Male pattern obesity in women. Review of obesity classifications: its types, types and degrees depending on different characteristics of the disease

Due to the proliferation of adipose tissue. Men receiving this diagnosis weigh at least 25% more than normal, women - 30%. At the same time, obesity is caused not only by the lifestyle that a person leads, but also by a host of other factors.

The problem of excess weight

The main sign of obesity female type in men, this is the concentration of adipose tissue in the waist and hips. Unlike of this type, the main characteristic of obesity according to male type is located in the upper part of the body. This disease causes a lot of disruptions in work internal organs, and also negatively affects appearance.

Female obesity in men provokes an increased load on the spine and legs. Also begins to suffer reproductive function. In the case when the set excess weight accompanied by an increase in the amount of fat in this suggests that adipose tissue are found both under the skin and around internal organs. This leads to their displacement, and over time to circulatory disorders. At the same time, fat easily penetrates the liver, which creates additional stress for it. When a person begins to exercise and also limit his diet, the fat around the internal organs is the first to be removed. That is why the result is not so noticeable at first.

Female obesity in men is fraught with serious consequences: heart attack, oncological diseases, sudden stop breathing during night sleep (otherwise called apnea). Excess weight also negatively affects intimate life, complicates physical education and sports.

Physical inactivity

Despite the abundance of factors, most often female obesity in men is caused by a sedentary lifestyle, as well as the constant consumption of high-calorie foods. The psychological state of a person plays a big role here.

According to statistics, those who are constantly exposed to various stresses and depression are more likely to “eat up” their condition, and therefore gain weight faster. This lifestyle is fraught various diseases- for example, disturbances in the hormonal system.

Most often, female-type obesity in men occurs among the older generation. However there is special shape a disease that is also common among young patients - hypothalamic obesity. If in most cases excess weight gain occurs due to poor nutrition and a passive lifestyle, then in this case the reasons lie in the work of the hypothalamus.

Obesity of this type, in addition to gaining extra pounds, is accompanied by a number of other symptoms - high fatigue, thirst, sleep disturbances. At the same time, weight increases regardless of how correctly the diet is composed in a man with female obesity. In this case, pink stretch marks may appear on the surface of the skin. Fat is deposited on the waist, abdomen, and thighs. IN pathological process The pancreas is also involved, which provokes fluctuations in insulin in the blood.

Heredity

There are families where the problem of excess weight is passed down from generation to generation. In laboratory studies, scientists observed entire families of experimental animals that suffered from overweight. These observations highlight the importance hereditary factor in the occurrence of female-type obesity in men. On this moment Scientists have not established to what extent genetic factors influence the development of obesity, and to what extent it is the result of an unhealthy lifestyle. The fact that lifestyle plays a big role here is evidenced by studies of identical twins who live in different conditions.

Hormones

One of the main causes of female-type obesity in men is low level the main male hormone - testosterone. It is he who is responsible for the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics in adolescence, as well as sexual desire. The more of this hormone in the blood, the more pronounced masculine qualities become: muscle strength, male-type hair growth and others. Testosterone regulates almost all processes in a man’s body, including having a direct effect on metabolic rate. It is believed that if this hormone is normal, then a man is not at risk of obesity. However, everything changes when it begins to be produced in insufficient quantities.

The easiest way to predict low testosterone levels is to measure your waist. If it is more than 104 cm, then there is a high probability that testosterone is produced in insufficient quantities. In order to get accurate data, you need to take a blood test.

One of the features of obesity in men of the female type is that not only a reduced level of testosterone leads to the accumulation of extra pounds, but obesity itself provokes a decrease in the production of this hormone. It turns out vicious circle. A lack of testosterone can reduce the effectiveness of the chosen weight loss program. Gaining extra pounds in boys is also dangerous. adolescence. After all, it provokes a decrease in testosterone production, which can lead to delayed puberty.

