox. Vaccinations against acute hemophilus influenzae infection are given only to people at risk, and vaccination against hepatitis A is administered exclusively for epidemic indications. In addition, our doctors do not see the point in a second revaccination against pertussis agents and rarely give preference to combined vaccines. Most injections are given 3-12 months after birth.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations

The vaccination schedule in our country has been approved by the Ministry of Health and provides a list of vaccinations against the most dangerous diseases from an epidemiological point of view.

Table 2. Calendar of preventive vaccinations: content by month

Person's age (in months and years)	Name
Newborn babies in the first day of life	1st vaccination against viral hepatitis B
Infants under 7 days of age	Immunization against tuberculosis infection
Children at 1 month	2nd vaccination against viral hepatitis B
Children at 2 months	First injection against pneumococcus 3rd vaccination against hepatitis B (given only to infants at risk)
Children at 3 months	First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus First polio vaccine The first anti-haemophilus influenza vaccine for children at risk
Children at 4.5 months	Second vaccination protecting against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus The second injection (after about 6 weeks), intended against hemophilus influenzae infection (given to babies at risk) Second polio vaccine Second immunization against pneumococcal infection
Children at 6 months	Third vaccination against the source of diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus The third vaccine to protect against viral hepatitis B Third immunization against polio The third injection against hemophilus influenzae infection
Children at 12 months	Vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps Fourth injection of anti-hepatitis B solution (given to infants at risk)
Children at 15 months	Revaccination against pneumococcal infection
One and a half year old children	First revaccination against polio Revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough virus and tetanus infection Revaccination against hemophilus influenzae in children at risk
Children at 20 months	Second revaccination against polio
Children aged 6-7 years	Revaccination against mumps, measles and rubella pathogens Revaccination against the causative agent of tuberculosis Another revaccination against viral agents of diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus
Children aged 14	The third revaccination, which allows you to create immunity against diphtheria, and with it tetanus Next booster vaccination against polio
from 18 years old	Revaccination to maintain the immune response against diphtheria (performed every 10 years)

There are a number of vaccinations indicated for several age categories at once:

• For previously unvaccinated children from one year of age and adults up to 55 years of age, the first anti-hepatitis vaccination is carried out at any time;
• children over 12 months of age and adult women from 18 to 25 years of age who have not had this disease and have not previously been vaccinated against it receive a one-time vaccination against rubella;
• against measles, children after twelve months and adults up to 35 years of age, if they have not been vaccinated before or have been immunized once and have not been infected with infectious diseases, are vaccinated once;
• children after six months, students secondary schools and higher educational institutions, adults at risk, pensioners over 60 years of age with concomitant pathological conditions from ARVI, vaccination is carried out annually to avoid the spread of the epidemic.

The implementation of the preventive vaccination calendar must take place in the approved manner and in compliance with the rules prescribed by law:

• Vaccinations against infectious diseases in childhood and older age are given only in medical organizations if they have the appropriate license from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation;
• vaccination is carried out by a specially trained employee who has completed a special training course and knows how to use immunobiological drugs, and also, if necessary, provide first medical and emergency aid;
• immunization against pathologies from the list, as well as revaccination against such painful conditions, is carried out with vaccines certified in the country, according to official instructions;
• Before vaccination, all patients or their legal representatives are given an explanation about possible consequences procedure, risks of refusing it;
• vaccination is carried out after a medical examination;
• vaccination against pneumococcal-associated infection in children without vaccination within six months should be carried out unscheduled, twice with a break between injections, lasting 2 months;
• Children of the first year of life are vaccinated against hepatitis and influenza with vaccine solutions that do not contain preservatives.

