Muscles of the diaphragm of the chest. An inconspicuous muscle, the diaphragm - why work on it? Mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation

Rice. Anatomy of the diaphragm: 1—tendon center, 2—sternal part of the diaphragm, 3—costal partaperture, 4—lumbar part of the diaphragm, 5—xiphoid process, 6—right legaperture, 7—left legaperture, 9—medial arcuate ligament (arcus lumbocostalis medialis), 10—lateral lumbocostal arch (arcus lumbocostalis lateralis), 11—attachment of the diaphragm to the transverse process of the first lumbar vertebra, 12—the psoas major muscle, 13—the quadratus lumborum muscle, 14— weak point of the diaphragm: lumbocostal triangle of Bochdalek, 15—weak point of the diaphragm: sternocostal triangle of Morgagni, 16—aortic opening of the diaphragm, 19—esophageal opening, 21—opening of the vena cava.

Thoracic diaphragm, diaphragma, m. phrenicus, in Greek “septum” διάφραγμα, as we of course remember, is a muscular-tendon septum and separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Functions of the diaphragm in normal physiology

Separates the chest and abdominal cavities as the διάφραγμα “septum.”
Unites the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Osteopathic dysfunctions of the organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities, striving for adaptation, almost always involve the diaphragm and change its shape and mobility.
Support function. The diaphragm has many connective tissue connections with internal organs.
External breathing together with the intercostal muscles. Diaphragm — the most important respiratory muscle (and cranial specialists will think about the PDM).
“Second heart”: when inhaling, the diaphragm contracts and its dome lowers. At the same time, the pressure in the chest decreases, which contributes to the expansion of the lumen of the vena cava and venous inflow into the right atrium.
On the other side of the diaphragm — In the abdominal cavity, during inhalation, pressure increases. Increasing pressure on the internal organs facilitates the outflow of venous blood from them. The inferior vena cava also feels the increase in intra-abdominal pressure and more easily gives venous blood up behind the diaphragm to the heart.
Lymphatic drainage. The diaphragm functions as a pump for lymph in the same way as for venous return.
Participation in the activity of the digestive system. Rhythmic contractions of the diaphragm have a mechanical effect on the intestines and promote the outflow of bile.

Anatomy of diaphragms

In the center of the diaphragm, its tendon part is located almost horizontally, and the muscular part of the diaphragm diverges radially from the tendon center.

Tendon center of the diaphragm

The tendon center (centrum tendineum), or tendon part (pars tendinea) has the shape shamrock. On the front blade shamrock(folium anterior) lies the heart, the lungs lie on the lateral lobes.

Rice. Tendon center of the diaphragm and the course of the fibers.Tendon center green in color, like a trefoil. In Italian anatomy, the superior and inferior semicircular ligaments around the opening of the inferior vena cava are also distinguished.

In a child, the tendon center is less pronounced — predominates in the diaphragm muscle part. Over the years, the muscle fibers in the diaphragm become smaller, and the tendon center increases.

It is also worth noting that the tendon center has great strength and low extensibility. The force lines originate from the tendon center and run radially along the muscle fibers of the muscular part of the diaphragm.

Muscular part of the diaphragm

The muscle bundles of the diaphragm extend radially from its tendon center and reach the lower aperture (exit) from the chest and are attached to it. Thus, the diaphragm attachment — this is the entire osteochondral lower aperture of the chest: the lower 6 pairs of ribs, the xiphoid process, the thoracolumbar junction of the spine. The legs of the diaphragm extend to L4.

The entire muscular part (pars muscularis) of the diaphragm, depending on the places of attachment of its bundles, is divided into sternal part (pars sternalis), costal part (pars costalis), And lumbar part (pars lumbalis).

Rice. Diaphragm parts. The sternal part is highlighted in red, the costal part in blue, and the lumbar part in yellow. The tendon center of the diaphragm is pale turquoise.

Sternal part of the diaphragm smallest. It is usually represented by one (less often two) muscle bundle, which starts from the xiphoid process and the posterior layer of the fascia of the rectus abdominis muscle and follows dorsocranial to the anterior lobe of the tendon center of the diaphragm. In 6% of cases, the sternal part of the diaphragm is completely absent. Then in its place only a plate of diaphragmatic fascia and peritoneum remains.

