Basic functions and principles of professional ethics. Principles of ethics
PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS
PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS
(1903; Russian translation 1984) - the main ethical work of Doc. E. Moore, who had a significant influence on English-language moral philosophy of the 20th century. This work marked the beginning of meta-ethical research, which set as its goal not the nomination and k.-l. value programs, not the answer to traditional ethical questions (“what is good?”, “What should we do?”, etc.), but these questions themselves, clarifying their exact meaning, establishing rules and norms of ethical reasoning. This analytical approach, according to Moore, should lead to the cessation of the messy, unintelligible disputes that are full of ethics and the source of which, for the most part, is the elementary use of basic ethical concepts. Unlike many later analysts, who believed that the value of ethical statements makes them scientifically unreasonable, Moore was convinced of the possibility of building ethics as a science, and he outlined his book (to paraphrase famous work Kant) as “Prolegomena to any future ethics that can claim to be scientific.” “In other words,” explains Moore, “I tried to find the fundamental principles of ethical reasoning; and it is the establishment of these principles, and not the making of any final decisions based on their use, that can be considered the main subject of the book."
True, the distinction between logical-methodological (i.e. meta-ethical) and content-value (i.e. actually ethical) approaches is not clearly drawn in Moore’s work: the object of research for him is not only ethical reasoning about goodness, duty, etc. , but also themselves and duty as special realities. According to Moore, ethical is concerned with the proof and refutation of judgments containing the terms "", "vice", "duty", "", "good", etc. Every judgment of this kind is based on a more general judgment; the most common ground , to which any discourse ultimately arrives, is a judgment about goodness in itself, goodness as such. Therefore, all moral philosophers, when constructing their ethical teachings, take as a starting point this or that definition of good. But which of these alternative definitions should be considered correct? Moore devoted his book to a thorough analysis of the definitions of good presented in the history of ethics, and came to the conclusion that they are all erroneous, because they identify good with such entities or properties that are not the embodiment of good in itself. Moore's criticism is not directed against one or another specific ethical concept, but rather about the fundamental impossibility of giving a correct definition of good. The attempt to justify this position constitutes the most important and original part of Moore's moral philosophy.
The indefinability of good is not an insurmountable obstacle to the development of scientific ethics: it comes to the rescue, thanks to which we directly comprehend goodness as such and can detect its presence in certain things (thus qualifying them as “good”). Moreover, relying on intuition allows us to define goodness in other terms without falling into a logical fallacy. To do this, Moore believes, we should apply isolating abstraction, namely, “to find out what objects we would consider good if they existed on their own, absolutely isolated.” As a result, Moore comes to the following conclusion: “The greatest values that we know or can imagine are certain states of consciousness that general outline can be defined as communication with people and beauty.” The ironic remarks of some scholars of Moore's work about the banality of this statement do not reduce the generally accepted high assessment of his book as a fundamental work that largely determined the face of modern moral philosophy.
Philosophy: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Gardariki. Edited by A.A. Ivina. 2004 .
See what “PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS” are in other dictionaries:
Principles of professional ethics- 29. Under the principles professional ethics in foreign practice, the rules (standards) for implementing professional activity established for credit institutions, members of their management bodies and employees in accordance with... ... Official terminology
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ABOUT THE PURPOSE OF A PERSON. Experience of paradoxical ethics- Op. Berdyaev, published in Paris in 1931. First published in Russia in 1993 (in a collection of his works entitled On the Purpose of Man). The work consists of 3 hours. In the 1st part (Beginnings) the general philosophical principles of knowledge of ethical problems are revealed.… … Russian philosophy: dictionary
About the purpose of a person. Experience of paradoxical ethics- op. Berdyaev, published in Paris in 1931. First published in Russia in 1993. The work consists of 3 parts. In the 1st part (Beginnings) general philosophical principles of knowledge of ethical problems are revealed. Being a follower of the existential type... ... Russian Philosophy. Encyclopedia
Academic subject included by the Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation into the school curriculum (4th quarter of 4th grade and 1st quarter of 5th grade of secondary secondary school) as a federal educational component in... ... Wikipedia
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- (from lat. moralitas, moralis, mores tradition, folk custom, later morality, character, mores) a concept through which customs, laws, actions, characters expressing the highest values and... ... are identified in the mental and practical experience of people. Philosophical Encyclopedia
HUSSERL- [German] Husserl] Edmund (04/8/1859, Prosnitz (modern Prostejov, Czech Republic) 04/27/1938, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany), German. philosopher, founder of phenomenology as philosophical direction. Genus. and grew up in a Jewish culture indifferent to religion. family. Graduated... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia
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- The beginnings of planetary ethics in the philosophy of Russian cosmism, Bezgodov Alexander Vasilievich, Barezhev Konstantin Viktorovich. The monograph by A. V. Bezgolov and K. V. Barezhev formulated the beginnings of the most important section of the philosophy of the Planetary Project - planetary ethics, which represents the moral basis...
