The reign of Yaroslav the wise. Yaroslav the Wise: foreign and domestic policy

K.1 Yaroslav was the great prince of Kyiv in 1019 - 1054.

K.2 Main areas of activity. He ascended the throne as a result of an internecine war with his brother Svyatopolk the Accursed.

Domestic policy Yaroslav was aimed at preserving the unity of Rus'. To do this, he used both forceful and reformist actions. So, in 1020 he defeated the army of his nephew Bryachislav of Polotsk, who ravaged Novgorod. Having been defeated in an internecine war with his brother Mstislav of Tmutarakan, Yaroslav chose to share government with him and thereby protect Rus' from new strife. The lands along the left bank of the Dnieper went to Mstislav, and the right bank remained with Yaroslav.

Like his father, Yaroslav sent his sons to the most important regions of Rus' as governors.

In an effort to ensure a unified order, Yaroslav introduced Kievan Rus the first written code of laws - "Russian Truth".

Under him, the St. Sophia Cathedrals were built in Kyiv and Novgorod, the Golden Gate in Kyiv, and the first Russian-born Metropolitan of Kievan Rus, Hilarion, was elected.

Until the end of his life, Yaroslav built cities, churches and monasteries, and opened schools and libraries with them.

Foreign policy Yaroslava was active. In North-west he sought to establish friendly relations with Sweden and Norway. He achieved this through dynastic marriages: Yaroslav himself was married to the daughter of the Swedish king, and Yaroslav’s youngest daughter Elizabeth was married to the king of Norway. In 1030, Yaroslav made a campaign in the lands of Chud, in 1038 - against the Yatvingians, and in 1040 - in Lithuania.

In the West Yaroslav sought to establish profitable relations with France, for which he married his daughter Anna to the French king Henry 1. He also successfully fought in 1031-1036. with Poland for the Cherven lands.

In the east Yaroslav continued to strengthen the borders with the steppe, built fortresses, and in 1036 near Kiev he finally defeated the Pechenegs.

On South after a long peace, he had to fight with Byzantium in 1043-1046. due to the murder of Russian merchants in Constantinople. After the conclusion of peace, as a sign of the renewal of friendly relations between Russia and Byzantium, a dynastic marriage was arranged: Yaroslav's son Vsevolod married the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomakh.

K.3 Results of the activities of Yaroslav the Wise:

1) the unity of Kievan Rus was preserved and legally formalized;

2) new territories were annexed;

3) the danger of Pecheneg raids on Rus' was eliminated;

5) the adoption of “Russian Pravda” ensured in the country public order;

6) Orthodoxy spread and established itself in Rus';

7) There were even more cities in Rus', which contributed to the spread of culture throughout the country.

From 1019 to 1054, the Kiev throne was occupied by one of the sons of Vladimir the Great - Prince Yaroslav, popularly nicknamed the Wise. His policy was aimed, in general, at the cultural development of the state and the education of the people. He accomplished many deeds and transformations. In particular, thanks to his efforts, Rus' flourished, both culturally and spiritually. He contributed to a deeper introduction of the Christian faith.

The prince earned the nickname Wise due to both his love and desire for enlightenment, and the fact that he really made wise decisions. And they concerned both internal political issues and relations with other states.

His actions had the most positive impact on international relations, and on the life of ancient Russian society too. During his reign, the land of Kiev became the strongest among other principalities.

Domestic policy

Introducing Christianity into the masses, Yaroslav took care of providing the people with spiritual literature and their education. Schools were opened at churches. Foreign chronicles were translated and served as the basis for textbooks. Both spiritual and historical literature were translated. After all, the prince himself was an educated and literate man.

Yaroslav opened a school for boys in Novgorod specifically for teaching church affairs.

Urban planning also developed. A lot of cathedrals, temples, monasteries, and other significant architectural buildings were erected during the reign of the prince. In addition, Rus' developed its own individual cultural style. In terms of beauty, the Kyiv buildings were not inferior to the Byzantine ones and even surpassed them.