Symptoms of Low Testosterone Levels

In the case when the diet is changed and exhausting exercise in the gym does not bring results, most likely the reason for gaining extra pounds is low testosterone levels. You can assume a lack of male hormone in the body based on the following signs:

• Decreased sexual function.
• Psycho-emotional disorders (high irritability, nervousness, fatigue, memory impairment).
• Somatic disorders (increase in fat mass, decrease in the amount muscle tissue, increase mammary glands, problems with urination).

Female type obesity in men: treatment

The main way to get rid of extra pounds is to change your diet. In order to pick up proper diet, you need to consult a specialist. The basic rules for combating obesity are usually the following:

• Limit the consumption of sweets, flour and fatty foods.
• Increase in daily diet vegetables and fruits.
• Including a variety of foods in your diet.
• Consume dairy products with low percentage fat content;
• Reduce the amount of sugar in your daily diet.
• When drinking alcohol, you need to remember that no more than 20 g of alcohol should enter the body per day.

Since it is almost impossible to combat female-type obesity in men without a diet, the patient will have to seriously reconsider his eating habits. The spread of the problem of excess weight among the population is partly due to the popularity of fast food, as well as the high pace of life, when people do not have time to have a normal lunch during the working day.

Physical activity

Proper nutrition must be combined with physical activity. This could be gymnastics, long walks, cycling, swimming, tennis, volleyball. In order to move more, you can get off a few stops earlier on the way home, prefer walking instead of taking public transport, and refuse to use the elevator. To get results, it is extremely important to do this constantly.

Physical activity helps maintain wellness and combat female pattern obesity in men. Photo is great way motivate yourself to exercise for those who suffer from excess weight. You can take a photo before the start of classes, then after a month, two, and so on. Seeing real progress, a person receives much more motivation to act.

Body-building

A good way to combat female obesity in men is bodybuilding. This type of physical activity allows you to lose weight safely and for a long time. However, only on the condition that classes take place regularly. Although the goals in the case of combating overweight may not be as sky-high as those of professional bodybuilders, this method can be used to combat obesity.

You can often hear the question of whether gaining muscle mass will hinder weight loss. If a person is specifically interested in losing body weight, this assumption is correct - in the process of building muscle, this will not happen so quickly. However, for those who would like to reduce the amount of fat tissue, they should take into account: every time muscle mass increases by a kilogram, metabolism accelerates. And this allows you to get rid of fat faster.

Hormone therapy

The causes and treatment of female obesity in men are always determined by a doctor, so you should not engage in self-therapy - this can be harmful to health. Hormone therapy in the fight against obesity is still a subject of scientific controversy. Some believe that without it it is impossible to achieve success in the fight against extra pounds, others are confident that testosterone will increase without outside intervention when the excess weight goes away. One way or another, testosterone deficiency is currently recognized as one of the leading factors in excess weight gain. Therefore, all men who have low testosterone levels are indicated for hormone therapy.

Obesity varies not only in degree, but also in type - it is of male and female type. Male pattern obesity in women occurs quite often and its characteristic feature is an apple-shaped figure, as in the photo.

In this case, the main fat deposits are concentrated in the abdominal area. To find out the degree of abdominal, or male obesity, the waist circumference is divided by the hip circumference. If this indicator in a woman does not exceed 0.85, then her parameters are normal, and if higher, then this is already a pathology. Male pattern obesity can be caused by genetic predisposition, sedentary lifestyle life, as well as more serious reasons. For example, overeating based on a disorder psychological state women, arising due to a decrease in serotonin concentration, leading to depressive state. By absorbing a large amount of food, women calm down, which leads to the deposition of fat in different zones body. Another one serious reason- violation proper operation food center located in the hypothalamus. Because of this, a person begins to feel hungry more often than usual and tries to drown it out with tasty food.

For women, male-type obesity is more dangerous because it causes increased production of the male genital organs, the secretion of which is controlled by the adrenal cortex and ovaries. As a result, a violation may occur menstrual cycle, as well as increased hair growth on the face, arms and legs. More serious pathologies caused by male-type obesity in women is the development of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis and other diseases. To avoid all these problems, women at high risk should monitor their health.