The main functions of work ethics can be considered the following:
Evaluative - makes it possible to evaluate the behavior and actions of employees in terms of compliance with moral standards and principles;
Regulatory - stems from the need to regulate the behavior and actions of a social worker in various formal and informal situations;
Organizational - serves to improve the organization of social work, requiring activity from participants in the process creative fulfillment their duties and professional duty;
Manager - serves as a means of social management of the behavior and actions of the social worker during the process in the interests of the case;
Motivational - serves as a means of forming socially and professionally approved motives for activity;
Coordinating - ensures cooperation of all participants in the process of providing social assistance to the client, based on trust and mutual assistance;
Regulating - directs and conditions the choice of a social worker or social service goals, methods and means of providing assistance to the client;
Reproductive - allows you to reproduce the actions of social workers and the relationships of social workers among themselves and with clients on the basis of morality and morality;
Educational - serves as a means of educating and improving the personality of both the social worker and his client and the client’s social environment;
Communicative - serves as a means of communication between specialists and their clients;
Optimizing - helps improve efficiency and quality social work, increasing the status of the profession in society, the level of its morality;
Stabilizing - helps to stabilize relationships among social workers, between social workers and clients and their loved ones, between social workers and representatives of various institutions;
Rationalizing - facilitates the social worker’s choice of goals, methods and means of influence, the choice of the most effective and acceptable solution from the point of view of professional morality;
Preventive - protects, warns the social worker from actions and actions that are harmful to the client and society;
Prognostic - allows you to predict the actions and behavior of individual social workers and their teams, their ethical development;
Informational - introduces social workers to the value system of professional social work and professional morality;
Social - promotes the creation of conditions favorable for the implementation of social work in society;
Socializing - serves to introduce the social worker to the prevailing system of values and morality in society.
The variety of functions of a social worker’s professional morality is due to its high social significance.
A social worker in his activities should be guided by the following principles:
Compliance with the reasonable interests of the client;
Personal responsibility of the social worker for the consequences of his actions that are undesirable for the client and society;
Respecting the client's right to acceptance independent decision at any stage joint action;
Accepting the client as he is;
Confidentiality;
Goodwill;
Unselfishness;
Honesty and openness;
Completeness of client information.
Despite the above, in practice social workers have to face a variety of ethical problems and dilemmas due to their obligations towards clients, colleagues, their own profession, and society as a whole. These problems are often vague, uncertain and give rise to uncertainty, the desire to ignore and evade them. It is easy to adhere verbally and abstractly to the majestic values set forth in monographs and textbooks, and thus demonstrate one’s responsibility. But applying the above values to leadership in daily work is not always easy.
Due to the specific nature of the social worker profession, there is an urgent need for professional ethics, uniform norms and rules that could guide every employee.
Professional ethics performs many functions that contribute to the quality performance of a social worker’s duties. And the existing proclaimed ethical principles set guidelines for the activities of every social worker.
