Frontal lobe damage. Signs of frontal lobe damage

Brain tumors account for 4-5% of all brain pathologies. However, the prevalence of the disease among adults and children is increasing every year. Localization pathological processes may be different. But most often neoplasms are detected in the frontal part of the brain.

Reasons for appearance

At integrated approach treatment of such tumors can be achieved positive result: slow down the growth of formation, prevent the spread of pathological processes to healthy brain tissue. But the prognosis depends on the type of tumor and at what stage it was detected.

If the disease is in the early stages of development and the tumor is not aggressive, the five-year survival rate is 80%. In case of malignant pathologies, this figure decreases.

The mechanism behind the development of a brain tumor is the uncontrolled division of its cells. As they grow, they push aside healthy tissue, impairing the transmission of impulses from nerve centers to internal organs and vice versa. This leads to disruption of the functioning of all vital important systems body. For successful treatment Also great value has the elimination of the cause of the pathology.

It is not known exactly why a tumor appears in the frontal lobe of the brain. TO possible reasons its occurrences include:

A tumor in the frontal part of the brain can occur for various reasons.

But there are certain factors, contributing to the development of pathology:

  • electromagnetic, ionizing radiation;
  • presence of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18;
  • consumption of foods containing large amounts of GMOs;
  • long-term exposure to chemicals (carcinogens interact with DNA, causing deterioration in protein synthesis and the occurrence of mutations);
  • alcohol abuse;
  • vinyl chloride poisoning (a gas used to create plastic products);
  • frequent stress, severe emotional shocks;
  • smoking.

As the tumor grows, brain tissue is compressed and intracranial pressure increases.

Even benign neoplasm, reached large sizes, can have a malignant course and cause death. Therefore, it is important to be able to recognize the first signs of cancer and consult a doctor in time.

Clinical picture

Manifestations of a tumor of the frontal lobe of the brain can be different: symptoms depend on the size of the tumor, its type and location. It also matters whether a person has a primary or secondary tumor.

Main symptoms

The first signs of pathology may be:

Promotion intracranial pressure with tumor growth leads to the development in patients meningeal syndrome. You can suspect the presence of a pathology in the brain based on the following symptoms:

  • tension in the muscles of the back of the head (it becomes difficult for patients to lift their head from the pillow);
  • dull, aching or throbbing headache;
  • visual and auditory hallucinations;
  • decreased reflexes.

The growth of a tumor can also cause a displacement of the healthy hemisphere towards the temples or the back of the head. The development of dislocation syndrome in tumors of the frontal lobe of the brain occurs slowly. It is characterized by the gradual manifestation of the following symptoms:


When part of the brain is displaced towards the back of the head, there is a high probability of infringement of the centers of the brain stem responsible for the functioning of the respiratory and circulatory system. If pathology is not detected in time, death is inevitable.

Signs of a secondary tumor

With primary intracranial neoplasms, neurological symptoms appear first. If a tumor in the frontal part of the brain is the result of the development of metastases, symptoms of the pathology of the organ in which the primary ones are located first appear. cancer cells. In severe cases, when the process is generalized, patients develop intoxication syndrome. Its main features:

When dysfunction occurs internal organs, frequent headaches, memory impairment, it is recommended to immediately consult a doctor: the sooner the cause of the ailment is identified, the less likely development of complications and a better prognosis.

Diagnostics

The clinical manifestation of a brain tumor resembles the symptoms of meningitis, encephalitis, diseases endocrine system, psychiatric and vascular disorders. Therefore, the doctor is obliged to carry out differential diagnosis. To do this, patients are advised to undergo comprehensive examination. It includes:


If necessary, additional examination is prescribed:

  1. PET scan of the brain and MRI of its vessels.
  2. MR thermography.
  3. Examination by an endocrinologist, psychotherapist and angiosurgeon.