Yaroslav also founded new cities. These include Yaroslavl and Yuryev. Painting and architectural art actively developed.

Yaroslav was the creator of “Russian Truth” - the first written code of laws Ancient Rus'. This code was a collection of norms regulating the relations of the people in different areas: economic, social and others.

Foreign policy

As for international relations, here too Yaroslav tried to act wisely. So, in order to strengthen the security of his lands, he acted mainly peaceful ways. He strengthened relations with neighboring states and principalities in every possible way and concluded peace treaties. But, of course, it could not have happened without aggressive campaigns, as a result of which the prince’s possessions expanded. Also, they dealt a decisive blow to the nomadic tribes of the Pechenegs, who were ravaging the Russian principalities.

Another feature of his reign was the conclusion of dynastic marriages. He himself was married to the daughter of the ruler of Sweden. And his children, following the example of their father, also entered into similar alliances. He himself married off his daughters to foreign princes. The sons took as wives the princesses of Byzantium and Poland. And even the prince’s sister entered into such a marriage with Polish king. Of course, this contributed to strengthening relations with other states.

During his reign, Rus' also rose in the general international arena. It became an economic and cultural center. In addition, its importance has increased in the Christian world. It was under Yaroslav that the first metropolitan of Kiev, Hilarion, appeared. The activities of this person also brought a lot of fruit. Thus, he fought for the independence of the Kyiv diocese from Constantinople.

In general, Prince Yaroslav the Wise made a huge contribution to general development Rus' in many areas, increased its importance and influence among neighboring states. And, undoubtedly, under him Kievan Rus flourished. His contribution to the education of the people and to the development of Christianity and culture is enormous.

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Reign: 1019-1054

From the biography.

Historical portrait of Yaroslav it is quite simple to compile, since there is a lot of information about him in the chronicles, because he was a bright personality, under whom Rus' achieved its heyday

He came to power as a result of a struggle for the throne with his brother Mstislav of Tmutarakan, with whom he was forced to share power until 1036 (the year of his brother’s death).

A bright personality: strong-willed, strong, decisive, prudent, devoted to the Orthodox faith, brave, sympathetic to the poor. He led a modest lifestyle. Yaroslav the Wise is often called the ideal prince. Even his appearance is depicted on the modern thousand-ruble bill.

The chronicles do not preserve a description of his appearance, but it is noted that he was lame, either from childhood, or as a result of injury received during campaigns.

Laid the foundation for Russian legislation. To the code of laws "Russian Truth" by Yaroslav the Wise included punishments for theft, murder, even various insults, as well as rules for conducting court proceedings. It is very important that he canceled death penalty! According to this law, it can be determined that the process of division into classes has begun in the country, and signs of social inequality have appeared. This is clearly seen in the system of fines, according to which for the same crime, but in relation to different social status persons, the punishment was different: for the murder of a fireman, the vira was 80 hryvnia, and for a serf - 5.

For the first time, a Russian man, Hilarion, became a metropolitan under him, that is, Y. the Wise began a policy of independence from the Byzantine church. Hilarion was a wonderful speaker, the author of the “Sermon on Law and Grace,” in which he wrote about the equality of peoples and glorified his native Russian land.

The historical portrait of Yaroslav the Wise simply needs to be added to such activities of the prince as the construction of cities, as well as the strengthening of Kyiv stone wall, construction of the main gate - Golden.

Kyiv is becoming one of beautiful cities Rus'. The St. Sophia Cathedral still amazes with its beauty: it is decorated with marble, mosaics, and decorated with frescoes.

The prince paid a lot of attention to the development of education: the first schools were built, which provided primary education.