However, these standards are not applicable in all situations faced by a social worker. Most of the difficulties for the social worker arise from the need to choose between two or more conflicting obligations. AND Social worker must always be prepared for ambiguous moments and situations in which he will have to be guided by his own moral principles and values.
4.. Formation and history of ethics
One day, before another military campaign, the Greek orator Kineas asked King Pyrrhus:
“The Romans are a brave and warlike people. If the gods send us victory, how will we use it?” To this Pyrrhus replied: “If we defeat the Romans, then all of Italy will be in our power.” After some silence, Kineas asked again: “Well, when Italy is in our power, what will we do after that?” "Next door to her,- answered Pyrrhus,- is Sicily, a rich and fertile island. They don't stop there popular unrest and all sorts of unrest, and it is not difficult to conquer." "Great,- said Cineas, “but will the conquest of Sicily be our last conquest?”
"No!- exclaimed Pyrrhus.- This will only be the beginning. After all, from Sicily it is not difficult to reach Africa and take possession of Carthage." A “having such opportunities,” Kineas continued,- we will then easily subjugate Macedonia and at the same time Greece. But what is not clear to me is: when we complete all these plans, what will we do next?" "Then,- laughed Pyrrhus,- we will live in peace and tranquility, we will spend time in feasts, fun and friendly conversations." In currents case,- said Kineas,- why these wars, dangers, bloodsheds, when you already have, Pyrrhus, all the conditions, to live in peace and tranquility and spend time in feasts and friendly conversations?
This conversation took place in early 280 BC, but we see that questions about what a person should do, how he can act, and where the line separating good and evil come into focus, reflecting the basic circle of moral problems. It is reflections on duty, good and evil, the meaning of life, justice, happiness and conscience that create a special, ethical sphere of human existence.
It is not a separate, specific area of human activity, but is present in a wide variety of relationships between people and the world around them: in relation to nature, society and to a specific person, to one’s own business, career, etc. Back in the 17th century, the German thinker G. Leibniz noted that justice is not seen the way a horse is seen, but it is understood no worse, but rather better.
So what is ethics, how was it formed? Why have ethical issues become extremely important? Why is knowledge about the main problems of ethics necessary?
The word “ethics” (from the Greek ethos) means disposition, character, custom. It was introduced more than 2300 years ago by the ancient Greek sage Aristotle (384-322 BC), giving the name to the “science of virtue” - ethics.
However, the formation and development of ethics as a science, as well as the main moral guidelines in people's lives, went through the entire history of culture. Therefore we say that the concept of ethics has been historically fluid. It transformed and acquired new meanings different stages human development.
Thus, in the earliest cultural periods (for example, in primitive society), people had not yet identified moral and ethical values as issues requiring special, special forms of reflection. This was impossible, since the custom within which a person’s life took place was perceived as the only true and possible one. In this case, ethics most clearly correlates with the concept of custom, ingrained habit, generally accepted ritual, which reflect a person’s belonging to a value system common to all members of the tribe. When a person begins to think about the range of moral norms and values to which he submits, then complete another stage in the development and understanding of ethics. This happened in Ancient Greece. Ancient ethics, reflecting the ideals of Greek culture about the harmony of man with reality, his spiritual and physical balance, a healthy attitude towards material well-being and the world of things focuses our attention on human happiness and the main methods and conditions for achieving it. The Greek sages identified courage, prudence, benevolence and honesty (justice) as the main ethical virtues.
We emphasize that these virtues were not only proclaimed “in theory”, they tried to follow them as the most important life principles and used them as the main strategy for achieving success. Let's give just one example. When the greatest Athenian ruler, Pericles, died, friends, sitting at his bedside, recalled how wonderful he was. statesman and how many brilliant victories he won over his enemies. The friends thought that the dying man could not hear them. Suddenly Pericles raised his head and said:
“You praise me for what many others have done, but do not say a word about the most remarkable thing I have done. After all, during all the years of my reign, not a single Athenian citizen was executed on my order” 2.