• Review your diet and, with the help of a nutritionist, create a diet that will help keep your weight under control.
• Start taking medications which the doctor will prescribe. These are drugs that reduce appetite, speed up metabolism, and slow down the absorption process. nutrients in the intestines.
• Spend more time physical activity, start doing exercises for very obese women so that the energy expended exceeds that which enters the body with food.

If in time, paying attention to the fact that fat begins to be deposited in the abdominal area, you begin to take appropriate measures, your weight will gradually return to normal, and your well-being will begin to noticeably improve.

The causes in women are associated with genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalance in the body, proper diet and not enough in an active way life. Let's look at each reason in detail. Let's analyze the consequences of obesity in women and how to get rid of extra pounds without harming yourself.

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A woman's genetic predisposition to obesity is a common cause. Genes are responsible for appetite and metabolism in the body, for the breakdown of fats and their distribution.

But an important role here is played by the culture of food education, family lifestyle, and food preferences. If the family eats constantly, mother makes cheesecakes every day, then it is difficult for the growing generation to form a different view of food culture.

Hormonal changes

In fact, women experience hormonal imbalances very often: teenage changes puberty, changes in pregnancy, climacteric syndrome. In addition, after thirty years a woman by nature loses muscle mass and therefore she needs less calories in consumption, and on the contrary, a lot of high-calorie food comes into her diet. Stress also plays a significant role in obesity. A woman “seizes” her problems at work or troubles in the family. Stress itself causes hormonal disbalance

in the body, and if you also lean on food, then obesity will definitely occur! Pregnancy and childbirth provoke a positive factor for the development of various diseases. The thing is, what happens during pregnancy? hormonal changes

body. In order to give birth on time, and not ahead of time, production occurs large quantity female hormone – progesterone. A baby in the womb requires twice the normal caloric intake. You need to eat for two during pregnancy. When a child is born, the mother’s body experiences enormous stress, which also leads to disruption at the hormonal level. IN postpartum period lactation begins, this factor does not allow choosing a diet for a woman.

It takes a long time to regain weight, and some will even have to resort to treatment for the disease. Hormonal shifts are caused by: contraception such as antidepressants, diseases of the pituitary gland, neoplasms of the pancreas, diseases thyroid gland

and tumor of the ovaries and adrenal glands. Menopause also leads to varying degrees of obesity. At this time, the endocrine system suffers, and in old age a woman has a lot of. As the body wears out, it undergoes a huge load on the cardiovascular and muscular systems, metabolism suffers, which leads to disruption of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, older people move very little.

Types of obesity and their consequences

What does obesity lead to? Different ones lead to different health problems.

Abdominal

Most often, women suffer from abdominal problems, i.e. abdominal obesity. Fats are deposited in the abdominal area and peritoneum. This type is not difficult to determine. In the photo, people with abdominal obesity have a figure that looks like. Here only the shape of the abdomen suffers; the rest of the body is normal at this stage.

The abdominal type of fat deposition is dangerous because it leads to diabetes, pregnancy is impossible for a woman, and hence infertility.

Abdominal obesity in women it can develop into– when fatty deposits appear on and around internal organs. Fat begins to localize between the fibers of the heart muscle.

Visceral obesity is seen as a threat. We cannot tell about this stage of obesity from a photo of such a person; it can be determined by taking a test and undergoing diagnostics. Changes occur within the body of cardio-vascular system, blood sugar rises, the heart suffers. People who are sick with this type of obesity cannot fully move, and walking long distances causes them inconvenience, causing shortness of breath and tachycardia. If obesity reaches a woman's uterus, then sex life you can forget. All these reasons lead to problems with conception, pregnancy will not be possible, there will be infertility, treatment will take a long time.

Obesity legs

Obesity of the legs (gynoid type) is obesity (lipodystrophy) and is classified as endocrine. With this disease, fat accumulates only on the abdomen, thighs and leg structure.

The figure of such people resembles a pear. It causes complications both from the cardiovascular system and skeletal system– osteoporosis, osteoarthrosis.

Sufferers of this type complain of leg diseases and the inability to move. Sometimes the fat grows to such an extent that a person cannot lift his legs without assistance. Reproductive function also suffers - pregnancy cannot occur.

