The figurative meaning of the word: examples. Words in literal and figurative meaning

Direct and figurative meaning of the word

Each word has a basic lexical meaning.

For example, desk- this is a school table, green- color of grass or foliage, There is- this means eating.

The meaning of the word is called direct , if the sound of the word accurately indicates an object, action or sign.

Sometimes the sound of one word is transferred to another object, action or sign based on similarity. The word acquires a new lexical meaning, which is called portable .

Let's look at examples of the direct and figurative meaning of words. If a person says a word sea, he and his interlocutors have an image of a large body of water with salty water.

Rice. 1. Black Sea ()

This is the direct meaning of the word sea. And in combinations sea of lights, sea of people, sea of books we see the figurative meaning of the word sea, which denotes a large amount of something or someone.

Rice. 2. City lights ()

Gold coins, earrings, cup- These are objects made of gold.

This is the direct meaning of the word gold. The following phrases have a figurative meaning: goldhair- hair with a brilliant yellow tint, golden hands- this is what they say about the ability to do something well, goldenheart- this is what they say about a person who does good.

Word heavy has a direct meaning - to have significant mass. For example, heavy load, box, briefcase.

Rice. 6. Heavy load ()

The following phrases have a figurative meaning: tough task- complex, not easy to solve; hard day- a difficult day that requires effort; hard look- gloomy, stern.

Girl jumping And temperature fluctuates.

In the first case - a direct value, in the second - figurative (rapid temperature change).

boy running- direct meaning. Time flies- portable.

Frost has frozen the river- figurative meaning - means that the water in the river is frozen.

Rice. 11. River in winter ()

House wall- direct meaning. About heavy rain we can say: wall of rain. This is a figurative meaning.

Read the poem:

What kind of miracle is this?

The sun is shining, the rain is falling,

There's a big beautiful river by the river

The rainbow bridge is rising.

If the sun is shining brightly,

The rain is pouring mischievously,

So this rain, children,

Called mushroom!

Mushroom rain- figurative meaning.

As we already know, words with multiple meanings are polysemous.

The figurative meaning is one of the meanings of a polysemantic word.

It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only from the context, i.e. in a sentence. For example:

Candles were burning on the table. Direct meaning.

His eyes sparkled with happiness. figurative meaning.

You can turn to an explanatory dictionary for help. The literal meaning of the word is always given first, and then the figurative meaning.

Let's look at an example.

Cold -

1. having a low temperature. Wash your hands with cold water. A cold wind blew from the north.

2. Transfer. About clothes. Cold coat.

3. Transfer. About color. Cool shades of the picture.

4. Transfer. About emotions. Cold look. Cold meeting.

Consolidating knowledge in practice

Let us determine which of the highlighted words are used in a literal and which in a figurative meaning.

At the table the mother said:

- Enough tongue wagging.

And my son is careful:

- A swing your legs Can?

Rice. 16. Mom and son ()

Let's check: wag your tongue- figurative meaning; swing your legs- direct.

Flocks of birds fly away

Out for the blue sea,

All the trees are shining

In multicolored attire.

Rice. 17. Birds in autumn ()

Let's check: blue sea- direct meaning; colorful tree decoration- portable.

The breeze asked as it flew by:

- Why are you rye, golden?

And in response, the spikelets rustle:

- Gold us hands are being raised.

Let's check: golden rye- figurative meaning; golden hands- figurative meaning.

Let's write down the phrases and determine whether they are used in a literal or figurative meaning.

Clean hands, an iron nail, a heavy suitcase, a voracious appetite, a difficult character, Olympian calm, an iron hand, a golden ring, a golden man, a wolf's skin.

Let's check: clean hands- direct, iron nail- direct, heavy suitcase- direct, voracious appetite- portable, difficult character- portable, Olympian calm- portable, iron hand- portable, gold ring- direct, golden man- portable, wolf skin- direct.

Let's make up phrases, write down phrases in a figurative meaning.

Angry (frost, wolf), black (paints, thoughts), runs (athlete, stream), hat (mother’s, snow), tail (fox, train), hit (frost, hammer), drums (rain, musician).