The Middle Ages marks another stage of reflection on the essence of ethics and moral guidelines. In medieval Europe, a new hierarchy of values was created on the basis of the Christian religion. The ideas of good and evil as the relationship between the divine and the devil are put forward as an ethical priority. The Christian ethical model of behavior is reflected in the basic commandments that Jesus Christ spoke about in the Sermon on the Mount:
“Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, and pray for those who mistreat you. Give the other one to the one who hits you on the cheek, and do not prevent the one who takes your outer clothing from taking your shirt. Give to everyone who asks you, and do not demand back from the one who took what is yours. And as you want people to do to you, do so to them. And if you love those who love you, what gratitude do you have for that? For sinners also love those who love them. And if you do good to those who do good to you, what gratitude is that to you? For sinners do the same. And if you lend to those from whom you hope to get it back, what gratitude are you for that? For even sinners lend to sinners in order to receive the same amount back. But you love your enemies, and do good, and lend, expecting nothing; and you will have a great reward... Judge not, and do not be judged; do not condemn and you will not be condemned; forgive and you will be forgiven; give and it will be given to you: good measure, shaken down, pressed and running over, will be poured into your bosom; For with the measure you use, it will be measured back to you.”
[Gospel of Matthew]
In modern times, in an era of “uncertainty about existence, when everyone must take care of their own morality,” ethical ideals again receive a humanitarian focus. However, the sphere of moral and ethical problems has become increasingly correlated with the processes occurring in public life people, acquiring a socio-legal character. The German philosopher I. Kant (1724-1804) notes that “in morality, man is subject to his own and, nevertheless, universal legislation.”
It is also indicative that significant changes are taking place in the previously identical concepts of ethics, morality and ethics. Now they are given special meanings.
Ethics is a theory, and morality and morality reflect real phenomena in human life and society. Moreover, morality is behavior that corresponds to generally accepted customs, traditions, values and norms. Moral man automatically acts “like everyone else,” like an obedient member of society. He follows accepted rules, traditions and norms. Thus, morality is a condition for a person’s entry into society; it does not require originality, creativity and individual choice; on the contrary, it presupposes the fulfillment of a generally accepted norm, submission to a traditional model. Morality is a special phenomenon that arose in parallel with law in Western culture. It appears with the development of an individual, independent principle, with the emergence of independently thinking individuals capable of decision and choice.
THE NATURE AND ESSENCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS RELATIONS
One of the most important tasks of modern business man- solution psychological problems in the process of communicating with subordinates, colleagues and superiors. Therefore, universities have introduced the academic discipline “Psychology and Ethics.” business communication”, which is largely of an applied nature. Its goal is to promote the formation of appropriate moral qualities in business people as necessary conditions for their daily activities and behavior.
Ethics in a broad sense is understood as a system of universal and specific moral requirements and norms of behavior implemented in the process of social life. Accordingly, the ethics of business relations distinguishes one of the spheres of public life. Based on universal human norms and rules of behavior, ethical standards of official relations have some distinctive features.
Ethics in business relations is emphasized in Lately more and more attention. This is expressed in an increase in the volume of training programs in the system of university and postgraduate training in relevant disciplines (for example, “ethics and business etiquette”, “business ethics”, “ethics and etiquette of business relations”, etc.). Courses for studying the fundamentals of general ethics of behavior are also being introduced into some school programs and into the system of secondary specialized education, and over time, the coverage of educational institutions with such courses increases.
Employers are paying increasing attention to issues of ethics in business and personal relationships when selecting and hiring personnel, as well as in the process of employees directly performing their professional roles. It is necessary to emphasize that the concept of “professional role” includes not only the ability to perform job duties, but also the skills of relationships with the external environment (colleagues, management, subordinates, clients, partners, etc.) in the process of implementation professional tasks or functions recorded for a specific position. Compliance with the ethics of business relations is one of the main criteria for assessing the professionalism of both an individual employee and the organization as a whole.
Compliance by the organization's employees with the norms and rules of ethical business relations becomes its “calling card” and determines whether a partner or client will deal with this organization in the future and how effectively their relationship will be built.
