Mechanical engineering complex of Russia. Mechanical engineering industry

Mechanical engineering is a set of industries that produce machines and process metal for the production of machines (creation of metal structures and products).

Factors on the basis of which mechanical engineering enterprises are located: raw materials, consumer, labor intensity, science intensity. Great importance have qualified personnel.

Heavy engineering includes the production of equipment for metallurgy, mining, electric power, etc. In most cases, each enterprise carries out the entire production cycle from the creation of a workpiece to the assembly of finished products. The number of products produced is small. Almost all enterprises are located near metallurgical bases (Ekaterinburg, Orsk, Belgorod, Barnaul, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk). The exception is the St. Petersburg region, where several factories date back to the historical past when the city was the capital of the Russian Empire.

General mechanical engineering. Includes transport and agricultural engineering, production of equipment for various industries, except light and food.

The production of diesel locomotives developed in the Central economic region (historical factor) - Bryansk, Kolomna, Murom, Kaluga, in the Ural economic region - Kambarka. In Novocherkassk ( North Caucasus) make electric locomotives.

The production of wagons has its own specialization, for example, the production of heavy freight cars is focused on metal production areas (Nizhny Tagil). Passenger cars or cars for electric trains are produced in the Central (Demikhovo, Torzhok, Tver, Vyshny Volochyok) and North-Western (St. Petersburg) regions. Metro cars are made in the Moscow region (Mytishchi) and in St. Petersburg.

Shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises are located in all sea basins of the country. The most important shipbuilding centers: St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Murmansk, Severodvinsk, Vladivostok, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Taganrog, Astrakhan. River shipbuilding centers are located in the basins of large rivers: Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd, Tyumen, Tobolsk, Blagoveshchensk. countries where there are highly qualified personnel and significant scientific potential: Moscow, Voronezh, Smolensk, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Taganrog, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Agricultural engineering is the most clearly consumer-oriented industry.

All production of grain harvesters is concentrated in cities located in the steppe zone (Rostov, Taganrog, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Birobidzhan). Potato harvesters are produced in the Central region (Ryazan, Tula), and a set of machines for flax harvesting is produced in the most flax-producing region of Russia - Tverskaya (Bezhetsk). Forage harvesters are produced by a plant in Lyubertsy (Moscow region).

Medium-sized mechanical engineering includes the automotive industry, tractor manufacturing, as well as industries that produce medium-sized machines and equipment for various sectors of the economy. The automotive industry is characterized by large enterprises focused on skilled labor. Trucks produced in Moscow (ZIL), Nizhny Novgorod (GAZ), Naberezhnye Chelny (KAMAZ), Miass (Ural), Ulyanovsk UAZ). Almost 80% of consumer passenger cars are supplied by the Volzhsky Automobile Plant in Tolyatti (Zhiguli, Lada, Samara, Niva). The rest is produced by factories in Izhevsk (Izh), Moscow (Moskvich, Svyatogor, Prince Vladimir

"), Ulyanovsk (UAZ), Nizhny Novgorod (Volga, GAZelle). Plants in Serpukhov and Naberezhnye Chelny specialize in the production of small cars (Oka). Plants in Rostov-on-Don, Kaliningrad, and Yelabuga began producing cars together with foreign companies. The production of buses (Likino, Golitsyn (Moscow region), Pavlovo (Nizhny Novgorod region), Kurgan, Krasnodar, Ulyanovsk, Naberezhnye Chelny, Belgorod, Omsk) and minibuses (Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk) is gradually increasing.

The first tractor factories appeared in grain regions. In the 30s three were built: in Volgograd (Stalingrad), Chelyabinsk and Kharkov. Subsequently, factories in Lipetsk, Vladimir, Rubtsovsk, Petrozavodsk, St. Petersburg and Cheboksary began to produce products.

Mechanical engineering complex: composition, significance and technological features.” First, we will give a definition of the mechanical engineering complex. Then consider sectoral composition this sub-sector of industry, we will discuss its importance for the life of the country. We will also learn what the technological features of mechanical engineering are.