Therapeutic measures

The doctor decides how to treat the tumor based on the diagnostic results. The following methods are used:


An integral part of the treatment of frontal lobe tumors is drug therapy. Before surgery, to reduce cerebral edema, diuretics or hormonal agents(Mannitol or Prednisolone). If seizures are present, anticonvulsants (Valproate) are prescribed.

A neoplasm in the frontal part of the brain is a diagnosis that can scare everyone. But when a tumor is detected, it is important to immediately begin treatment measures. After all, only timely treatment can prolong life and make the symptoms of the disease less severe.

The symptoms of frontal lobe lesions depend on the location of the focus of hemorrhagic softening in the basal, convexital or premotor areas.

The complexity and diversity of the structure of the frontal lobe of the brain, different parts of which have different functional significance, connections frontal structures with pyramidal and extrapyramidal propulsion systems, with cerebellar, sensory systems(in particular, with visual thalamus), the ability of the frontal cortex (in combination with other parts of the cortex) to exert, to a certain extent, a regulatory and inhibitory role in relation to other structural formations of the brain - all this underlies the diversity of symptoms of damage to different parts of the frontal lobe.

It should be borne in mind that with closed skull injuries, bruises and even crushes of the frontal lobe of the brain in the vast majority of cases are limited only to the cortex (sometimes even only its superficial parts), without penetrating deep into the subcortical flesh. Therefore, the symptoms of damage to the frontal lobe of the brain of traumatic etiology are expressed to a much lesser extent than, for example, with infiltrative tumors of the frontal lobe, which grow into deep parts of the subcortical pulp and destroy connections of the frontal lobe with other parts of the brain. At traumatic lesions Relatively severe symptoms usually appear during the first days or weeks after the injury, then they disappear fairly quickly. In the later stage of the disease, fluctuations in symptoms often appear, most often associated with exogenous stimuli.

In case of damage frontal lobes psychopathological symptoms come to the fore with scarcity neurological symptoms. With lesions of the frontal lobes in severe cases of concussion, a phasic course of psychopathological processes is observed. The unconscious state may change psychomotor agitation, confusion, aggression, euphoria, significant reduction criticism followed by lethargy and spontaneity. Sometimes lethargy and spontaneity against the background of other psychopathological manifestations dominate the clinical picture of the first periods of the disease.

Against the background of psychopathological symptoms, contralateral pyramidal symptoms appear, which are not always quite clearly expressed. Unilateral or bilateral primary impairment of smell in the form of hyposmia and anosmia, indicating damage to the olfactory bulbs or tracts, is usually detected with fractures of the anterior cranial fossa.

According to the observations of M. O. Gurevich, when the frontal lobe is damaged in cases of closed trauma, the following disorders may appear.

1. Apathetic-abulic syndrome with mental apathy coming to the fore, decreased desire for activity and loss of desire, or, conversely, affective and motor disinhibition with increased euphoric mood or foolishness.

2. Akinetic syndrome, manifested by the absence or decrease in motor functions and lack of motivation. At the same time, patients who are immobile and do not spontaneously engage in conversation quickly answer questions and perform motor tasks in response to demands. Poverty of movement and lack of motivation are sometimes combined with attacks of impulsive restlessness and motor disinhibition. In some cases, akinetic syndrome disappears 1-2 months after injury, in others it is observed over a longer period or, to a lesser extent, remains persistent in the residual period.

3. Characterological changes with damage to the frontal lobes manifest themselves mainly in the affective sphere in the form of mood instability, unmotivated outbursts of anger and rage, and undisciplined behavior. These changes tend to smooth out over a number of months, but can be observed to varying degrees in the residual period.

4. In the intellectual sphere, a decrease in the activity of thinking is revealed, with an insufficiently critical attitude towards one’s condition and weakness of motives. Violation of attention in the form of insufficient fixation and distractibility reduces the performance of patients. Memory impairments relate mainly to the perception of new things with relatively satisfactory fixation of old knowledge.