There is a well-known ancient wisdom: “treat others the way you want to be treated.” A further description of the norms and rules of business ethics reveals the essence of the above statement, i.e., in other words, it answers the question: what kind of attitude do we want towards ourselves?
Almost all areas of business ethics have rules that apply to ethics of conduct in a broad sense. In addition, without exception, all areas of business ethics are based on fundamental ethical standards. These include respect for the self-esteem and personal status of another person, understanding the interests and motives of behavior of others, social responsibility for their psychological security, etc.
Basic principles of business ethics
Principles of business ethics - a generalized expression of moral requirements developed in the moral consciousness of society, which indicate the necessary behavior of participants in business relations.
Modern business ethics, according to many scientists, should be based on three important principles:
Creation material assets in all its diversity of forms is considered as an initially important process;
Profit and other income are considered as a result
achieving various socially significant goals;
Priority in resolving problems that arise in the business world should be given to the interests of interpersonal relationships rather than to production.
In the work of the American sociologist L. Hosmer, modern ethical principles are formulated business conduct, based on the axioms of world philosophical thought, which have passed centuries of testing by theory and practice.
There are ten such principles and, accordingly, axioms:
1. Never do anything that is not in your long-term interests.
2. Never do anything that cannot be said to be truly honest, open and true.
3. Never do anything that is not good, that does not contribute to the formation of a sense of comradeship, since we all work for one common goal (the principle is based on the commandments of world religions (St. Augustine), calling for kindness and compassion).
4. Never do anything that violates the law, because the law represents the minimum moral standards of society.
5. Never do anything that does not lead to greater good than harm to society.
6. Never do anything that you would not recommend doing to others who find themselves in a similar situation.
7. Never do anything that infringes on the established rights of others.
8. Always act in a manner that maximizes profits within the limits of the law, market requirements and full consideration of costs. For maximum profit, subject to these conditions, indicates the greatest production efficiency.
9. Never do anything that would harm the weakest in our society;
10. Never do anything that would interfere with another person’s right to self-development and self-realization.
These principles are present to varying degrees and recognized as valid in various business cultures. The ideal, albeit very distant goal of the world business community is becoming a type of relationship based on the triumph of moral ethical principles. One of the most important steps in this direction can be considered adopted in 1994 in the Swiss city of Caux (Caux) Declaration of Co - “Business Principles”. The Declaration attempted to unite the foundations of Eastern and Western business cultures; its initiators were the leaders of the largest national and transnational corporations in the United States, Western Europe and Japan.
As main principles International business the following are highlighted:
- business responsibility: from the benefit of shareholders to the benefit of its key partners;
- economic and social impact of business: to the progress of justice and world community;
- business ethics: from the letter of the law to the spirit of trust;
- respect for legal norms;
- support of multilateral trade relations;
- care for the environment;
- refusal of illegal actions.
The following are also generally accepted ethical principles for both organizations and individual leaders:
- « Golden Rule manager” - within the framework of your official position, never allow such actions towards your subordinates, management, clients, etc., that you would not want to see in relation to yourself;
Advancement with trust (favorable conditions are created in the team for making decisions and implementing them, when each person is given maximum trust - in his potential, qualifications, sense of responsibility);
The right to freedom of official behavior, behavior, and actions of a manager or ordinary employee of an organization, not only within the framework of the law, but also within the limits that do not violate the freedom of other managers or ordinary employees (freedom that does not limit the freedom of others);
Fairness in the ownership/acquisition of powers, responsibility, and the right to manage resources various types, in determining the timing of work, etc. (to the extent and to the extent that these powers, rights and responsibilities do not affect, do not affect, do not weaken the rights, responsibilities, powers of other managers, and do not go beyond the organization );
Fairness in the transfer of funds and resources, as well as rights, privileges and benefits (the voluntary transfer by a manager of all of the above is considered ethical, unethical is rude pressure on an employee, demands to violate the norms of universal ethics or the law);
Maximum progress (the actions of a manager or an organization as a whole are ethical if they contribute to the development of the organization or its individual parts without violating existing ethical standards);
The manager’s tolerant attitude towards moral principles rooted in the management of other countries and regions;
A reasonable combination of individual and collective principles in the work of a manager and in decision-making;
Consistent impact because ethical enforcement is primarily based on the use of social psychological methods, which usually require long-term use to obtain the desired result.