Subject:General characteristics of the Russian economy

Lesson: Mechanical engineering complex: composition, significance and technological features

Mechanical engineering complex - is a set of industries that is engaged in the production and repair of various machines and equipment, as well as the production of various metal products and designs

The mechanical engineering complex is complex in its structure. It includes more than 70 industries, which are usually grouped depending on the purpose of the products produced, similar technology and raw materials used.

Rice. 1. Composition of the mechanical engineering complex

Mechanical engineering includes:

1. Heavy and energy (production of energy, mining and handling equipment, diesel locomotive building, carriage building, turbine building, nuclear and printing)

2. Machine tool building. Production of various machines.

3. Transport (automotive, shipbuilding, aviation and rocket and space industries)

4. Agricultural engineering and tractor manufacturing

5. Mechanical engineering for light and Food Industry

6. Precision engineering (instrument making, electronics, electrical engineering)

Mechanical engineering plays a very important role in the life of the country.

1. It provides equipment to all other complexes in the country

2. The development of all sectors of the economy depends on the level of development of mechanical engineering

3. Here, first of all, all achievements of scientific and technological progress are introduced

4. It ensures the country's defense capability

5. This is the largest complex in Russian industry

6. Currently, mechanical engineering and metalworking account for:

7. 20% of industrial production,

8. 1/3 of those employed in industry.

9. There are more than 50 thousand machine-building enterprises, which is approximately 1/3 of all industrial enterprises Russia.

The technological process in mechanical engineering includes three stages: procurement, machining, assembly.

Rice. 2. Technological process in mechanical engineering

In this case, the final product consists of large number individual parts and components that cannot be produced within one enterprise. Therefore, in mechanical engineering there are widely developed specialization and cooperation.

Specialization - production at an enterprise of any one product, individual parts and components

Rice. 3. Types of specialization

Specialization is:

1. subject- production of finished products (production of cars, airplanes, computers)

2. detailed- production of individual parts and components (production of automobile engines or metal products (hardware)

3. technological- production of semi-finished products, performance of individual operations of the technological cycle, (assembly production)

4. functional- production and provision of services (sale of cars by the manufacturer)

At large machine-building plants, specialization is observed at the level of individual workshops; even such an enterprise does not produce the entire volume of necessary components. Small enterprises are usually highly specialized and their work depends on the work of related enterprises. This is why cooperation is so important.

- This is the establishment of production links between enterprises jointly participating in the manufacture of final products.

Rice. 4. Cooperation

Cooperation happens intra-industry when enterprises of the same industry, of the same inter-industry complex, interact.

Intersectoral when production from different industries and different complexes interact.

Mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, tool, and hardware plants that supply their products to the car assembly plant are mechanical engineering enterprises and cooperate with them intra-industry nature, enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, tanneries, glass factories, textile factories - these are enterprises of other inter-industry complexes. Cooperation with them is an example intersectoral cooperation.

During the 90s, the importance of the machine-building complex in the Russian economy decreased. A number of enterprises were closed, others reduced production.

The production volumes of agricultural machinery, machine tools, and many types of precision engineering have fallen especially sharply.

The main reason for this was low quality of manufactured products compared to imported ones and the break after the collapse of the USSR of production ties with enterprises of the former republics.

The situation has now improved somewhat thanks to investment. New factories have been built and are being built, many old enterprises have been reconstructed, new ones have been established and old production connections have been restored.

Main

  1. Customs E.A. Geography of Russia: economy and regions: 9th grade textbook for students of general education institutions M. Ventana-Graf. 2011.
  2. Economic and social geography. Fromberg A.E.(2011, 416 pp.)
  3. Atlas of economic geography, grade 9, from Bustard, 2012.
  4. Geography. Entire course school curriculum in diagrams and tables. (2007, 127 pp.)
  5. Geography. Schoolchildren's Handbook. Comp. Mayorova T.A. (1996, 576 pp.)
  6. Cheat sheet on economic geography. (For schoolchildren, applicants.) (2003, 96 p.)