Many books were translated during his reign from Greek language into Russian, a library was created. Yaroslav collected books, invited translators, read a lot himself, and had a huge library. Counted books "rivers, capable of imparting wisdom". Under him, the first library was created in St. Sophia Cathedral.

paid great attention education, including their children. Posted by "Will"Children. In it, he called on his sons to love each other, not to be at enmity, since strife is death for everyone, and called for peace and harmony.

Under him, the international authority of Rus' increased significantly, including thanks to dynastic marriages. His wife is a Swedish princess, and his daughters were married to the kings of Hungary, France, and Norway.

He led an active foreign policy. This is the defense of Rus' from the raids of the Pechenegs, who suffered a crushing blow, campaigns in the Baltic states, Poland, Lithuania, Byzantium

Lived long life– 76 years, serving Rus'. Under Yaroslav the Wise, Rus' belonged to the territory from Baltic Sea to Black. It was a huge and strong country.

He was buried in St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv.

Historical portrait of Yaroslav the Wise: areas of activity

1. Domestic policy of Yaroslav the Wise

• Strengthening princely power
• The final establishment of Christianity: churches and monasteries were built - including the Kiev Pechersk, St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv and Novgorod; The church left the subordination of Constantinople, the first Russian metropolitan, Hilarion, was appointed.
• Creation of a legislative system: the Russian Pravda code of laws - it limited blood feud (allowed only for close relatives), and introduced a vira - a system of fines.
• The fight against separatism, that is, separation: introduced new order transfer of power to the eldest in the clan, that is, the ladder system.
• Development of writing and education: created primary schools there was a library at the monasteries; under Yaroslav, many books from Greek were translated and copied.
• He paid great attention to raising children. He wrote the famous “Testament” to children.

2. Foreign policy of Yaroslav the Wise

• The fight against the nomadic Pechenegs, under him, their raids stopped in 1036. St. Sophia Cathedral and the Golden Gate in Kyiv were founded in honor of this victory.
• Strengthening ties with Western countries. Dynastic marriages of children. He himself is married to the daughter of the King of Sweden, Ingegerda (baptized Irina).
• Expansion of the borders of Rus'. 1030 - campaign against Novgorod, subjugation of the Estonians. Founded the city of Yuryev.

Results of the activities of Yaroslav the Wise:

• Contributed to the flourishing of Rus'.
• Strengthened the princely power.
• He finally established Christianity and began the process of separating the church from the power of the Byzantine patriarch.
• Laid the beginning of written state legislation
• Contributed to the development of education and enlightenment
• Significantly strengthened the international authority of Rus'.

Yaroslav the Wise with a book in his hands is depicted on the monument “Millennium of Rus'” in Novgorod, opened in 1862. The author is the sculptor Mikeshin M.O.

This fact is a reflection of the respect of descendants for this ruler of Kievan Rus.

This material can be used when preparing

Yaroslav's foreign policy was aimed at establishing strong relations with his western and northern neighbors. Therefore, the marriages of Yaroslav Vladimirovich’s children were of a completely different nature. He married his daughters to the rulers different countries: Elizabeth - for the Norwegian king Harald, Anastasia - for the Hungarian prince, and then King Andrew, Anna - for the King of France Henry, Yaroslav Dobroneg's sister Maria, as already mentioned, the wife of the Polish prince. Yaroslav's sons also received foreign princesses as wives: Izyaslav was married to the Polish princess Gertrude, Svyatoslav received a wife from Germany, and Vsevolod - from the family of the Monomakh princes of Constantinople.

Under Yaroslav, close ties were established with Scandinavia. The 300 hryvnia tribute from Novgorod in favor of the Varangians, which was established by Oleg, was paid until Yaroslav’s death, only now, apparently, to other “Varangians,” precisely those who helped Yaroslav capture Kiev and eliminate his rivals. And it is significant that immediately after the death of Yaroslav, his sons stopped paying this tribute, and no one tried to claim it.