Localization problem certain types mental disorders for damage to different parts of the frontal lobes is debatable and still cannot be considered resolved. M. O. Gurevich considered it more or less established only that when the orbital fields of the frontal lobes are damaged, affective and characterological disorders appear. At the same time, the author drew attention to the fact that the orbital fields are cytoarchitectonically different from the convexital-frontal ones; they are closer to the limbic fields belonging to older formations. This supports the point of view on the advisability of isolating the orbital fields from the remaining areas of the frontal cortex.

A. S. Shmaryan distinguishes syndromes of damage to the basal parts of the frontal cortex from its convexital parts. The author made his conclusions mainly based on the analysis gunshot injuries different parts of the frontal lobe of the brain. When using these findings to assess the local significance of certain syndromes after closed traumatic brain injury, some caution should be exercised, because, despite the fact that in the vast majority of cases with this injury there is damage to the basal parts of the cortex, in the clinical picture different stages The disease manifests itself in a variety of syndromes, among which syndromes that are often more characteristic of damage to the convexital parts of the frontal cortex often come to the fore.

According to A. S. Shmaryan, the following syndromes are characteristic of lesions of the fronto-basal and convexital parts of the cortex.

With damage to the basal frontal regions, which is most often observed with fractures of the anterior cranial fossa and often with impact-type bruises, symptoms of selective damage to the base of the frontal cortex may appear against the background of general cerebral symptoms. At the same time, affective and motor disinhibition, euphoria, and a complacent-optimistic mood come to the fore when gross violation criticism of one’s condition, but with preservation of orientation in the environment, a hypomanic state sometimes with eroticism. Patients often resist therapeutic measures, deny their painful condition, there are unmotivated transitions from complacency and euphoria to attacks of rage and discontent.

In the initial period of severe trauma, it can be difficult to distinguish the clinic of damage to the basal cortex from primary lesion interstitial brain, the close anatomical and physiological relationships of these areas often lead to talk about fronto-basal-diencephalic syndromes. In this case, pathological drowsiness comes to the fore, up to sleep-like stupor. When the patient leaves serious condition Autonomic-endocrine-metabolic disorders such as bulimia and polydipsia are rarely observed. More often it is possible to identify disturbances in thermoregulation, water metabolism, and sugar curves of an irritative nature.

With severe damage to the basal-frontal cortex, loss syndrome may occur in the form of apathy, serenity, lack of criticism while maintaining automatic functions, intelligence and memory. In more late stages traumatic illness, against the background of diencephalic symptoms subsiding, personality changes with mental disorders come to the fore.

Damage to the convex surface of the frontal lobe is characterized by loss of initiative and activity, lethargy, motor inhibition, impoverished speech and thinking. After a period of unconsciousness and a subsequent phase of sleep-like stupor or confusion, a state of deep apathetic inhibition with stupor and amnestic disorientation is subsequently observed, and in severe cases a persistent akinetic-amnestic syndrome manifests itself. A. S. Shmaryan believes that this syndrome, just like the state of confusion, is a consequence of a general cerebral reaction, in the genesis of which the state of the frontal cortex has an important constructive role. Local damage to the frontal cortex, manifested by aspontaneity of thinking, loss of interests, stimuli and goal-directed behavior, is only the basis on which amnestic syndromes arise.

Against the background of regression of general cerebral disorders of the early phases of concussion and brain contusion, the aspontaneous-amnestic syndrome gradually changes to a more localized type of lesion, characteristic of the convexital surface of the frontal cortex, with the manifestation of a disturbance in the activity of initiative, thinking while maintaining mnestic-associative functions and behavior in general. Sometimes, with lesions of the convexital surface of the frontal cortex, after a period of confusion, apathetic-akinetic states immediately occur.

The symptoms included in the apathetic-akinetic syndrome are more pronounced when the left hemisphere is damaged, while speech and thinking suffer more severely even in cases where there are no disorders associated with the speech area of ​​the cortex.