Let's check: angry frost, dark thoughts, a stream running, a cap of snow, the tail of a train, frost has struck, rain is drumming.

In this lesson we learned that words have literal and figurative meanings. The figurative meaning makes our speech figurative and vivid. Therefore, writers and poets love to use figurative meaning in their works.

In the next lesson we will learn which part of the word is called the root, learn how to isolate it in the word, and talk about the meaning and functions of this part of the word.

Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

Openclass.ru ().
Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().
Sch15-apatity.ucoz.ru ().

Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012. Part 2. Do the exercise. 28 P. 21.
Choose the correct answer to the following questions:

1. Science studies the vocabulary of a language:

A) phonetics

B) syntax

B) lexicology

2. The word is used figuratively in both phrases:

A) heart of stone, build a bridge

B) heat of the sun, stone edition

C) golden words, make plans

3. In which series are the words ambiguous:

A) star, artificial, stone

B) single, blinds, jockey

B) rocky, caftan, composer

* Using the knowledge gained in class, come up with 4-6 sentences with words field And give, where these words are used in direct and figurative meanings.

When polysemous, one of the meanings of a word is direct, and everyone else - portable.

Direct meaning of the word- this is its main lexical meaning. It is directly aimed at the subject (immediately evokes an idea of the subject, phenomenon) and is least dependent on the context. Words denoting objects, actions, signs, quantity, most often appear in

direct meaning.

Portable meaning of the word- this is its secondary meaning that arose on the basis of the direct one. For example:

Toy, -and, and. 1. A thing used for playing. Children's toys.

2. transfer One who blindly acts according to someone else’s will is an obedient instrument of someone else’s will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.

The essence of polysemy lies in the fact that some name of an object or phenomenon is transferred, transferred also to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects or phenomena simultaneously. Depending on the basis on which the name is transferred,” there are three main types of figurative meaning: 1) metaphor; 2) metonymy; 3) synecdoche.

Metaphor(from the Greek metaphora - transfer) - this is the transfer of a name by similarity, for example: ripe apple -eyeball(by form); human nose- bow of the ship(by location); chocolate bar- chocolate tan(by color); bird wing- airplane wing(by function); the dog howled- the wind howled(according to the nature of the sound), etc. yes

Metonymy(then Greek metonymia - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity *, for example: water is boiling- forthe kettle is boiling; porcelain dish- delicious dish; native gold- Scythian gold etc. A type of metonymy is synecdoche.

Synecdoche(from the Greek “synekdoche” - co-implying) is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part and vice versa, for example: thick currant- ripe currants; beautiful mouth- extra mouth(about an extra person in the family); bighead- smart head etc.

In the process of developing figurative names, a word can be enriched with new meanings as a result of narrowing or expanding its basic meaning. Over time figurative meanings may become straight.

It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only in context. Compare, for example, the sentences: 1) Wesat on the corner bastion, so it could go both wayssee everything (M. Lermontov). 2) In Tarakanovka, as in the deepest bearish corner, there was no place for secrets (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)

* Adjacent - located directly next to, having about border.

In the first sentence the word corner used in its literal meaning: “the place where two sides of something meet or intersect.” And in stable combinations “in a blind corner”, “bearish corner” the meaning of the word will be figurative: in a remote corner- in remote areas, bearliving corner - desolate place.

In explanatory dictionaries direct meaning of the word is given first, and figurative values are numbered 2, 3, 4, 5. The value recorded as figurative recently comes with the mark "peren" For example:

Wooden,-oh, -oh. 1. Made from wood, 2. trans. Motionless, unexpressive. Wooden facial expression. ABOUT Wood oil- cheap grade of olive oil.

Direct meaning of the word - this is its main lexical meaning. It is directly directed to the designated object, phenomenon, action, sign, immediately evokes an idea of them and is least dependent on the context. Words most often appear in their literal meaning.

figurative meaning of the word - this is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one.

Toy, -i, f. 1. A thing used for playing. Children's toys. 2. transfer One who blindly acts according to someone else’s will is an obedient instrument of someone else’s will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.