Additional

  1. Gladky Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economical geography Russia: Textbook - M.: Gardariki, 2000 - 752 pp.: ill.
  2. Rodionova I.A., Tutorial by geography. Economic geography of Russia, M., Moscow Lyceum, 2001. - 189 p. :
  3. Smetanin S.I., Konotopov M.V. History of ferrous metallurgy in Russia. Moscow, ed. "Paleotype" 2002
  4. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

  1. Geography of Russia. Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin.-M.: Bol. Ross. enc., 1998.- 800 pp.: ill., maps.
  2. Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Statistical collection/Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2002. - 690 p.
  3. Russia in numbers. 2011: Brief statistical collection/Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2003. - 398 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

  1. GIA-2013. Geography: standard exam options: 10 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M.: Publishing house "National Education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
  2. GIA-2013. Geography: thematic and standard examination options: 25 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M.: Publishing House "National Education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
  3. GIA-2013 Exam in new form. Geography. 9th grade / FIPI authors - compilers: E.M. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova - M.: Astrel, 2012.
  4. Excellent student in the Unified State Exam. Geography. Solving complex problems / FIPI authors-compilers: Ambartsumova E.M., Dyukova S.E., Pyatunin V.B. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012.
  1. Draw a diagram of the connections between the mechanical engineering complex and other industrial complexes. Give examples of the products he supplies to them.
  2. Name the machine-building enterprises in your region. What do you think explains the specialization of machine-building enterprises in your region?

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Mechanical engineering complex- complex interdisciplinary education covering mechanical engineering, metalworking, as well as repair of machinery and equipment. There are about 120 sub-sectors and industries in this industry + small metallurgy.

Mechanical engineering in Russia has the following characteristic features:

1) in Russia, mechanical engineering is heavy, because we create machines for machines.

2) high degree militarization (military equipment)

Factors for locating enterprises in the mechanical engineering industry largely depend on production technology.

  • Metal-intensive production
  • Science-intensive and labor-intensive mechanical engineering

But for all industries the main factors are:

  • Labor intensity.
  • Science intensity.
  • Raw material factor.
  • Consumer factor.
  • Transport.
  • Territorial concentration.

The machine-building complex is divided into stages of the technological process:

  1. workpiece
  2. mechanical restoration
  3. assembly

Procurement industries gravitate towards raw material bases. Assemblies are associated with places of consumption.

Enterprises by machining have factors:

  • Raw material
  • consumer
  • transport

The optimal option for locating mechanical engineering enterprises is the coincidence of the source of raw materials with the places of consumption of finished products.

Important factors:

  • specialization is the process of isolating a separate industry and a clear division of labor between enterprises in a particular industry.
  • cooperation is an organized long-term relationship between individual specialized enterprises for the joint production of products.

Types of Specialization: subject, detail (production of spare parts), technological (production of castings, forging and pressing products), functional (repair work)

Sub-sectors of mechanical engineering:

1. Heavy and power engineering.

Heavy engineering includes the production of metallurgical, mining, and handling equipment, as well as the production of other metal-intensive large-sized products. Enterprises also focus on large raw materials or metallurgical bases and places of consumption of finished products.

Largest heavy engineering areas- Ural (Ekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Perm, etc.), Central (Moscow, Bryansk, Kolomna, Ivanovo, etc.), Northwestern (St. Petersburg). Large enterprises are available in the Volga, Volga-Vyatka, East Siberian and other regions.

Aside from the sources of raw materials, heavy engineering centers have historically developed in St. Petersburg and its suburbs. Also available in Voronezh, Volga region, etc.

Enterprises for the production of heavy machine tools and press-forging equipment are located outside metallurgical bases and are consumer-oriented. (Kolomna, Voronezh, Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk, Ivanovo)

Power engineering.