Costal part of the diaphragm attached to the inner surface of the cartilages of the lower six pairs of ribs (VII - XII). This is the widest part of the aperture. The attachment of the left part is usually lower than the right one. At the point of attachment to the ribs, the muscle bundles of the diaphragm alternate with bundles of the transverse abdominal muscle.

The length of the muscle fibers of the costal part of the diaphragm is related to the width of the chest. Usually the distance from the costal arch to the tendon center is from 1 to 2-2.5 cm.

Lumbar part of the diaphragm the longest and also remarkable for the presence of legs — separate attachments to the skeleton.

Diaphragm legs

The muscle bundles of the lumbar part of the diaphragm descend down the anterior surface of the lumbar vertebral bodies and are woven into the anterior longitudinal ligament, forming the right and left muscular legs of the diaphragm (crus dextrum et sinistrum diaphragmatis). The left leg goes from L1 to L3, and the right leg is usually more developed: it is thicker, starting from L1 and reaching L4.

In addition to the muscular legs, the lumbar part of the diaphragm also has other more rigid connective tissue attachments to the transverse processes of the first (second) lumbar vertebra and to the twelfth rib. Between these attachments of the diaphragm, the connective tissue of the diaphragm is stretched in the form of arches, and under these arches there are all sorts of vital structures.

Rice. The legs of the diaphragm and the arches between them. In the middle between the muscular legs of the diaphragm (1st right leg) on the anterior surface of the spine runs the aorta (6). Between the muscular pedicle (1) and the attachment of the diaphragm to the transverse process of the lumbar vertebra (2), the free edge of the diaphragm is stretched in the form of an arch or arc. This is the medial arcuate ligament (4). Lateral to the attachment to the transverse process there is another attachment of the diaphragm - to the twelfth rib (3). The stretched edge of the diaphragm from the transverse process to the twelfth rib forms another arch - the lateral arcuate ligament (5).

Lateral arcuate ligament (lig. arcuatum laterale).

Also called the lateral lumbocostal arch, or arcus lumbocostalis lateralis. Throws between the XII rib and the transverse process of the first or second lumbar vertebra.

Under the lateral arcuate ligament pass:

quadratus lumborum muscle (m. quadratus lumborum),
sympathetic trunk.

Medial arcuate ligament (lig. arcuatum mediale, or arcus lumbocostalis medialis).

Stretched between the transverse process of L1 (L2) and the body of the same lumbar vertebra.
Under the medial arcuate ligament pass:

psoas major muscle (m. psoas major),
large and small splanchnic nerves (nn. splanchnici),
azygos vein on the right,
hemizygos vein (v. hemiazygos), left.

Aperture holes

The diaphragm contains several holes. Their shape and location are variable and depend on the person’s build and age.

Opening of the inferior vena cava(foramen venae cavae inferior) is located in the tendon center of the diaphragm. The opening is usually oval in shape and is connected by its tendinous edges to the wall of the vein. The diameter ranges from 1.4 to 3.2 cm. The opening of the vena cava is often located at a distance of 1.2 - 1.4 cm from the inner (posterior) edge of the tendon center.

Aortic orifice(hiatus aorticus) is located to the left of the midline. Between the crura of the diaphragm and the spine (posteriorly) there remains a triangular space through which the aorta and the thoracic lymphatic duct pass. According to a number of researchers, in men aged 20 to 40 years, the diameter of the aortic opening is from 2.0 to 2.5 cm, over 40 years old - from 2 to 3.5 cm. In women, such expansion of the aortic opening was not detected; they initially have a freer opening of the aorta: about 2.7 cm.

In the area of the aortic opening, the wall of the thoracic lymphatic duct is usually fused with the right leg of the diaphragm. This ensures the movement of lymph under the rhythmic influence of the pulsating diaphragm.

Esophageal opening(hiatus oesophageus). Rising higher above the aortic opening to the tendinous center, the crura of the diaphragm form the esophageal opening, through which the esophagus and vagus nerves pass. The esophageal opening of the diaphragm is located to the left of the midline.

Rice. The diagram shows the levels of the diaphragm holes. At the height of Th8 there is the opening of the inferior vena cava, at the level of Th10 - the esophageal opening, at the level of Th12 - the opening of the aorta.

Are the legs of the diaphragm crossed or not?