In an effort to take into account the specifics of business culture, the National Foundation “Russian Business Culture” has developed a document “Twelve Principles of Doing Business in Russia,” calling on entrepreneurs to approve the following principles of business relations (see Table 1).
Table 1
PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS RELATIONS
| No. | Name of the group of principles | Composition of group principles | |
| Personality principles | 1. Profit is most important, but honor is more important than profit, 2. Respect the participants in a common cause - this is the basis of relationships with them and self-respect. Respect and self-respect are given by fulfilling accepted business obligations. 3. Refrain from using violence or threats of violence as a means of achieving business goals. | ||
| Professional principles | 4. Always conduct business within your means. 5. Justify trust, it is the basis of entrepreneurship and the key to success. Strive to build a reputation as an honest, competent and decent partner. Be who you want your best partner to be. 6. Compete with dignity. Don't bring business disagreements to court. The most reliable partner is the one who also benefits from the deal. | ||
| Principles of a Russian citizen | 7. Obey applicable laws and obey legitimate authorities. | ||
| 8. For legitimate influence on government and lawmaking, unite with like-minded people based on these principles. 9. Do good for people, and not for the sake of self-interest and vanity. Do not demand indispensable public recognition for it. | |||
| Earth Citizen Principles | 10. When creating and running a business, at a minimum, do not harm nature. 11. Find the strength to resist crime and corruption. Contribute to making them disadvantageous for everyone. 12. Show tolerance towards representatives of other cultures, beliefs and countries. They are no worse or better than us, they are just different. | ||
"Golden Rule" Morality is considered a rule according to which you should not do to others what you do not want for yourself. There is also a positive reverse formulation of this rule“Treat others the way you would like to be treated. IN difficult situations When a person finds it difficult to choose a course of action, he can mentally put himself in the place of his interlocutor and imagine what he would like to see and hear in this situation.
IN Everyday life and in business communication you can use the following principle-hint: “If you don’t know what to do, act according to the law.”
Virtually all ethical principles and prescribed standards of conduct are formulated with these provisions in mind.
Particular principles arise from the specific conditions, content and specifics of a particular profession. Some of the particular principles include the following:
♦ common sense principle: the norms of professional ethics should not contradict common sense, and common sense dictates that professional etiquette in general is aimed at maintaining order, organization, saving time and other reasonable goals;
♦ principle of convenience: ethical standards should not constrain business relationships. Everything in professional activities should be convenient - from the layout of the office space to the placement of equipment in it, from business clothes to the rules of conduct at work. Moreover, convenience should be provided to all participants in business processes;
♦ principle of expediency. The essence of this principle is that each precept of business ethics must serve certain purposes;
♦ the principle of conservatism. Conservatism in appearance a business person, in his manners and inclinations, involuntarily evokes associations with something unshakable, strong, reliable, and a reliable partner in business is a desire for every business person. Reliability, fundamentality, stability are attractive features in the business world. They have a meaningful connection with conservatism;
♦ principle of ease. It is important that professional ethics does not become an artificially imposed phenomenon. Ethical standards should be natural, easy and effortless to implement;
♦ “Do no harm” principle. The corollary of this principle is that there is no room for error. The legislation of almost all civilized states provides for sanctions for erroneous actions of professionals. Professionalism presupposes a full consciousness of responsibility, concentration, and maximum concentration on work. Of course, people remain people, which means they can make mistakes, but negligence, mistakes due to oversight, laziness or indifference are unacceptable;
♦ principle of maximum High Quality work is common to all professions within specified capabilities. The ability of a professional to develop creatively and improve his skills not only adds to his experience, but also strengthens his authority;
♦ principle of professional secrecy, confidentiality (from the Latin confidentia - “trust”) of information about clients, information requests, services, technologies, recipes. If in personal relationships a person is expected to be sincere and open, then professional morality dictates that a specialist must always remember the need to maintain confidentiality. special information related to his work. Professional secrecy dates back to the Hippocratic Oath. Professional secrecy is fundamental in the state, military service, banking, etc. Professional secrets can have the status of state, military, commercial, medical, and provide for various degrees of responsibility - from official to criminal;
♦ conflict of interest. All professions require that you refrain from using your official position for personal gain. Professional ethics affirms the primacy of official duties and the secondary nature of personal duty. A professional has no right to receive income for work other than the agreed salary. Briefly, this principle can be understood as the absence of privileges in connection with a profession. Conflicts of interest are overcome by fulfilling professional duties;
♦ principle of collegiality. This principle is a direct consequence of the social essence of man, directing the latter to subordinate his personal interests to public ones. A person guided by the principle of collegiality experiences a sense of involvement in the affairs of the team, its goals and objectives.