It specializes in the production of diesel engines, power plants, steam boilers and turbines, generators, and nuclear reactors.

SPB-turbine construction boilers, etc. Volgodonsk, Kolpino turbines for nuclear power plants. Steam boilers: Belgorod, Barnaul, Taganrog. Diesels for ships: Khabarovsk, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Diesels for diesel locomotives and power plants: Kolomna, Balakovo, Penza.

2. General mechanical engineering.

It is characterized by the predominance of the assembly of metal structures, as well as the production of simple but large-sized workpieces. This includes:

  • transport engineering
  • production of technological equipment for industry and construction
  • agricultural machines without tractor manufacturing

Railway mechanical engineering.

3 groups of production:

  • carriage building (freight, passenger, isothermal, dump cars, train cars, metro, tram cars)
  • locomotive building (production of mainline diesel locomotives, shunting industrial diesel locomotives, diesel locomotives for narrow gauge railways)
  • electric locomotive construction

Railway engineering originated in the central region (center and north-west), but later moved to sources of raw materials (metal and wood)

Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives: Kaluga, Murom, Bryansk. Diesel locomotives for narrow gauge railways: Kambarka (Udmurtia). Electric locomotives: Novocherskask

Diesel locomotives are made piece by piece.

Almost all locomotive production centers are located within the European part.

Production of passenger cars: Tver, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Torzhok, Vyshny Volochyok, Tikhvin. Cars for electric trains: Kaliningrad, St. Petersburg. Tram production: Ust-Katav, village. Demekhovo. Subway cars: Mytishchi, St. Petersburg. Master. and freight cars: Abakan, Novoaltaisk, Nizhny Tagil. Isothermal cars: Bryansk. Dump cars: Kaliningrad, Ural.

Shipbuilding. ( main center St. Petersburg)

Covers shipbuilding, marine engineering. It is divided into river and sea. The most important centers of maritime shipbuilding: St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Murmansk, Vladivostok, Astrakhan. River: Nizhny Novgorod (red sormovo), Perm, Krasnoyarsk, Volgograd, Blagoveshchensk, Tyumen, Tobolsk

Agricultural engineering.

The main factor in placement is the consumer. The specialization of enterprises is directly dependent on the specialization of agriculture in a given region.

Production of flax harvesters: Bezhetsk (Tver region) Grain harvesters: Ryazan, Tula, Taganrog, Rostov, Krasnoyarsk.

3. Medium mechanical engineering.

Includes: automotive industry, machine tool industry, tractor industry, medium-sized machinery.

Automotive industry.

Trucks: Volga region. For the production of passenger cars: Volga region, Central, North-West and Volgo-Vyatsky.

Buses: Likino-Dulyovo, Golitsino. Trolleybuses: Engels. Tractor manufacturing: JV, Petrozavodsk, Chelyabinsk, Vladimir, Lipetsk.

Machine tool industry.

1. Production of metal-cutting machines (Ural)

2. Woodworking machines (Tatarstan, Kolomna, Dmitrov, Yegoryevsk, Ryazan)

3. Forging and pressing equipment.

4.Automatic and semi-automatic lines.

5.Machine units and machine normals.

6. Tool production.

4. Electrical engineering and instrumentation (precision engineering)

the most knowledge-intensive branch of mechanical engineering; the fastest growing branch of mechanical engineering; high degree of concentration of production (production is mainly concentrated in large companies in the USA, Japan (the USA and Japan produce 90% of microcircuits), Southeast Asia (Korea, Taiwan), Western Europe);

1) Ryazan, Kaluga, Podolsk, Alexandrov

2) NW: Diversified mechanical engineering (!) St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Pskov, Velikiye Luki

3) Volga region: Penza, Ulyanovsk

4) Ural (Ufa, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Ekb, Izhevsk)

5) Western Siberia(Barnaul, Omsk, Tomsk)

Mechanical engineering accounts for 35% of the value of world production, trace. 1/3 of the world's people are involved in mechanical engineering.