The interweaving of the legs of the diaphragm is of particular interest. Traditionally, in our osteopathy, we have taught that above the opening of the aorta there is a crossing of the legs of the diaphragm and the right leg goes to the left, and the left to the right, and after the crossing, the muscle fibers of the legs form the esophageal opening and then are woven into the tendon center. This belief also determines how we work. We often perform techniques on the legs of the diaphragm on the opposite side of the tense dome of the diaphragm.

But we can learn that a number of respected anatomists have conducted research on the opening of the esophagus. And these respected people (Roy Camille, B.V. Petrovsky, N.N. Kanshin and N.O. Nikolaev) as a result of their work found several types of “branching” of the legs of the diaphragm.

The results are very surprising for all-feeling osteopaths. The most common option is the formation of both the aortic and esophageal openings in bundles only right leg without any crossovers. The esophageal opening is almost always limited by muscle bundles emanating only or almost only from the right leg of the diaphragm.

But there are also rare forms of formation of the esophageal opening:

a) the esophageal opening is formed by mutually intersecting bundles of the right and left medial legs in the form of a number 8, thus forming the hiatus aorticus and hiatus oesophageus. Previously, such formations of the esophageal and aortic openings were mistakenly considered classic, i.e., the most common;

b) formation of the esophageal opening only due to one left inner leg of the diaphragm;

c) when there is one common opening for both the aorta and the esophagus. Such a picture is rare.

Rice. The figure shows options for the “branching” of the diaphragm legs. The frequency of their occurrence is indicated under the types.

The esophagus is connected to the edges of the esophageal opening of the diaphragm by loose connective tissue. This loose connection allows the esophagus to maintain mobility in relation to the diaphragm and make sliding movements.

Fascia of the diaphragm
The diaphragm on the thoracic and abdominal surfaces is covered with fascia. Outside, on the fascia lies the connective tissue of the subpleural tissue above and the subperitoneal tissue below. This connective tissue tissue forms the basis for the serous parietal layer of the peritoneum on the side of the abdominal cavity, and the parietal layer of the pleura and cardiac bursa on the side of the thoracic cavity.

Rice. The edge of the diaphragm, the pleural angle, the kidney and their fascia. 1-pleura; 2-diaphragm; 3-fascia diaphragmatica; 4-liver; 5-adrenal gland; 6-right kidney; 7-fascia prerenalis; 8-peritoneum; 9-fascia Toldti; 10-paraureterium; 11-vasa iliaca communia; 12 am. iliacus; 13-fascia iliaca; 14-aponeurosis m. transversi abdominis (deep leaf of fascia thoracolumbalis); 15-m. erector spinae; 16- fascia retrorenalis; 17-m. quadratus lumborum; 18-arcus lumbocostalis lateralis; 19-fascia thoracolumbalis.

Literature:

Maksimenkov A.N. Surgical anatomy of the abdomen 1972.

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Diaphragm—its own mobility and embryogenesis.

As we know and feel, the thoraco-abdominal diaphragm has complex mobility of its own. One of the most interesting models is the connection between motility, or the intrinsic mobility of organs, and embryogenesis. It is assumed that the organ in its mobility (motility) repeats embryonic movements and movements. Let's try to consider the embryogenesis of the diaphragm and its correspondence to its own fluid mobility.

Rice. The arrows indicate the movements of parts of the growing diaphragm.

Encyclopedic YouTube

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✪ Aperture. Parts. Holes and vessels.

Subtitles

Structure

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped structure composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm dome is directed upward. The superior surface of the dome forms the bottom of the thoracic cavity, and the inferior surface forms the top of the abdominal cavity. Like a dome, the diaphragm has peripheral attachments to the structures that create the peritoneum and the chest wall. Muscle fibers converging from these attachments form the central tendon, which forms the crest of the diaphragm. Its (crest) peripheral part consists of muscle fibers that originate from the lower thoracic opening and also converge into the central vein.

Localization

Typically, the apex of the right dome of the diaphragm is at the level of the fourth, and the left - at the level of the fifth intercostal space. When inhaling, the domes of the diaphragm lower by 2-3 cm and flatten.

Holes

The diaphragm is pierced by a series of holes that allow communication between the structures that lie between the chest and abdomen. There are three large openings: aortic, esophageal and venous, which include a number of other small openings. The table shows the structure of the three main holes.