Apathetic-akinetic syndrome becomes more pronounced with massive damage to the convexital frontal cortex with destruction of the subcortical white matter and conductive connections. Under these conditions, disturbances in plastic tone, hyperkinesis of the extrapyramidal type, Parkinson-like states, reflexes of oral automatism and grasping, disturbances in statics and gait similar to frontal ataxia, indicating massive damage to the frontal lobes, may appear.

It should be noted, however, that aspontaneity, akinesia, apathy with impaired thinking and criticism are often observed with severe brain injury of any location. In these cases, apathetic-akinetic syndrome has a different semiological meaning and must be localized with great care. Its localization significance becomes clearer when there are other data indicating a relatively limited lesion of the frontal lobe of the brain or a combined lesion of the polar, premotor, motor and temporal parts of the cortex, which is especially pronounced with the left-sided localization of the lesion.

In the clinical picture there is often an interweaving of various syndromes, but even a partial attempt to comprehend them possible meaning from the point of view of local diagnostics, despite all the reservations that arise, it is always legitimate and justified from a practical point of view, especially in cases where there are indications for surgical intervention. It should be pointed out, however, that in a number of cases in which the presence of a contusion focus in the basal and convexital parts of the frontal lobes was discovered by us during surgery, during preoperative neurological examination Without the involvement of a psychiatrist, it was not possible to identify any noticeable psychopathological manifestations.

When the premotor area is damaged, motor integration disturbances appear with loss of the ability to make fine differentiated movements.

Movement coordination disorders are noted in the absence of true paresis or paralysis.

Motor disorders with damage to the frontal lobes can also manifest themselves as apractical disorders, affecting either all motor skills as a whole, or individual functions motor skills.

  • | Email |
  • | Seal

Frontal lobe damage (FLO). 40-50% of focal bruises, crush injuries and intracerebral hematomas are localized in the frontal lobes (LOS) of the brain. Depressed fractures and meningeal hematomas of the frontal region are also common. This is due to both the significant mass of the frontal lobe and their special susceptibility to damage during impact-impact trauma (when a traumatic agent is applied to the frontal or occipital region).

Clinic of frontal lobe damage.

When the frontal lobe is damaged, general cerebral symptoms are represented by depression of consciousness within the limits of stupor, stupor or coma (depending on the severity of the damage). The development of intracranial hypertension with intense headache, repeated vomiting, transient psychomotor agitation, bradycardia, and the appearance of congestive nipples is often characteristic optic nerves. Disturbances in sleep and wakefulness, as well as midbrain symptoms, are common. Among focal signs characteristic mental disorders dominate, which manifest themselves the more clearly, the less depressed the consciousness. With LDP, in most cases there are disturbances of consciousness of the type of disintegration. If the left frontal lobe is damaged, twilight states of consciousness, psychomotor seizures, and absence seizures with amnesia for them are possible. When the right frontal lobe is affected, the main place is occupied by confabulations or confabulatory confusion. The most common changes in personality and emotional sphere. As part of the disintegration of consciousness, disorientation in one’s own personality, place and time, negativism, resistance to examination, lack of criticism of one’s condition, stereotypies in speech, behavior, echolalia, perseveration, bulimia, thirst, untidiness in bed, etc. may appear. In case of LDP in victims with a history of alcohol on the 2-5th day. After TBI, a delirious state with visual and tactile hallucinations may develop. It should be taken into account that in the first two weeks after TBI, there is often an undulation of depression within the limits of stunning with episodes of confusion and psychomotor agitation.

As we move away from the moment of injury and the conditional clearing of consciousness (coming out of deep and moderate stupor), interhemispheric and local features mental disorders in LDP.

Victims with a predominant lesion of the right LD show signs of decreased personality (suffering from criticism of one’s condition, apathy, a tendency toward complacency and other manifestations of simplification of emotional reactions), decreased initiative, and decreased memory for current events. Often appear emotional disorders varying degrees expressiveness. Euphoria with disinhibition, extreme irritability, unmotivated or inadequate outbursts of anger and malice (angry mania syndrome) are possible.