The USA accounts for 30% of the cost of engineering products. 15% Japan, 10% Germany, 6% Russia, 3% China.

The following countries have modern machine-building plants: Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Turkey, India, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico

By scale of production:

1. North America

2.Zap. Europe (Germany (!))

3.B. and SE. Asia

In the world's mechanical engineering, the dominant position is occupied by a small group of developed countries - the USA, which accounts for almost 30% of the value of engineering products, Japan - 15%, Germany - about 10%, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada. Almost all types of modern mechanical engineering are developed in these countries, and their share in world exports of machinery is high. With an almost complete range of engineering products key role in the development of mechanical engineering in this group of countries belongs to the aerospace industry, microelectronics, robotics, nuclear power engineering, machine tool building, heavy engineering, and automotive industry.

The group of leaders in world mechanical engineering also includes Russia (6% of the value of mechanical engineering products), China (3%) and several small industrialized countries - Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands, etc. Few developing countries, especially newly industrialized ones, have machine-building plants. South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, India, Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico. The main directions of development of their mechanical engineering are the production of household electrical appliances, automotive industry, and shipbuilding.

The largest producers and exporters of general engineering products in general - the developed countries: Germany, USA, Japan, etc. Developed countries are also the main manufacturers and suppliers of machine tools to the world market (Japan, Germany, USA, Italy and Switzerland stand out). The general engineering industry of developing countries is dominated by the production of agricultural machinery and simple equipment.

World leaders in the field of electrical engineering and electronics are the USA, Japan, Russia, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands. The production of household electrical appliances and consumer electronics products has also developed in developing countries, especially in the countries of Eastern and South-East Asia.

Among the branches of transport engineering, the automotive industry is developing most dynamically. The area of ​​its spatial distribution is constantly growing and currently includes, along with the traditional main car manufacturers (Japan, USA, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, Russia, etc.), countries that are relatively new to the industry - countries South Korea, Brazil, Argentina, China, Turkey, India, Malaysia, Poland.

Unlike the automobile industry, aircraft manufacturing, shipbuilding, and the production of railway rolling stock are experiencing stagnation. The main reason for this is the lack of demand for their products.

Shipbuilding has moved from developed countries to developing ones. The largest producers ships began in South Korea (ahead of Japan and took first place in the world), Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, China, Taiwan.

The aviation industry is concentrated in countries with a high level of science and workforce qualifications - the USA, Russia, France, Great Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands.

Mechanical engineering as a branch of industry emerged in the 18th century. The invention of the spinning machine, the weaving loom, the steam engine, as a universal engine and other machines led to the creation of machines for the production of machines. This was due to the invention of the caliper, the improvement of metal-cutting machines and the emergence of other metal-working machines. The transition from manufacture to machine production ushered in the era of large-scale machine industry, industrial capitalism marked a complete technical revolution and a general breakdown of the social relations of production.

Mechanical engineering in Ukraine arose in the middle of the 19th century. The presence of metal, an advantageous transport and geographical location, and a high concentration of agricultural production contributed to the development of heavy, transport and agricultural engineering.

The main elements of the development of modern mechanical engineering are the improvement of means of production, methods of organizing production (for example, the use of serial and mass production technologies), the transition to standardization, automation and information support of processes.

Production facilities

The object of mechanical engineering production is a product, which is called the product of the final stage of production. It can be any item, or many items of production that are produced at the enterprise. For an automobile plant the product is a car, for a motor plant it is a motor, for a plant producing blanks it is a casting, forging, etc. The standards provide the following types products: blanks, parts, assembly units, complexes and kits.

Blank- a product from which, due to changes in shape, size, rigidity of surfaces and material properties, a part or a continuous assembly unit is obtained. A part is a product that is made without assembly operations, for example, a shaft, gear, chrome-plated nut, tube welded from one piece of metal and etc..