Attachment sites

The diaphragm is divided into lumbar, costal and sternal parts. Between the lumbar and costal parts there are lumbocostal triangles, between the costal and sternum - sternocostal triangles; these formations are the site of occurrence of diaphragmatic hernias. The lumbar part of the diaphragm (pars lumbalis diaphragmatis) begins on the anterior surface of the lumbar vertebral bodies. The costal part (pars costalis diaphragmatis) begins on the inner surface of the lower six to seven ribs and ends at the anterior and lateral edges of the tendon center. The sternal part (pars sternalis diaphragmatis) of the diaphragm is the narrowest and weakest, starting from the posterior surface of the xiphoid process of the sternum and ending at the anterior edge of the tendon center.

Thus, the muscle bundles of the muscle begin at the periphery, go up and medially and converge with their tendons, forming a tendon center (centrum tendineum).

Blood supply

Function

The functions of the diaphragm are divided into static and dynamic.

In dynamic there are three separate functions:

respiratory(or respiratory). As a result of the movements of the diaphragm, which together with the pectoral muscles determine inhalation and exhalation, the main volume of ventilation of the lungs is carried out.
cardio-vascular. When you inhale, the cardiac sac and the lowermost part of the superior vena cava that lies within it expand. At the same time, a decrease in the diaphragm and a simultaneous increase in intra-abdominal pressure squeeze blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava, which contributes to the constant outflow of venous blood into the right atrium. In addition, the outflow of blood from the abdominal organs and its inflow to the heart is facilitated by fluctuations in intrapleural pressure (for example, the suction effect of the chest cavity during inspiration).
motor-digestive. The diaphragm is of great importance for the movement of food along the esophagus (it is the sphincter of the esophagus), and periodic movements of the diaphragm, coupled with synchronous respiratory movements, are also important for the stomach.

The static (support) function is to maintain normal relationships between the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and depends on the muscle tone of the diaphragm. Violation of this function leads to the movement of the abdominal organs into the chest.

The diaphragm is an important abdominal organ. When contracted simultaneously with the abdominal muscles, the diaphragm helps reduce intra-abdominal pressure. When inhaling, the diaphragm contracts, actively stretching towards the lower internal organs. When you exhale, the diaphragm passively relaxes and is pulled up by the tendons holding it into its calm state.

Device

The diaphragm consists of two sinuses: costophrenic and phrenic-mediastinal.

Notes

Literature

Naumov N. P., Kartashev N. N. Zoology of vertebrates. Part 2. Reptiles, birds, mammals. - M.: Higher School, 1979. - 272 p.
Naumov S.P. Zoology of vertebrates. - M.: Education, 1982. - 464 p.

Conventionally, the border of the diaphragm can be drawn along the lower edge. The apex of the right dome of the diaphragm is usually located at the level of the fourth intercostal space, the apex of the left dome is at the level of the fifth. When inhaling, the domes of the diaphragm flatten and lower by 2-3 cm.

Based on the point of origin of the muscle bundles, three parts are distinguished: sternal, costal and lumbar. From the posterior surface of the xiphoid process, the sternal part. The widest part of the costal portion begins on the inner surface of the bony and cartilaginous portions of the six lower ribs. The lumbar part is divided into the right and left legs. Each of them comes from the anterolateral surface of the 1-3 lumbar vertebrae and the tendon lumbocostal ligaments.

The diaphragm has three openings: the aortic, esophageal and vena cava openings.

Why do you need a diaphragm?

The diaphragm plays the role of the main respiratory muscle. When it contracts, it flattens, which helps increase the volume of the chest and inhale. When relaxed, it takes on a convex spherical shape, which reduces the size of the chest and allows for exhalation.

Involuntary jerky contractions of the diaphragm lead to hiccups.

The diaphragm also performs a supporting (static) function, maintaining the normal thoracic and abdominal cavities, promoting the outflow from the liver and the inferior vena cava to the heart and the movement of food through the esophagus.

Mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation

When you inhale, the diaphragm moves down and pushes the abdominal organs aside. The chest is lifted upward, forward and to the sides by the intercostal muscles. Following the increase in the volume of the chest cavity, the gases contained in the lungs press them against the parietal pleura. The pressure inside the pulmonary alveoli drops, and outside air enters them.

Exhalation begins with relaxation of the intercostal muscles. The chest wall, under the influence of gravity, lowers, the stretched abdominal wall begins to put pressure on the abdominal organs, which put pressure on the diaphragm, and the diaphragm rises. When the volume of the chest cavity decreases, the lungs are compressed, which increases the air pressure in the pulmonary alveoli (it becomes higher than atmospheric pressure) and helps some of the air escape out.