The essence of the transfer of meaning is that the meaning is transferred to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects at the same time. In this way, the polysemy of the word is formed. Depending on the basis on which sign the transfer of meaning occurs, there are three main types of transfer of meaning: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche.

Metaphor (from the Greek metaphora - transfer) is the transfer of a name by similarity:

ripe apple - eyeball (in shape); the nose of a person - the bow of a ship (by location); chocolate bar - chocolate tan (by color); bird wing - airplane wing (by function); the dog howled - the wind howled (according to the nature of the sound); etc.

Metonymy (from the Greek metonymia - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity:

water boils - the kettle boils; a porcelain dish is a delicious dish; native gold - Scythian gold, etc.

Synecdoche (from the Greek synekdoche - co-implication) is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part and vice versa:

thick currant - ripe currant; a beautiful mouth - an extra mouth (about an extra person in the family); big head - smart head, etc.

20. Stylistic use of homonyms.

Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings. As is known, within homonymy, lexical and morphological homonyms are distinguished. Lexical homonyms belong to the same part of speech and coincide in all their forms. For example: a key (from a lock) and a (icy) key.

Morphological homonymy is the homonymy of individual grammatical forms of the same word: three is the numeral and the imperative form of the verb to rub.

These are homophones, or phonetic homonyms, - words and forms of different meanings that sound the same, although they are spelled differently. flu - mushroom,

Homonyms also include homographs - words that have the same spelling but differ in emphasis: castle - castle

21. Stylistic use of synonyms.

Synonyms are words that denote the same concept, therefore, identical or similar in meaning.

Synonyms that have the same meaning, but differ in stylistic coloring. Among them, two groups are distinguished: a) synonyms belonging to different functional styles: live (neutral interstyle) - live (official business style); b) synonyms belonging to the same functional style, but having different emotional and expressive shades. smart (with a positive coloring) - brainy, big-headed (roughly familiar coloring).

semantic-stylistic. They differ both in meaning and stylistic coloring. For example: wander, wander, hang around, stagger.

Synonyms perform various functions in speech.

Synonyms are used in speech to clarify thoughts: He seemed a little lost, as if he was afraid (I. S. Turgenev).

Synonyms are used to contrast concepts, which sharply highlights their differences, especially strongly emphasizing the second synonym: He actually did not walk, but dragged along without lifting his feet from the ground

One of the most important functions of synonyms is the substitution function, which allows you to avoid repeating words.

Synonyms are used to construct a special stylistic figure

Stringing synonyms can, if handled ineptly, indicate the author’s stylistic helplessness.

Inappropriate use of synonyms gives rise to a stylistic error - pleonasm (“memorable souvenir”).

Two types of pleonasms: syntactic and semantic.

Syntactic appears when the grammar of the language makes it possible to make some function words redundant. “I know he will come” and “I know he will come.” The second example is syntactically redundant. This is not a mistake.

Positively, pleonasm can be used to prevent information loss (to be heard and remembered).

Pleonasm can also serve as a means of stylistic design of a statement and as a technique of poetic speech.

Pleonasm should be distinguished from tautology - repetition of unambiguous or the same words (which can be a special stylistic device).

Synonymy creates wide possibilities for selecting lexical means, but searching for the exact word costs the author a lot of work. Sometimes it is not easy to determine exactly how synonyms differ, what semantic or emotional-expressive shades they express. And it is not at all easy to choose from a multitude of words the only correct, necessary one.

The richness of the Russian language lies in the ambiguity of its words. In this article we will talk about the literal and figurative meaning of words and give examples for each of them. You will also learn in what cases words are used in a figurative meaning and their features.

What is the literal and figurative meaning of nouns?

In the Russian language there is a special class of nouns - ambiguous nouns that have literal and figurative meanings. The use of nouns in literal and figurative meaning depends on the context in which the word is used:

Direct meaning– the main lexical meaning of the noun, has no emotional-expressive connotations.
figurative meaning– secondary, non-basic meaning of a word, which functions in speech along with the main meaning; is formed by transferring meaning based on similarity, and often has emotionally expressive semantic shades.