Assembly unit- a product whose components are connected to each other as a result of assembly operations (screwing, gluing, welding, for example, a car, machine tool, gearbox, welded truss or body.

Complex- two or more assembly units interconnected at the factory, manufactured by assembly operations and intended to perform interrelated operational functions.

Set- two or more products that are not connected to each other and are intended to perform the same type of auxiliary functions (spare parts, tools, accessories, a set of measuring equipment).

Types of mechanical engineering production

In mechanical engineering production there are three main types: mass, serial and individual.

Whether production belongs to one type or another is determined by the degree of specialization of workplaces, the range of production objects, and the form of movement of these objects among workplaces.

Mass production characterized by the continuous production of a limited range of products at highly specialized workplaces. This type of production allows you to mechanize and automate the technological process as a whole and organize it more economically.

Mass production characterized by the production of a limited range of products (parts are manufactured in batches and assemblies in series), repeated at certain intervals, and a wide specialization of jobs. The division of serial production into large-, medium- and small-scale production is arbitrary, since in various branches of mechanical engineering, with the same number of products in a series, but with a significant difference in their size, complexity and labor intensity, production can be classified into different types. In terms of the level of mechanization and automation, large-scale production approaches mass production, and small-scale production approaches single-piece production.

Single production- is marked by the production of a wide range of products in single quantities, repeated at indefinite intervals or not repeated at all. Jobs do not have a specific specialization. A significant percentage of technological operations are performed manually.

One of the signs of production is the coefficient of consolidation of operations, which is understood as the ratio of the number of all operations performed during a unit of time (month) with the number of jobs:

Where ABOUT- the number of different operations performed at workplaces of a site or workshop during a month; R- the number of jobs on the site or in the workshop.

Mechanical engineering industries by group

Traditional mechanical engineering is divided into the following groups of industries: heavy engineering; general mechanical engineering; secondary mechanical engineering; precision engineering, production of metal products and blanks; repair of machinery and equipment.

Heavy Engineering

Heavy engineering includes industries producing equipment for the mining and metallurgical industries, power units (power engineering), and handling equipment.

  • Mining mechanical engineering
  • Metallurgical engineering
  • Power engineering

General mechanical engineering

General mechanical engineering is represented by such industries as transport engineering (railway, shipbuilding, aviation, rocket and space industry, but without automotive industry), agricultural, production of technological equipment for various industries (except light and food).

  • Railway engineering
  • Shipbuilding
  • Aviation industry
  • Rocket and space industry
  • Production of technological equipment by industry
    • Construction and municipal engineering
    • Agricultural engineering
    • Chemical engineering
    • Forestry engineering

Secondary mechanical engineering

The medium-sized engineering industry includes the automotive industry, tractor manufacturing, machine tool industry, tool industry, and the production of technological equipment for the light and food industries.

  • Automotive industry
  • Tractor manufacturing
  • Machine tool industry
  • Robotics
  • Tool industry
  • Equipment light industry
  • Food industry equipment
  • Household Appliances and Machinery Industry

Precision engineering

The leading branches of precision engineering are instrument making, radio engineering and electronic engineering, and the electrical industry.
The products of the industries in this group are extremely diverse - these are optical instruments, personal computers, radio-electronic equipment, aviation instruments, fiber optics, lasers and components, watches.

  • Instrumentation
  • Radio engineering and electronics industry
  • Electrical industry

Production of metal products and blanks

  • Production of cutlery, cutlery, locks and hardware, accessories
  • Production of mass metal products (hardware) - wire, ropes, nails, fasteners.

Industry structure and location features of mechanical engineering

Heavy engineering produces mining, hoisting and transport, metallurgical equipment, equipment for the chemical and construction complexes, track machines (bulldozers, excavators, rollers, graders) and others. It is metal-intensive, therefore it gravitates towards metallurgical bases; at the same time it is bulky, therefore it gravitates towards the consumer. The products of this industry are produced in small batches or even single samples (steam boilers, turbines, rolling mills) and are labor-intensive.