Breathing regulation

The concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood must be maintained at a constant level. The respiratory center, consisting of inhalation and exhalation centers that regulate the functioning of the respiratory muscles, is located in the medulla oblongata. Inhalation is reflexively caused by the collapse of the pulmonary alveoli, exhalation by their expansion. It is also possible to consciously influence the rhythm of breathing.

This post contains only anatomy: 6 legs of the diaphragm, their crossover, or not crossover, holes, etc. We’ll talk about topography and connections separately.

Thoracic diaphragm, diaphragma, m. phrenicus, in Greek “septum” διάφραγμα, as we of course remember, is a muscular-tendon septum and separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Functions of the diaphragm in normal physiology

Separates the chest and abdominal cavities as the διάφραγμα “septum.”
Unites the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Osteopathic dysfunctions of the organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities, striving for adaptation, almost always involve the diaphragm and change its shape and mobility.
Support function. The diaphragm has many connective tissue connections with internal organs.
External breathing together with the intercostal muscles. Diaphragm — the most important respiratory muscle (and cranial specialists will think about the PDM).
“Second heart”: when inhaling, the diaphragm contracts and its dome lowers. At the same time, the pressure in the chest decreases, which contributes to the expansion of the lumen of the vena cava and venous inflow into the right atrium.
On the other side of the diaphragm — In the abdominal cavity, during inhalation, pressure increases. Increasing pressure on the internal organs facilitates the outflow of venous blood from them. The inferior vena cava also feels the increase in intra-abdominal pressure and more easily gives venous blood up behind the diaphragm to the heart.
Lymphatic drainage. The diaphragm functions as a pump for lymph in the same way as for venous return.
Participation in the activity of the digestive system. Rhythmic contractions of the diaphragm have a mechanical effect on the intestines and promote the outflow of bile.

Anatomy of diaphragms

In the center of the diaphragm, its tendon part is located almost horizontally, and the muscular part of the diaphragm diverges radially from the tendon center.

Tendon center of the diaphragm

The tendon center (centrum tendineum), or tendon part (pars tendinea) has the shape shamrock. On the front blade shamrock(folium anterior) lies the heart, the lungs lie on the lateral lobes.

In a child, the tendon center is less pronounced — predominates in the diaphragm muscle part. Over the years, the muscle fibers in the diaphragm become smaller, and the tendon center increases.

Muscular part of the diaphragm

Rice. Diaphragm parts. The sternal part is highlighted in red, the costal part in blue, and the lumbar part in yellow. The tendon center of the diaphragm is pale turquoise.

The length of the muscle fibers of the costal part of the diaphragm is related to the width of the chest. Usually the distance from the costal arch to the tendon center is from 1 to 2-2.5 cm.

Lumbar part of the diaphragm the longest and also remarkable for the presence of legs — separate attachments to the skeleton.

Diaphragm legs

Lateral arcuate ligament (lig. arcuatum laterale).

Also called the lateral lumbocostal arch, or arcus lumbocostalis lateralis. Throws between the XII rib and the transverse process of the first or second lumbar vertebra.

Under the lateral arcuate ligament pass:

quadratus lumborum muscle (m. quadratus lumborum),
sympathetic trunk.

Medial arcuate ligament (lig. arcuatum mediale, or arcus lumbocostalis medialis).

Stretched between the transverse process of L1 (L2) and the body of the same lumbar vertebra.
Under the medial arcuate ligament pass:

psoas major muscle (m. psoas major),
large and small splanchnic nerves (nn. splanchnici),
azygos vein on the right,
hemizygos vein (v. hemiazygos), left.

Aperture holes

Are the legs of the diaphragm crossed or not?

But there are also rare forms of formation of the esophageal opening:

A) the esophageal opening is formed by mutually intersecting bundles of the right and left medial legs in the form of a number 8, thus forming the hiatus aorticus and hiatus oesophageus. Previously, such formations of the esophageal and aortic openings were mistakenly considered classic, i.e., the most common;

B) formation of the esophageal opening only due to one left inner leg of the diaphragm;

C) when there is one common opening for both the aorta and the esophagus. Such a picture is rare.

Rice. The figure shows options for the “branching” of the diaphragm legs. The frequency of their occurrence is indicated under the types.