In victims with a predominant lesion of the left LD, speech disorders and dysmnestic phenomena are detected in the absence of pronounced disturbances in the perception of space and time (which is more typical for lesions of the right LD).

With bilateral damage to the frontal lobe, these mental disorders are added (or aggravated) by a lack of initiative, motivation to activity, and gross inertia mental processes, loss of social skills, often against the background of abulic euphoria. In some cases, pseudo-bulbar syndrome develops. For frontobasal lesions, unilateral or bilateral anosmia is typical, combined with euphoria or even euphoric disinhibition, especially when the right LD is affected.

With convexital localization of the LDP, central lesions facial and hypoglossal nerves, moderate mono- or hemiparesis, combined with a decrease in initiative up to aspontaneity, especially with damage to the left frontal lobe - in the psychomotor sphere and speech.

With damage to the frontal lobe, grasping reflexes, the proboscis reflex, and other symptoms of oral automatism are almost always detected.

For meningeal hematomas of the LD pole clinical picture is characterized predominantly by subacute development of the disease with the dominance of meningeal irritation syndrome and intracranial hypertension with a paucity of focal neurological symptoms. Only moderate functional deficits can be identified facial nerve, slight anisoreflexia in the absence of paresis of the limbs, proboscis reflex, sometimes anisocoria. Hyposmia may be observed on the side of the hematoma. Headache usually strongly expressed, radiating into eyeball, is accompanied by photophobia and sharply intensifies with percussion of the frontal region.

Diagnosis of damage to the frontal lobe.

It is based on identifying characteristic mental disorders, anosmia, symptoms of oral automatism, facial paresis, and other signs of damage to the anterior parts of the brain against the background of intracranial hypertension. Craniography objectifies depressed fractures and injuries bone structures anterior sections of the base of the skull. CT provides comprehensive information about the nature of the traumatic substrate, its intralobar localization, the severity of perifocal edema, signs of axial dislocation of the trunk, etc. For focal injuries of the frontal lobes, MRI is also highly informative, especially for isodense hemorrhages.

Treatment of damage to the frontal lobe.

Depressed fractures and meningeal hematomas of the frontal region require surgical intervention. It is also indicated for intracerebral hematomas with a diameter of more than 4 cm and extensive areas of crushing of the LD with a total volume of more than 50 cm 3. For intracerebral hematomas and smaller crush lesions, conservative treatment tactics are often justified. The relative distance of the traumatic substrate from the brain stem, expressed positive reaction edematous tissue to dehydration, fairly reliable ways of draining edematous fluid into the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles contribute to more rapid absorption of decay products and shed blood when natural sanogenic mechanisms are activated.

Prognosis for damage to the frontal lobe.

In the vast majority of cases, LDP is mild and medium degree If the victim complies with the regime, the prognosis for social and labor readaptation is favorable. In severe LDP among surviving patients, although disability, caused primarily by mental disorders and the development of epileptic syndrome, is significant, with adequate treatment tactics it is often possible to achieve sufficient compensation of functions. Based on clinical and CT data, it is possible to predict:

  • regression of intracranial hypertension by subjective characteristics(disappearance of headaches, etc.) within 2-4 weeks, according to objective signs (disappearance of congestive nipples) - within 1.5-2 months
  • significant streamlining mental activity and behavior for 2-3 months;
  • duration inpatient treatment 4-5 weeks;
  • duration of subsequent outpatient treatment 3-6 months followed by a return to labor activity or transfer to disability for 1 year with chances for further improvement of social and labor status.

The frontal lobe of the brain is important for our consciousness, as well as functions such as spoken language. It plays a vital role in memory, attention, motivation and a variety of other everyday tasks.