The level of development of heavy engineering stands out in previously developed countries where there is heavy industry. Among countries, heavy engineering focuses on the mining industry (oil, gas, ore, coal) or the metallurgical industry (India, Brazil, Argentina).

Transport engineering consists of the production of automobiles, sea and river vessels, locomotives, carriages, trams, trolleybuses, etc. It focuses primarily on developed countries, where there is a significant demand for these products, as well as the raw material base.

The automotive industry is characterized by high capital intensity, and intense competition causes high level monopolization. The largest monopolies in the production of passenger cars are Volvo, Daimler-Benz, FIAT, BMW, General Motors, Ford Motor, Toyota, Nissan, Opel. Among the regions, the leadership is held by North America. Among the countries, the USA, Japan and France stand out.

AvtoZAZ-Daewoo in Ukraine launched the production of the Tavria car of improved quality and three Daewoo models. In Ilyichevsk, the compilation of Leganza, Nubira, Lanos models has begun.

General Motors, as part of the AvtoZAZ-Daewoo joint venture, invested $100 million in the automotive industry. for assembling Opel Astra and Vectra. A joint venture was created in Lutsk to assemble the sixth VAZ model, and in Melitopol, on the basis of a recently built engine plant, the production of Renault engines was launched, including for the Renault-LAZ joint venture for the production of new buses.

Car production in Russia decreased; in 1998, Ukraine produced 25.7 thousand passenger cars. The truck industry is concentrated in countries such as the USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, Russia, the Czech Republic, and Belarus. Heavy and medium-duty trucks are produced here. Largest centers: Moscow, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizhny Novgorod in Russia, Minsk and Zhodino in Belarus, Dearborn in the USA, Nagoya in Japan, Kopřivnica in the Czech Republic (Tatra trucks), Japan (Mitsubishi, Nissan, Hino), Italy (Iveco), Sweden ( Volvo), France (Renault), Germany and the USA (Daimler-Chrysler, Mercedes, MAN), as well as Scania and DAF models. Russia and Ukraine have formed 4 joint ventures to assemble small Gazelle trucks in Simferopol, Ilyichevsk, Kremenchug and the Kyiv region.

Bus production is concentrated in Germany (Mercedes), Hungary (Ikarus), Ukraine (LAZ), Russia (PAZ, LIAZ), USA, Japan, Sweden (Volvo), France (Renault).

Motorcycle production is concentrated in Japan (Suzuki, Jawa, Jamaha, Kawasaki, Honda); Germany (BMW), France (Pegeout), USA and Italy.

Locomotive building historically developed where the railway network was developed: in Western Europe, Russia, Ukraine, the USA, Japan. In most developed countries, electric locomotives are produced and used (with the exception of the USA, where the share of diesel locomotives is high), and in developing countries, diesel and steam locomotives are used. Japan is introducing the latest types of locomotives; the speed of movement on its special high-speed railways along the Pacific belt is the highest. A new type of high-speed train has been developed in the USA, which will move at a speed of 240 km/h and will become one of the most reliable in terms of traffic safety. In Ukraine, diesel and electric locomotives are produced in Lugansk, Kharkov and Dnepropetrovsk, trams - in Lugansk, trolleybuses - in Dnepropetrovsk.

Marine engineering is concentrated in Japan; this country provides 38% of the tonnage under construction. The United States leads in terms of military shipbuilding volume. Since the mid-seventies, rapidly - with the active participation of Japanese monopolies and using Japanese ship equipment - marine shipbuilding has been developing into South Korea(20% of world volume), Singapore, Brazil. In Western Europe, the highest rates of shipbuilding development are in Germany and Italy (5.4 and 4.3%, respectively). China in Lately displaced Germany from third place and its share is 6.1%.

In some countries, a certain specialization has formed: Japan makes vessels for transporting liquid and bulk cargo, France - liquefied gases and chemicals, Finland - icebreakers and passenger ships, the USA - barge carriers and gas tankers.