Examples of nouns in the literal and figurative sense: wooden table(direct) – order table(portable), building wall(direct) – wall of rain(portable), women's hat(direct) – nail head(portable).

Using nouns in a figurative sense

Nouns in a figurative sense are used mainly in an artistic style, giving speech figurativeness.

For example: The snow lies like magnificent carpets, glistening in the sun (Pushkin)- noun "carpets" And the peaceful evening fire was swallowed up by the sea wave(Tyutchev) – noun "fire" used in a figurative sense.

Often the differences between the literal and figurative meaning of nouns are erased, and the figurative meaning becomes direct (for example: chair leg, cup handle, teapot spout).

figurative meaning of the word - this is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one.

Metaphor (from the Greek metaphora - transfer) is the transfer of a name by similarity:

Metonymy (from the Greek metonymia - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity:

water boils - the kettle boils; a porcelain dish is a delicious dish; native gold - Scythian gold, etc.

Synecdoche (from the Greek synekdoche - co-implication) is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part and vice versa:

thick currant - ripe currant; a beautiful mouth - an extra mouth (about an extra person in the family); big head - smart head, etc.

20. Stylistic use of homonyms.

Morphological homonymy is the homonymy of individual grammatical forms of the same word: three is the numeral and the imperative form of the verb to rub.

These are homophones, or phonetic homonyms, - words and forms of different meanings that sound the same, although they are spelled differently. flu - mushroom,

Homonyms also include homographs - words that have the same spelling but differ in emphasis: castle - castle

21. Stylistic use of synonyms.

Synonyms are words that denote the same concept, therefore, identical or similar in meaning.

semantic-stylistic. They differ both in meaning and stylistic coloring. For example: wander, wander, hang around, stagger.

Synonyms perform various functions in speech.

Synonyms are used in speech to clarify thoughts: He seemed a little lost, as if he was afraid (I. S. Turgenev).

One of the most important functions of synonyms is the substitution function, which allows you to avoid repeating words.

Synonyms are used to construct a special stylistic figure

Stringing synonyms can, if handled ineptly, indicate the author’s stylistic helplessness.

Inappropriate use of synonyms gives rise to a stylistic error - pleonasm (“memorable souvenir”).

Two types of pleonasms: syntactic and semantic.

Positively, pleonasm can be used to prevent information loss (to be heard and remembered).

Pleonasm can also serve as a means of stylistic design of a statement and as a technique of poetic speech.

Pleonasm should be distinguished from tautology - repetition of unambiguous or the same words (which can be a special stylistic device).

/ Question 44

Question 44. Direct and figurative meanings of the word. Metaphor.

In the semantic structure of words with free lexical

values differ direct and figurative meanings . Single digits

words, as a rule, have only direct meanings (for example,

boletus, boletus - names of varieties of mushrooms). Multiple-valued

words usually contain both direct and figurative meanings (for example,

bagel: 1) “a special type of bread product baked from choux pastry

and shaped like a ring"; 2) colloquial, portable - “steering wheel

car" (turn the steering wheel); 3) colloquial, figurative - “zero for

designation of loss in the table of sports competitions" (get

steering wheel).

Direct and figurative meanings differ in the nature of their connection with

denoted: with direct values, this connection is direct, immediate,

when figurative - indirect (through direct meaning); in other words,

if a word names something directly (not through an image), it has a direct

meaning, for example: snake - “reptile”; if he calls the word

object, sign, action through an image, then it has a figurative meaning,

for example: a snake is a “cunning person.”

The word used in its literal meaning fulfills a purely

nominative function, i.e. serves the purpose of naming certain

phenomena of reality. For example, the word field in its lines

meanings can name: 1) a zone of military operations (battlefield); 2) plot

the body on which the operation is performed (surgical field); 3)

space in which the action of any forces is detected

(magnetic field, gravitational field); 4) the area where the

mines (minefield), etc.

A word used in a figurative meaning, in addition to the nominative

functions, also contains an emotional assessment of the designated phenomenon,

brings a touch of solemnity, elation, or, on the contrary,

disapproval, neglect, irony, etc. Thus, the word field used

in a figurative sense, along with designating the area of activity

person, also expresses a shade of some elation,

solemnity, acts as a synonym for the word field (to compete in

field of eloquence).