Male type

There is also android obesity- this is when fats are deposited according to the male type. In the photo, this degree can be determined by damage to such parts of the body as the upper abdomen and chest. The shape of the legs and hips remains normal, but the waist does not.

Mixed

Mixed type, when fats are distributed throughout a woman’s body. Characteristic signs changes in this type of disease can be determined visually. The figure in the photo of such a person will be covered with fat deposits evenly everywhere. The shape of the abdomen, the shape of the legs, arms, back, etc. suffer.

Obesity of any type causes irreversible consequences such as diabetes, infertility, colon and small intestine cancer.

Obesity causes menstrual irregularities - amenorrhea, which leads to the fact that a woman cannot become pregnant. Infertility in obese women is 33%, compared with 18% infertility in women of normal weight.

Stages of treatment

If a woman is obese, she is prescribed diagnosis and treatment. To determine the degree of obesity, calculate (BMI), body obesity index (BII), types of obesity.

Analyzes

Be sure to spend laboratory test, get tested. The doctor will order blood tests for sugar and cholesterol levels.

Be sure to prescribe tests for thyroid hormones - triiodothyronine and thyrotropin. It is also important to test the blood for prolactin; perhaps a woman’s infertility lies in the deviation of this hormone from the norm.

Abdominal obesity can occur with low male hormone, which is called testosterone, so testing for its presence and levels in the blood will be useful. Depending on the test results and the degree of the disease, the doctor prescribes treatment.

Diet, exercise

For all types of obesity appoint special diets, sports exercises aimed at the entire body as a whole and at problem areas, such as the abdomen. Drug treatment must be prescribed.

For hormonal obesity if there are testosterone deviations from the norm, a diet is prescribed where the restriction will be included. If these are the degrees of obesity at which disorders occur endocrine system, then a diet will be prescribed with sugar restriction.

A daily routine of active sports, a swimming pool and daily walks will become an obligatory part of the life of an obese patient.

In case of obesity due to a genetic factor They also select a diet, the Doctor will definitely tell you about the correct culture of nutrition, prescribe exercise, and prescribe the woman medications that reduce the feeling of hunger. Although it is very difficult to fight genetic obesity, since the factor of abnormal life activity, instilled from childhood, is added.

In order not to bring the disease to a more severe degree, a woman can change her diet in a positive direction for her health. Try to replace high-calorie foods with and fruits. Replace large portions of food with small ones. You may not be able to lose weight to your desired weight, but stopping fat growth is quite possible. This way, many complications will be avoided.

Drugs

Drug treatment: they are prescribed to either reduce the hormone or increase it. Depending on the level, its balance is restored. To treat female obesity, which is caused by poor nutrition and lack of exercise, therapy is used, as in genetic obesity. Except drug treatment a nutritionist can refer a woman to a psychologist, as this is an integral part of therapy.

Consultation with a psychologist

Mostly women start because of a poor psychological microclimate, which is facilitated by loneliness or separation from their spouse. In these cases, food for a woman serves as a substitute for joyful emotions. A diet prescribed by a doctor can cause even more stress for a woman, so the problem of obesity must also be solved on a psychological level.

In cases where neither medications, nor sports, nor diets help, with obesity of 3 and 4 degrees, use surgical method treatment.

Liposuction

Liposuction, where fat accumulated under the skin is removed. Gastric banding, when a band is inserted into the stomach, thereby changing its shape. After surgical intervention a woman will definitely need a period of rehabilitation, which will be aimed at maintaining the woman’s psychological and emotional background, as well as at establishing the right culture nutrition and lifestyle.

Types of obesity depend on certain factors that need to be classified. Classification of types - development of research centers, institutes and laboratories different countries. For successful treatment

A patient with obesity must first determine its type.

• Classification of obesity types:
• For the reasons for the formation of the disease;
• According to the characteristics of adipose tissue;
• According to the location of fat deposits on the body;

According to the stages of the disease. Based on the reasons for its formation, the disease is divided into two types – primary and secondary. By primary we mean eating disorders

, and under secondary all the rest, caused by genetic predisposition or concomitant diseases.