Friends, I invite you to my YouTube channel. He is more general conversational and less professional.

Literature:

Maksimenkov A.N. Surgical anatomy of the abdomen 1972.

Formed by a system of striated muscles, which, apparently, are derivatives of the rectus abdominis system. Characteristic only of mammals and crocodiles. The presence of a diaphragm allows you to sharply intensify ventilation of the lungs.

Diaphragm
lat. diaphragma
Respiratory system
Aperture operation
Blood supply	pericardiodiaphragmatic, musculophrenic, inferior phrenic arteries
Venous drainage	superior and inferior phrenic veins
Innervation	phrenic nerve and lower intercostal nerves
Precursor	transverse partition
Catalogs

Media files on Wikimedia Commons

Structure

The diaphragm is a semicircular structure composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm dome is directed upward. The superior surface of the dome forms the bottom of the thoracic cavity, and the inferior surface forms the top of the abdominal cavity. Like a dome, the diaphragm has peripheral attachments to the structures that create the peritoneum and the chest wall. Muscle fibers converging from these attachments form the central tendon, which forms the crest of the diaphragm. Its (crest) peripheral part consists of muscle fibers that originate from the lower thoracic opening and also converge into the central vein.

Localization

Holes

Attachment sites

The diaphragm is divided into lumbar, costal and sternal parts. Between the lumbar and costal parts there are lumbocostal triangles, between the costal and sternum there are sternocostal triangles; these formations are the site of occurrence of diaphragmatic hernias. The lumbar part of the diaphragm (pars lumbalis diaphragmatis) begins on the anterior surface of the lumbar vertebral bodies. The costal part (pars costalis diaphragmatis) begins on the inner surface of the lower six to seven ribs and ends at the anterior and lateral edges of the tendon center. The sternal part (pars sternalis diaphragmatis) of the diaphragm is the narrowest and weakest, starting from the posterior surface of the xiphoid process of the sternum and ending at the anterior edge of the tendon center.

Thus, the muscle bundles of the muscle begin at the periphery, go up and medially and converge with their tendons, forming a tendon center (centrum tendineum).

Blood supply

Innervation

Function

The functions of the diaphragm are divided into static and dynamic.

In dynamic there are three separate functions:

respiratory(or respiratory). As a result of the movements of the diaphragm, which together with the pectoral muscles determine inhalation and exhalation, the main volume of ventilation of the lungs is carried out.
cardio-vascular. When you inhale, the cardiac sac and the lowermost part of the superior vena cava that lies within it expand. At the same time, a decrease in the diaphragm and a simultaneous increase in intra-abdominal pressure squeeze blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava, which contributes to the constant outflow of venous blood into the right atrium. In addition, the outflow of blood from the abdominal organs and its inflow to the heart is facilitated by fluctuations in intrapleural pressure (for example, the suction effect of the chest cavity during inhalation).
motor-digestive. The diaphragm is of great importance for the movement of food through the esophagus (it is the sphincter of the esophagus), and periodic movements of the diaphragm, coupled with synchronous respiratory movements, are also important for the stomach.

Muscles of the diaphragm of the chest. An inconspicuous muscle, the diaphragm - why work on it? Mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation

Functions of the diaphragm in normal physiology

Anatomy of diaphragms

Tendon center of the diaphragm

Muscular part of the diaphragm

Diaphragm legs

Lateral arcuate ligament (lig. arcuatum laterale).

Medial arcuate ligament (lig. arcuatum mediale, or arcus lumbocostalis medialis).

Aperture holes

Are the legs of the diaphragm crossed or not?

Diaphragm—its own mobility and embryogenesis.

Encyclopedic YouTube

Subtitles

Structure

Localization

Holes

Attachment sites

Blood supply

Function

Device

Notes

Literature

Why do you need a diaphragm?

Mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation

Breathing regulation

Functions of the diaphragm in normal physiology

Anatomy of diaphragms

Tendon center of the diaphragm

Muscular part of the diaphragm

Diaphragm legs

Lateral arcuate ligament (lig. arcuatum laterale).

Medial arcuate ligament (lig. arcuatum mediale, or arcus lumbocostalis medialis).

Aperture holes

Are the legs of the diaphragm crossed or not?

Structure

Localization

Holes

Attachment sites

Blood supply

Innervation

Function

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