The relations of Kievan Rus with Hungary were largely determined by the fierce half-century struggle of the Hungarians with Moravia and the Slavic-Russian population of the Danube region, because the Slavs and Slavic-speaking Rus adjoined Hungary both from the Carpathians and from the west. During this struggle, there was a significant outflow of population from the Danube region to the east - to the lands of the future Galician-Volyn Rus and to the Middle Dnieper region. Gradually, the interaction between the local Slavic-Russian and the newcomer Hungarian population becomes balanced, especially since in economic terms different ethnic groups complemented each other (most agricultural terms in the modern Hungarian language are borrowed from Slavic languages). brought closer different peoples and the adoption of Christianity in the Cyril and Methodius and Orthodox versions. In principle, until Hungary’s transition to Catholicism in the 12th century, there remained the possibility of assimilation of the Hungarians by the Slavic-Russians. From the middle of the 11th century, Western sources report a number of marriages of Russian princesses with Hungarian kings and dukes and Russian dukes with Russian princesses. In addition to Yaroslav's daughter, who married the Hungarian king, Prince Rostislav, who ruled first in Novgorod and then in Tmutarakan, was married to the Hungarian duchess. After his death, the Kiev prince released the widow to her homeland in Hungary. But in most cases, when we talk about the mass marriages of Russians and Hungarians, we need to keep in mind the following circumstance - most likely these Russian princesses and Russian dukes came not from Kievan, but from Thuringian Rus, which is practically not taken into account by modern historical science.

Political relations with Danube Bulgaria were very intense under Svyatoslav, who waged war with Danube Bulgaria. Moreover, when going to the Danube, Svyatoslav intended to move the center of the entire Russian land there. Apparently, his claims had historical roots - these lands were once occupied by some Rus. In any case, the coastal regions of Bulgaria were considered “Russian” even at the end of the 14th century, and the then Russian Metropolitan Cyprian laid claim to them as component“Russian” metropolis. But it was Svyatoslav, who was defeated in the war with Byzantium, who lost these territories, and later Kievan Rus had no direct political contacts with Danube Bulgaria. But cultural contacts were preserved, perhaps due to the emigration of Bulgarian scribes to Rus' after the Byzantine conquest, as was the case with the loss of independence of Moravia: many monuments of West Slavic writing were preserved in Rus'.

The most versatile and complex were the contacts and ties between Kievan Rus and Byzantium. The complexity of the problem lies in the fact that Byzantium interacted with different “Russies” and this the most important fact continues to remain practically uninterpreted in Russian historical science. The first contacts of Byzantium with the Rus date back to the end of the 5th century. These were the Danube Rugs-Rus, who, together with the Huns, retreated to the Black Sea borders of Byzantium from Central Europe, and some of the Rugians remained as federates on the outskirts of the Byzantine possessions. Later, Byzantium had to withstand the raids of the Black Sea Rus, whose ethnic nature is not clear to us today, but, presumably, these Rus were a conglomerate of the Danube Rugs-Rus with the Saltov Rus-Alans. It was these Rus who are mentioned in a number of Byzantine reports of the late 8th - early 9th centuries; they adopted Christianity from Constantinople in the middle of the 9th century, and then established the “Russian” metropolis (with which later chroniclers confused the Kyiv metropolis).

The treaty between Rus' and the Greeks, concluded in 911 by Oleg Veshch, mentions Russian communities that were in the service of the Byzantine emperors. These communities could go back to the Rugs-Rus of the late 5th century. But it is interesting that the Dnieper and Black Sea Rus were considered in Byzantium as parts of a single ethnic group, which could be a consequence of their Slavicization, according to at least, linguistically. Since Oleg’s time, the problem of Crimea arose, where Greek colonies had been located since ancient times, but there were also settlements of Rus. In accordance with the treaty of 944, the Kyiv prince Igor was charged with the duty of protecting the Byzantine possessions in Crimea, but his right to own some part of Crimea belonging to the Rus was not disputed. Most likely, we could be talking about the eastern part of Crimea, which was traditionally part of Tmutarakan Rus.