Making collective decisions regarding the development strategy of a corporation, organization, joining forces for a prompt response in difficult situations does not lose relevance in modern stage when the degree of individual responsibility increases. In many professions, even today, collective searches for solutions to difficult professional problems are no exception; production meetings are regularly held - planning meetings, five-minute meetings, departments, etc., in which all employees are required to take an active part.
Production teams celebrate anniversaries, birthdays, weddings of employees, and congratulate them on special successes. Sad events do not go unattended when this or that person especially needs support and compassion;
♦ right to criticism. A professional must be able to criticize the work of colleagues without infringing on the dignity of other workers, and also correctly accept criticism addressed to him. Understanding the need critical analysis activity, constructive search for a better result is a condition for moving forward. But in this matter, it is most important to take care of the ethics of employee relations, to prevent criticism of the individual, not the idea, settling scores, or psychological confrontation;
♦ hedonic principle. Hedonism is an ethical principle according to which the desire for pleasure and the avoidance of pain is a natural human right. Hedonism in professional
activity welcomes everything that prolongs the pleasure of life, mitigates inconvenience and smoothes out troubles. Hedonism imparts comfort and pleasantness to goods and services, along with usefulness and efficiency. The outward friendliness and friendliness of the employees not only leaves a pleasant impression on the client, but also puts him in a good mood.
Hedonism obliges a professional to be optimistic, energetic, and able to inspire. A smile plays a special role. She opens the way to the hearts of other people. In trading, for example, a smile increases the number of sales.
Consequently, etiquette culture should be a manifestation of a general moral culture, a person’s upbringing, and his internal attitude towards others.
Professional ethics is also based on general moral norms. One of the most necessary norms is politeness, which is manifested in many specific rules of behavior: in greeting, addressing a person, in the ability to remember his name and patronymic, important dates his life. True politeness is certainly benevolent, since it is one of the manifestations of sincere benevolence towards people. Benevolence is an essential basis of politeness. An indispensable condition for politeness is sincerity.
Other important norms are tact and sensitivity. The content of these qualities is attention, deep respect for those with whom we communicate, the desire and ability to understand them, to feel what can give them pleasure, joy or, conversely, cause irritation, annoyance, and resentment.
Tactfulness and sensitivity are manifested in a sense of proportion that should be observed in conversation, in business contacts, in the ability to sense the boundary beyond which words and actions can cause a person undeserved offense, grief, and pain.
A tactful person always takes into account specific circumstances: differences in age, gender, social status, place of conversation, presence or absence of strangers. The basis of tactful behavior is also the ability to control oneself.
A prerequisite for tact is respect for another, manifested, in particular, in the ability to listen to him, in the ability to quickly and accurately determine the interlocutor’s reaction to a particular statement.