In addition to the generally accepted rules of vaccination against the most dangerous pathologies, there is a list of recommendations regarding vaccination of HIV-infected patients. This group of people needs special measures prevention, since it is more susceptible to pathogenic microorganisms than others. When immunizing HIV-infected adults and children, it is important to use the following settings:

• vaccination against diseases in HIV-infected children is carried out according to the immunization schedule and in accordance with the recommendations attached in the annotations to the immunobiological forms of preventing infections in a child (the type of vaccine, the child’s HIV status, age, and the presence of concomitant pathologies are taken into account);
• revaccination against tubercle bacilli in children born to HIV-positive mothers who have received three-time prevention of transmission of the virus from woman to child is carried out in the maternity hospital with gentle vaccines for primary vaccination;
• children with the HIV virus are not revaccinated against Koch bacillus infection;
• live vaccines for HIV infection in young patients, vaccination is carried out in the absence of immunodeficiency or a weak degree of its development;
• toxoids and killed vaccines are administered to a child with HIV infection only in the absence of severe immunodeficiency.

In addition to the national immunization schedule, there is a calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications. This schedule is approved at the legal level and allows you to prevent infection in a child or adult patient who is part of certain groups at risk of infection.

The schedule of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications includes a list of pathologies and people most at risk of infection:

• vaccination against tularemia is indicated for people living or working in areas affected by morbidity;
• vaccination against plague is given to persons living in areas that are dangerous in terms of infection or working with live plague pathogens;
• the vaccine against brucellosis is administered to patients from foci of the disease, workers at enterprises for the procurement, processing and storage of raw materials obtained from farms where brucellosis was previously registered, veterinarians, livestock specialists, and developers of the anti-brucellosis vaccine;
• persons are vaccinated against anthrax work activity which are associated with the pre-slaughter keeping of livestock, slaughter, processing of hides, geologists and builders sent to areas where episodes of the virus were recorded;
• foresters are vaccinated against rabies, veterinarians, hunters, people involved in catching wild or stray animals, workers in laboratories where the virus persists;
• vaccination against leptospirosis is indicated for livestock workers in regions unfavorable for leptospirosis, slaughterers of infected livestock, and people working with weakened but live cultural strains of the pathogen;
• vaccination against tick-borne viral encephalitis is indicated for people registered in endemic zones with an unfavorable situation in terms of infection, workers in the construction industry and geologists, freight forwarders in typical places tick habitats, exterminators, foresters;
• Vaccination against Q fever is carried out for workers in the field of procurement, cutting and processing of livestock products obtained from farms with registered cases of the disease, and in contact with live cultures of the pathogen;
• against yellow fever, a preventive vaccination for epidemic indications is given to subjects planning to visit enzootic regions and having contact with the causative virus;
• Citizens visiting countries with an unfavorable situation in terms of infection with Vibrio cholerae, and residents of regions of our country where incidents of the disease are registered, are vaccinated against cholera;
• Residents of disadvantaged areas, workers in the food industry and service sector, maintenance personnel of sewer and water supply systems, and contact persons in regions with outbreaks of the virus are immunized against viral hepatitis A;
• anti-meningococcal vaccination is recommended for children under 18 years of age and adult members of the public living in endemic areas or who have come into contact with patients, and conscripts;
• All unvaccinated persons are immunized against measles age groups who have been in contact with infected people and have not previously been sick;
• against viral hepatitis B, it is necessary to vaccinate people in areas of infection who do not have data on previous vaccinations or facts of the disease;
• an anti-diphtheria injection is given to people who do not have information about the injections performed that form protection against diphtheria;
• mumps are prevented in unvaccinated persons, regardless of their age, motivating actions with information about their lack of confirmation of vaccination;
• Children who are not immunized in the first year of life are vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae infection;
• Infection at an early age caused by rotaviruses is prevented if there is a risk of infection.

According to epidemiological indications, the polio vaccine is offered to contact people in areas of rapid spread of the virus, which allows patients to avoid possible infection. Among these categories are:

• children after three months, since their pathology leads to irreparable consequences (the vaccine is used once);
• Medical workers are vaccinated against polio once;
• people without permanent residence;
• children who arrived from disadvantaged areas;
• people in contact with people potentially dangerous in terms of infection.

The painful process in children often occurs behind a mask colds and is often determined at the stage of expressed clinical manifestations or complications. Therefore, it is better to vaccinate children according to the national vaccination schedule recommended by the country's leading immunologists.