In the conflict between Rus' and Byzantium under Igor, the Russian squad consisted equally of two components: pagan and Christian. The Christian part of the squad fought with the Greek Christians just like the pagan one, and at the conclusion of the agreement, the Christians of Kyiv firmly occupied the same positions as the pagans. Apparently, the Christian Russians in Igor’s squad came from Moravia, so they adhered to a different understanding of Christianity from Rome and Constantinople. Olga first associated herself with the Byzantine church (in 959), apparently interested in overcoming negative consequences Igor's defeat in 941. But she will send an embassy to Germany for the bishop, thereby again emphasizing independence from Byzantium in ecclesiastical terms. True, the mission of Adalbert, who arrived from Germany, would end in failure, and it was probably not the pagans who expelled him, but the Moravian Christians, who considered the German church their main enemy.

By the time of Vladimir, a significant mercenary Russian detachment remained in Byzantium, and some connection with Kiev remained. But Vladimir’s marriage to the sister of the Emperors of Constantinople did not mean an alliance.

Rather, it was a payoff on the part of Constantinople for the sake of preserving the Russian corps in the service of Byzantium and returning Korsun, conquered by the Russian prince. At the same time, it is very significant that Korsun Christianity differed significantly from Byzantine Christianity itself. Overall, in medieval literature Vladimir appears as a great conqueror and opponent of Byzantium, who seriously displaced the great empire. Evidence of this is the message of the 16th century Polish chronicler Stryjkowski, who, referring to the events of the late 10th century, claimed that Vladimir “raised a large army, with which, having crossed the Danube, he subjugated the lands of Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Semigrad, Vyatnitsa, Yatvyazh, Dulebskaya, and those lands where the Volokhs, Multans and Tatars of Dobruch are now, and he brought them all into obedience in one campaign and imposed on them the tribute that they had previously given to the Greek kings.” It is unclear from what sources the Polish chronicler borrowed this information, which seems fantastic. The most likely source is earlier Polish chronicles, using chronicles of Galician-Volyn Rus. And this listing combines those lands to which the Kiev prince actually made campaigns (the Carpathian Croats and Dulebs, the Yatvingians, the Vyatichi, the Carpathian Semigrad region), and those that retained the name “Russia” even in the 16th century.

Essentially, the first Russian prince who tried to rely on the help of Byzantium to strengthen his own position was Yaroslav. Obviously, it was no coincidence that in 1018, when Boleslav the Polish fled from Kyiv, Anastas Korsunyanin, the rector of the Tithe Church built by Vladimir, also fled to Poland with him. Yaroslav, having taken the Kiev table, began to seek contacts with the Byzantine clergy, in the name of which the St. Sophia Cathedral was founded, by analogy with Constantinople. It was under Yaroslav that the first metropolitanate, subordinate to Constantinople, was created in Kievan Rus (1037). Relations with Byzantium, however, were difficult. Soon after the establishment of the metropolis, a break with Byzantium followed and in 1043 the last campaign of Rus' with hired Varangians (this time, apparently, Normans) to Constantinople took place, which ended tragically. The gap continued until the early 50s of the 11th century, when a certain reconciliation was achieved through the marriage of Vsevolod with the daughter of Constantine Monomakh. But alienation will appear later. In particular, this will be expressed in the establishment in Rus' of a holiday in honor of the transfer of the relics of Nicholas of Myra (“Nicholas of the Spring”, May 9), which was not recognized in Byzantium because it was established in the Roman church and is associated with the theft by the Normans of the relics of the saint from the Byzantine empires. Rus' was brought closer to the West than to Constantinople by the special cult of Pope Clement, which was supported by the Church of the Tithes. Another interesting fact is that until the end of the 14th century, Russian month books did not include the names of newly canonized Byzantine saints.

The internal policy of Yaroslav the Wise is an issue worthy of special attention. The history of Kievan Rus would have taken a completely different path if not for the actions of this ruler. What was the peculiarity of his domestic policy? We will answer this and other questions below.