A new trend is the relocation of shipbuilding capacity to developing countries. In addition to the Republic of Korea, Brazil entered the top ten. This is due to the availability of raw materials and cheap labor resources.

In global ship production, Ukraine's share in 1995 was 0.8%, and in 1998 it fell to 0.3%. The leading buyers of Ukrainian ships are Greece (41% of total cost sold vessels), Russia (30%), Denmark, Liberia, the Netherlands.

Machine tool manufacturing is an industry that determines scientific and technological progress in the world. It requires the involvement of highly qualified labor resources, therefore it is located mainly in economically developed countries. It is no coincidence that six of them - Japan, Germany, the USA, Italy, Switzerland and France - account for 75% of machine tool production. The same countries lead in the export of machine tools.

Machine tool industry in countries around the world has narrow specialization. Thus, the USA and Germany are the first to produce computer-controlled machines; Japan and Germany - metal-cutting machines; USA, Japan and Germany - forging and pressing machines; Switzerland - precision machine tools.

Agricultural engineering includes the production of combines, reapers, seeders, mowers, livestock equipment, etc. All these machines are consumer-oriented and manufactured in those countries where they are needed. Many developing ones have workshops for assembling agricultural machinery, and components are imported from Western Europe, Japan and USA. The United States leads in terms of production of agricultural machinery; they are also the main consumers of this equipment. Combine harvesters are produced in Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Syzran, Krasnoyarsk (Russia), Lugansk and Kirovograd (Ukraine); corn harvesters - in Kherson (Ukraine); flax harvesting - Bezhetsky, Lyubertsy (Russia); cotton harvesting - Tashkent (Uzbekistan); potato harvesters - Gomel (Belarus), Ryazan, Tula (Russia). The Kherson plant of corn harvesters launched the production of the Slavutich grain harvester.

Aviation and rocketry are typical for economically developed countries. The USA produces the Shuttle, France - Orion, Russia - artificial satellites, space stations, modules; Ukraine - Zenit and Proton launch vehicles. Ukraine also takes part in the Sea Launch comic program. The largest aircraft manufacturers in the world are Boeing (USA) and Airbus (Western European consortium). Also Various types aircraft are produced by France, Italy, Canada, Sweden and others. Russia produces military and civil aircraft and helicopters: MIG, SU, AN, IL, TU and others. Aircraft engines are produced in Ukraine (Motor Sich plant in Zaporozhye). Aircraft factories in Kyiv and Kharkov are setting up production of TU-334, AN-140, AN-74, AN-74 TK.

An important area of ​​mechanical engineering is the production of weapons. In the world, developed countries stand out among arms producers, and among buyers, both developed and developing countries.

Instrument making is the production of electrical and radio measuring optical instruments, time instruments, communications equipment, etc.. The largest manufacturers electrical equipment in the world there are companies ABB (Switzerland and Sweden), Siemens (Germany), General Electric (USA), GEC-Alsthom (France and Great Britain).

These industries first appeared in Europe, the USA and Japan, and then were also transferred to New industrial countries(NIS) East, Southeast Asia and Latin America based on cheap labor.

One of the areas of instrument making is the electronics industry. It originated in the USA, then moved to Europe and Japan, and now has shifted to the NIK. Now such NIKs as the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Brazil are among the top ten countries, second only to the USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain and France. At first, these countries only made consumer electronics from American, European and Japanese parts; Now they are introducing their own integrated production, which contains all the main stages. Personal computers, large integrated circuits, peripheral systems, equipment for electronic design, communications equipment, fiber optics, etc. are produced. In 1997, 80 million personal computers were produced worldwide. The leader is Compag (USA).

In Ukraine, this industry is also widely represented: most products are produced at enterprises of the military-industrial complex. Among the centers, Kyiv, Dnepropetrovsk, Lvov, Odessa, Kharkov, Simferopol stand out.