The primary type is also called “sugar” and is the result of an unhealthy lifestyle and nutritional disorders. What happens is that you consume more calories than your body can burn, so the excess calories turn into body fat.

But there is no way to eat less. And these are not bad habits, but addiction. What happens to a person is called “eating disorders”; it is not bad behavior, but a disease that has its roots in the emotional sphere. Eating disorders or addictions are always caused by psycho-emotional stress, which indicates a sufficient serious problems

psycho-emotional state of a person. The sugar type is not taken seriously; it is supposedly easier to deal with than smoking or alcohol addiction . But is this really so? Of course not. It’s even common to laugh at being overweight, as if it’s not a disease at all, but just a set of bad habits

. But in fact, the opposite is true - eating disorders cause personality changes.

Although the nutritional type of the disease does not manifest itself immediately and does not cause such harm as drug addiction or gambling addiction, it also has powerful emotional anchors. A person gets used to the fact that after stress, the only way to relieve stress is food. Nothing else helps relieve tension. Every time you quarrel with a colleague or lose your keys, your appetite awakens from the resulting stress and your gastric juice

and saliva. And so on at the slightest trouble. Who doesn't get into trouble? It follows that excess weight due to eating disorders must be dealt with on the same basis as addictions, and there is no shame in seeking help from specialists. At first, eating disorders may not be much of a concern, but the advanced stage of the disease becomes truly life-threatening. Therefore disorders

eating behavior

it is necessary to treat immediately, without shelving and without relying on the Russian “Maybe”! Secondary In the case of secondary obesity, patients are diagnosed with the presence of some other disease; its symptom is excess body weight. To identify the presence of a secondary, and not

• primary disease (a lot of research may be required. If it is not possible to identify any other ailments other than excess weight, then by exclusion it is classified as primary. Secondary is also called symptomatic and there are five types of it: brain; consequences of head injuries, infectious diseases or surgical intervention, as well as “empty sella” syndrome). For example, in the pituitary type of disease the cause is a disease of the brain; it is common mainly among young people under 25 years of age.
• Endocrine(changes caused by tumors of the adrenal cortex; pathological decrease in the level of various hormones responsible for metabolism in the body; the onset of menopause in women).
• Due to congenital pathologies(due to genetic diseases responsible for metabolic energy processes in the body).
• On the background taking antipsychotics and/or the presence of mental illness.
• Caused taking medications(medicinal).

About 25-30% of people worldwide are overweight. Of these, only 5% are classified as secondary obesity, and the remaining 95% suffer from a primary type of disease due to eating disorders.

According to the characteristics of fat deposits

Fat cells are called adipocytes. With obesity they change; their changes can be quantitative, qualitative or mixed. Based on the morphological characteristics of fat deposits, three types of obesity are distinguished:

• Hyperplastic (the number of fat cells increases);
• Hypertrophic (the size of fat cells increases);
• Mixed (both the number and size of cells grow at the same time).

In children's and adolescence the disease proceeds according to the hyperplastic type. In children, the amount of adipose tissue increases due to the appearance of a large number of new fat cells. With this type of excess weight it will be quite difficult.

In adults, on the contrary, hypertrophic obesity is observed, in which the cells themselves grow, and not their total number. In patients with significant excess weight, symptoms are expressed: fast fatiguability , headaches and various body pains, disorders gastrointestinal tract

, insomnia.

According to the location of fat deposits on the body

1. There are 6 types of obesity based on body type, but more often only three are distinguished:
2. Obesity of the female type or pear type (gynoid);
3. Male type obesity, also called apple (android);

• Mixed (fat is distributed evenly).

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Gynoid obesity is deposits in the lower body region: thighs, lower abdomen, legs and buttocks. All fat accumulates under the skin; fat is not deposited (on internal organs). is not as dangerous and occurs in women with normal hormonal function. Android, it is also called obesity, characterized by the distribution of fat not only under the skin, but also on the internal organs (visceral) of the upper body in an “apple” pattern. Men are more predisposed to visceral obesity. Visceral fat aggravates the functioning of internal organs, so it is advisable to quickly get rid of such fat before serious problems with the heart and other vital organs begin.