Ascension of Yaroslav to the throne

In 1015, Prince Vladimir dies. Naturally, a struggle began between the heirs for the throne. During four years of fratricidal strife, Gleb, Svyatopolk, Boris and Svyatoslav died.

Yaroslav ascended the throne in Kyiv. Remarkable. that from 1024 to 1036 in Kievan Rus there were two princes who did not fight among themselves, but reigned together from two administrative centers - Kyiv and Chernigov. As chroniclers note, domestic politics Yaroslav the Wise, briefly described, was the policy of an educator and builder of a centralized state. But first things first.

Domestic policy of Yaroslav the Wise regarding the church

Yaroslav the Wise, wanting to get out from under the “tutelage” of Byzantium, appointed the church leader Hilarion as metropolitan in 1051. This becomes the beginning of the complete and final establishment of Christianity in Rus'. As mentioned above, Yaroslav mainly became famous not for his conquests, but for his work on the improvement of Kievan Rus. In particular, he did a lot for the Christian church, continuing the work of Vladimir - the introduction of Christianity. In addition, with the spread of the new faith, an increasing need for clergy arose. Vladimir also ordered that boyar children be taught to read and write, in order to later turn them into clergymen, so necessary for Kievan Rus. The mothers of these children cried for them, since they were not yet strengthened in the faith. Yaroslav continued this tradition, subsequently organizing a theological school in Novgorod for 300 boys, sons of elders and priests.

The prince was distinguished by his love of books and hired scribes to copy Bulgarian manuscripts. Sometimes he even instructed to correct Bulgarian translations or translate directly from Greek. The chronicle says that he himself copied some books, and then brought them as a gift to the Church of Hagia Sophia. It was under Yaroslav the Wise that monastic communities began to appear, which were engaged in rewriting books.

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Legal legislation of Rus' - the merit of Yaroslav

It was the internal policy of Yaroslav the Wise that was marked by the creation of the first set of laws - “Russian Truth”. The prince took a serious approach to the issue of reforming the legal system of the state. Historians associate the appearance of the oldest part of “Russian Truth” with the name of Yaroslav the Wise. And they even name the approximate place of its publication - Novgorod. Unfortunately, the original version of the code has not reached us. It is reliably known that in the 11th-12th century the sons of Yaroslav changed the text of the scripture and called it “The Truth of the Yaroslavichs”. With the introduction of Christianity, pagan concepts of morality, crime and punishment began to be replaced by the norms and rules of Christian morality.

Crime in "Russian Truth" was defined not as a violation of the will of the prince or anyone else, but as causing damage. That is, a criminal violation did not differ from a civil violation, since the culprit had to pay certain compensation to the injured party. Thus, the internal policy of Yaroslav the Wise was mainly aimed at strengthening the state. The description of punishments for this or that crime in Russkaya Pravda clearly shows that Yaroslav sought to create a system of legislation that was uniform for all.

Culture and urban planning of Kievan Rus during the reign of Yaroslav

The reign of this enlightening prince is often called by historians the “golden age” of the development of culture and science in Kievan Rus. In addition to the development of Christianity and the census of books, the internal policy of Yaroslav the Wise was characterized by an unprecedented flowering of urban planning.

The Church of Hagia Sophia, a pearl of medieval architecture, was erected, as well as other large and small churches. Moreover, if before the adoption of Christianity all buildings in cities were wooden, then with the new faith stone architecture also came to Rus'. Mostly temples were built, since developing Christianity was in dire need of places of worship. In Kievan Rus, the most popular model of the temple was the cross-domed one, since the temples were a cross of two vaults, topped with a dome. In a nutshell, this was the internal policy of Yaroslav the Wise. The table is presented below.

As we see, Yaroslav acted in three main directions. A rather complex topic is the internal politics of Yaroslav the Wise. The table will help you understand it better.