Important etiquette norm modesty appears, manifested in the fact that a person does not strive to show himself better, more capable, smarter than others, does not emphasize his superiority, does not demand any privileges, special amenities, or services for himself. At the same time, modesty should not manifest itself in timidity and shyness.
Delicacy should be a constant companion and advisor. This word most succinctly expresses what we mean when we talk about a sensitive, subtle attitude towards others, towards their feelings. But delicacy should not turn into flattery and lead to the praise of everything seen and heard.
Along with these generally accepted norms that are important in professional ethics moral standards Honesty, truthfulness, commitment, hard work, fairness, and keeping promises and contracts are also important.
These principles and norms are not always taken into account in real practice business relations. Sometimes the language of ethics itself is seen as a hindrance in business relations. Often in the business world they generally try to avoid talking about morality, ethical ideals, duty, social responsibilities, responsibility. These problems are perceived as “irrelevant.” But compliance with ethical principles and standards is important; this is necessary both to increase production efficiency and to strengthen business ties and business relationships in general.
The principles and norms of ethically competent behavior are specified in the rules of etiquette in specific situations.
Professional ethics regulates the relationships between people in business communication. Professional ethics are based on certain norms, requirements and principles.
Principles are abstract, generalized ideas that enable those who rely on them to correctly form their behavior and actions in the business sphere. The principles give specific employee in any organization, a conceptual ethical platform for decisions, actions, actions, interactions, etc.
The order of the ethical principles considered is not determined by their significance.
The essence of the first principle comes from the so-called gold standard: “Within the framework of your official position, never allow your official position in relation to your subordinates, management, or colleagues; to clients, etc. such actions that I would not want to see towards myself.”
The second principle: fairness is needed when providing employees with the resources necessary for their work activities (monetary, raw materials, material, etc.).
The third principle requires mandatory correction of an ethical violation, regardless of when and by whom it was committed.
The fourth principle is the principle of maximum progress: official behavior and an employee's actions are considered ethical if they contribute to the development of the organization (or its departments) from a moral point of view.
The fifth principle is the principle of minimum progress, according to which the actions of an employee or organization as a whole are ethical if they at least do not violate ethical standards.
Sixth principle: ethical is the tolerant attitude of the organization’s employees towards moral principles, traditions, etc., that exist in other organizations, regions, countries.
The seventh principle recommends a reasonable combination of individual relativism and ethical relativism with the requirements of universal (universal) ethics.
Eighth principle: individual and collective principles are equally recognized as the basis when developing and making decisions in business relationships.
The ninth principle: you should not be afraid to have your own opinion when resolving any official issues. However, nonconformism as a personality trait should manifest itself within reasonable limits.
The tenth principle is no violence, i.e. “pressure” on subordinates, expressed in various forms, for example, in an orderly, commanding manner of conducting an official conversation.
The eleventh principle is consistency of impact, which is expressed in the fact that ethical standards can be introduced into the life of an organization not with a one-time order, but only with the help of continuous efforts on the part of both the manager and ordinary employees.
The twelfth principle is when influencing (on a team, an individual employee, a consumer, etc.), take into account the strength of possible resistance. The fact is that while recognizing the value and necessity of ethical standards in theory, many workers, when faced with them in practical everyday work, for one reason or another begin to resist them.
The thirteenth principle is the advisability of making advances based on trust - the employee’s sense of responsibility, his competence, sense of duty, etc.
The fourteenth principle strongly recommends striving for non-conflict. Although conflict in the business sphere has not only dysfunctional but also functional consequences, nevertheless, conflict is a fertile ground for ethical violations.
The fifteenth principle is freedom without limiting the freedom of others; Usually this principle, although in an implicit form, is determined by job descriptions.
Sixteenth principle: the employee must not only act ethically himself, but also encourage the same behavior of his colleagues.
Seventeenth principle: do not criticize your competitor. This means not only a competing organization, but also an “internal competitor” - a team from another department, a colleague in whom one can “see” a competitor.
These principles should serve as the basis for each employee of any company to develop their own personal ethical system.
The content of companies' ethical codes originates from the principles of ethics.