 Photo: Wikipedia

The structure and location of the frontal lobe of the brain

The frontal lobe is actually made up of two paired lobes and makes up two-thirds of the human brain. The frontal lobe is part of the cerebral cortex, and the paired lobes are known as the left and right frontal cortex. As its name suggests, the frontal lobe is located near the front of the head under the frontal bone of the skull.

All mammals have a frontal lobe, although different sizes. Primates have the largest frontal lobes than other mammals.

Right and left hemisphere The brain controls opposite sides of the body. The frontal lobe is no exception. Thus, the left frontal lobe controls the muscles right side bodies. Likewise, the right frontal lobe controls the muscles on the left side of the body.

Functions of the frontal lobe of the brain

The brain is a complex organ with billions of cells called neurons that work together. The frontal lobe works alongside other areas of the brain and controls the functions of the brain as a whole. Memory formation, for example, depends on many areas of the brain.

What's more, the brain can "repair" itself to compensate for damage. This does not mean that the frontal lobe can recover from all injuries, but other areas of the brain can change in response to head trauma.

The frontal lobes play a key role in future planning, including self-management and decision making. Some functions of the frontal lobe include:

  1. Speech: Broca's area is an area in the frontal lobe that helps verbalize thoughts. Damage to this area affects the ability to speak and understand speech.
  2. Motor skills: The frontal lobe cortex helps coordinate voluntary movements, including walking and running.
  3. Comparison of objects: The frontal lobe helps categorize objects and compare them.
  4. Formation of memory: Almost every region of the brain plays an important role in memory, so the frontal lobe is not unique, but it plays a key role in the formation of long-term memories.
  5. Personality formation: The complex interaction of impulse control, memory, and other tasks helps shape the basic characteristics of a person. Damage to the frontal lobe can radically change personality.
  6. Reward and motivation: Most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the brain are located in the frontal lobe. Dopamine is chemical brain, which helps maintain feelings of reward and motivation.
  7. Attention management, including selective attention: When the frontal lobes cannot control attention, it can develop(ADHD).

Consequences of damage to the frontal lobe of the brain

One of the most notorious head injuries occurred to railroad worker Phineas Gage. Gage survived an iron spike piercing his frontal lobe. Although Gage survived, he lost an eye and suffered a personality disorder. Gage changed dramatically, the once meek worker became aggressive and out of control.

It is not possible to accurately predict the outcome of any frontal lobe injury, and such injuries can develop very differently in each person. In general, damage to the frontal lobe due to a blow to the head, stroke, tumor, and disease can cause following symptoms, such as:

  1. speech problems;
  2. personality change;
  3. poor coordination;
  4. difficulties with impulse control;
  5. planning problems.

Treatment of frontal lobe damage

Treatment for frontal lobe damage is aimed at eliminating the cause of the injury. Your doctor may prescribe medications for an infection, perform surgery, or prescribe medications to reduce your risk of stroke.

Depending on the cause of the injury, treatment is prescribed that may help. For example, with a frontal injury after a stroke, you need to move on to healthy diet and physical activity to reduce the risk of future stroke.

The drugs may be useful for people who have problems with attention and motivation.

Treatment of frontal lobe injuries requires ongoing care. Recovery from injury is often a long process. Progress can come suddenly and cannot be completely predicted. Recovery is closely related to supportive care and in a healthy way life.

Literature

  1. Collins A., Koechlin E. Reasoning, learning, and creativity: frontal lobe function and human decision-making //PLoS biology. – 2012. – T. 10. – No. 3. – P. e1001293.
  2. Chayer C., Freedman M. Frontal lobe functions // Current neurology and neuroscience reports. – 2001. – T. 1. – No. 6. – pp. 547-552.
  3. Kayser A. S. et al. Dopamine, corticostriatal connectivity, and intertemporal choice // Journal of Neuroscience. – 2012. – T. 32. – No. 27. – pp. 9402-9409.
  4. Panagiotaropoulos T. I. et al. Neuronal discharges and gamma oscillations explicitly reflect visual consciousness in the lateral prefrontal cortex // Neuron. – 2012. – T. 74. – No. 5. – pp. 924-935.
  5. Zelikowsky M. et al. Prefrontal microcircuit underlies contextual learning after hippocampal loss // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. – 2013. – T. 110. – No. 24. – pp. 9938-9943.
  6. Flinker A. et al. Redefining the role of Broca’s area in speech //Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. – 2015. – T. 112. – No. 9. – pp. 2871-2875.