It can also be a female type or a male type. The mixed type of obesity is not striking due to the special disproportions of the upper and lower parts torso, since fat is deposited equally throughout the body.

6 types of obesity by body type

In a program about the problems of excess weight, Elena Malysheva spoke about new types: estrogen, testosterone, stress and sugar. These types are distinguished by their characteristic disproportion of fat deposits, which are immediately visible to the naked eye. So, what types of obesity are there, along with those listed by Elena Malysheva?

• Mixed (fat is distributed evenly).

There are 6 types of obesity based on body type:

1. Sugar type– a disease manifested in an even distribution of fat in men and women can be caused by frequent overeating or brain diseases (as in the pituitary type of obesity).
2. Obesity central type when fat appears in the lower abdomen, sides and lower back. The reasons for this are considered to be eating disorders plus frequent stress, constant feeling anxiety that needs to be addressed. They eat stress most often with sweets, which are instantly digested and stored in the “nervous tummy.” This type of obesity is also called “sugar obesity”.
3. Estrogen type secreted by fatty deposits on the thighs and buttocks.
4. Testosterone type is formed due to a lack of testosterone production in the body of men and women. With this type, fat constantly grows, replacing muscle tissue.
5. Obesity venous system – a genetic predisposition, which in women is aggravated by pregnancy. Fat accumulates in the legs of men or women, causing swelling and varicose veins.
6. Obesity of inactivity is a consequence of a sharp decrease physical activity in athletes or people engaged in heavy physical labor, fat is localized in the abdomen and chest.

By degree of obesity

You can live well with excess weight at the beginning, so obese people continue to carry extra pounds or even tens of kilograms of fat and do not go to the doctor for help, as if nothing is happening. At severe degrees excess weight, the disease becomes dangerous to life and health. Let's figure out what the differences are between them.

1. First degree excess weight is considered to be 25-30% more than normal. (BMI) for women is 28-30 and 30-32 for men. Symptoms: depression, complexes, irritability and increased emotionality.
2. Second degree It is generally accepted that weight gain increases by 30-50%. This condition is already difficult to label as healthy, because it is accompanied by various unpleasant complications, such as: frequent shortness of breath at low loads, tachycardia, swelling of the legs, varicose veins and increased sweating.
3. At 3 degrees comes serious condition with excess body weight from 50 to 100%. With every new one extra kilos literally the number of remaining years of life decreases. Complications are accepted sharp character: joint problems, varicose veins, swelling, heart pain, tachycardia, shortness of breath, decreased performance. This degree of obesity does not occur in children.
4. Fourth degree The most resilient people become overweight; the rest don’t live to see it at all. It is characterized by an increase in body weight by more than 2 times. Such patients are no longer able not only to work, but even to move without assistance.

The main thing to combat each type of obesity is to have a good understanding of their classification in order to determine what measures need to be taken to successfully treat it. Try not to let the disease take its course, because excess weight problems will accumulate and intensify, like a snowball.

Obesity is a disease whose main symptom is excess accumulation adipose tissue in the body.

Obesity develops as a result of an imbalance in the body's energy balance, when energy intake from food exceeds the body's energy expenditure. Excess calories from what you eat are used to synthesize fat, which is stored in fat depots. Gradually, fat depots increase, body weight steadily increases.

There are three types of obesity:

Abdominal(from lat. abdomen - belly), or android (from Greek andros - man), or the upper type of obesity is characterized by excessive deposition of adipose tissue in the abdomen and upper torso. The figure becomes like an apple. Apple-shaped obesity is more common in men and is the most dangerous to health. It is with this type that diseases such as diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, heart attacks and strokes.

Femorogluteal, or lower type of obesity is characterized by the development of adipose tissue mainly in the buttocks and thighs. The figure is shaped like a pear. Pear-shaped obesity is common in women and is usually accompanied by the development of diseases of the spine, joints and veins of the lower extremities.

Mixed, or intermediate type of obesity is characterized by an even distribution of fat throughout the body.