Frontal lobe syndrome is a neuropsychological symptom complex and personality disorder of organic nature caused by damage to the structures of the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemispheres.

Based on Luria's theory of three functional blocks, where the frontal lobes function as a regulator of activity and control of behavior, frontal lobe syndrome causes disturbances in the control of mental activity.

A patient with frontal lobe pathology retains the ability to solve problems and the knowledge accumulated over a lifetime. At the same time, the ability to use these skills to achieve goals is lost. Patients with frontal lobe syndrome cannot independently draw up an action plan and act according to it - such people accept a ready-made template.

Changes are observed in the personal and motivational sphere. Former complex forms of behavior are simplified and replaced by stereotypical activities.

Reasons

Pathology appears as a result of the following reasons:

  1. Tumor.
  2. Neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system: Pick's disease, Alzheimer's disease.
  3. Genetic diseases, such as Tourette's syndrome.
  4. And vascular disorders in the cerebral cortex.
  5. Mechanical injuries of the brain and skull.

How it manifests itself

Frontal lobe syndrome causes mental and neurological disorders:

  • Perception disorder. Usually the sphere of perception in patients is slightly disturbed. They do not have visual or auditory perception. In a perception experiment, they recognize simple symbols, words and elementary pictures. However, by doing complex tasks, which require active activity of the patient, difficulties arise. Patients do not analyze stimuli or give a formal, superficial analysis.
  • Attention disturbance. Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain impairs voluntary attention, reduces concentration and concentration. Selectivity of attention is impaired: patients react to unnecessary stimuli and do not respond to necessary ones. Patients are often distracted while performing tasks.
  • Speech impairment. The physiological and anatomical ability to speak is preserved, but patients with frontal lobe syndrome often independently refuse to communicate and contact people.
    They retain the ability to form elementary sentences from several words, without loss of logical meaning and with the preservation of all speech structures. However, patients cannot make up complex sentences, filled with speech patterns and abstract concepts.
  • Movement disorders. Patients have impaired ability to plan and perform active conscious actions. When listening to instructions for action, patients still do the wrong thing. They quickly forget the order of completing a task and do it impulsively and chaotically. People do not notice their mistakes and believe that they are doing everything correctly, even if there are obvious mistakes in completing a task or request.
  • Memory impairment. With pathology, the ability to comprehend memorized information is partially or completely lost. It is noted that patients only formally remember the main signs of stimuli and stimuli. Memorization and reproduction of semantic information is impaired. That is, short stories or sentences are not reproduced in full, or are reproduced, but with a violation of the chronology of events in this story.
  • Thinking disorders. Patients find it difficult to solve a problem due to the fact that it is difficult for them to retain the final goal and meaning in their minds. People solve problems easily if they lead to one simple solution. It is difficult for them to solve problems if simultaneous analysis of several elements is necessary, if they need to be kept in mind and compared with each other. Patients do not know how to correct mistakes and cannot translate their actions into voice. They are unable to name the chain of reasoning that led to the solution of the problem, and name only the last few actions.
  • Personality disorders. The emotional response and the strength of the emotional response are impaired. Ordinary and ordinary irritants can cause an explosion of aggression, while a non-standard situation will not cause a single emotion. Self-criticism is violated. Their mood is labile: from foolishness and euphoria, the state quickly turns into irritability and depression.

Over time, emotional dullness develops: feelings become scarcer. Aesthetic needs are upset: patients are not interested in music, cinema, painting. They don't enjoy watching.