The development of multiple meanings in a word often occurs as a result

transfer of names from some objects and their characteristics to others. IN

depending on the nature and characteristics of these signs, depending on

various grounds for transferring a name from one item to

another, we can talk about several ways of this kind of transfer, and

namely: about linguistic metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche.

Metaphor.

Transferring a name from one object, action, property to another based on the similarity of their characteristics (shape, color, function, etc.) is called metaphor.

Eg: head onion, eye apple , needles pine trees– transfer based on the similarity of the shape of objects.

Many metaphorical figurative meanings are characterized by anthropomorphism, those. the use of the properties of the surrounding physical world to the properties of a person. Eg: wicked wind, indifferent nature, breath spring. On the other hand, some properties of inanimate matter are transferred to the human world: cold sight, iron will, stone heart, gold character, cargo experienced shock hair, clew thoughts etc.

There are metaphors general language, when one or another metaphorical meaning of a word is widely used and known to all speakers of a given language ( nail head, bayou, black envy, iron will etc.), and individual, created by a writer or poet, characterizing his stylistic style and not becoming widespread; For example: metaphors of S. A. Yesenin: fire of red rowan, birch tongue of the grove etc., metaphors of B. L. Pasternak: labyrinth of the lyre, bloody tears of September etc.

6. Polysemy (polysemy) as a systemic semantic phenomenon. Direct and figurative meaning of the word. Reflection of figurative meanings in dictionaries.

There are words whose content is limited to their ability to name one concept, one phenomenon of reality, one characteristic, etc. Such words are called unambiguous . For example, the verb “get angry” is used only in the sense of “to be in a state of irritation, anger.”

Along with unambiguous words, there are many words in the Russian language that have two, three or more meanings. So, the word sunset is used to describe: 1) the setting of the sun (or other luminary), 2) red lighting at sunset, 3) the end of someone’s life, career, etc. Polysemy of a word, or polysemy – this is the presence of several meanings for a word. A word, initially unambiguous, can acquire new meanings over time. Polysemy is a living phenomenon that arises from a series of words before our eyes. Polysemy is one of the inexhaustible reserves of expressive speech.

According to the method of nomination, direct and figurative meanings of words are distinguished. The direct (basic, main) meaning of a word is a meaning that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality. For example, black is “the color of soot, coal.” These values are stable, although they may change historically. For example, the word “stol” in the Old Russian language meant “throne, reign, capital.”

Transferable (indirect) meanings arise as a result of the transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another on the basis of similarity, commonality of their characteristics, functions, etc. The word “black” has the following figurative meanings:

1. “dark” - as opposed to lighter: “black bread”

2. “Gloomy, desolate”: “dark thoughts”

3. Criminal, malicious: “black treason”

Etc. Thus, indirect meanings appear in words that are not directly correlated with the concept, but are brought closer to it through various associations.

Dictionaries - for example, explanatory and etymological ones - always reflect the direct meanings of words. Figurative meanings are indicated only when they are stable, that is, the word is often used in a figurative meaning. If a word has many figurative meanings, then only some of them can be given in the dictionary.

The figurative meanings of words are often indicated in dictionaries of occasionalisms and in dictionaries of author’s vocabulary and phraseology.

7. Metaphorical type of figurative meaning of a word.

Metaphor – type of name transfer similarity .

A metaphor can be based on external similarity, for example, on the similarity of the shape of two objects: a steering wheel (a dough product) - a steering wheel (a steering wheel in the speech of drivers). The metaphor can also be based on the similarity of color: a gold bracelet is a golden coast. And also on the similarity of the functions of two or more objects: a heart valve - a jacket valve.

Many metaphors arise when transferring the name of an inanimate object, a sign, into the human world and vice versa: black earth - black melancholy, a steel knife - steel nerves.

According to the degree of expressiveness and stylistic role in speech, metaphors can be divided into three main groups:

dry (erased, petrified, dead). These metaphors are now perceived as direct, and not figurative names of things, phenomena, actions, signs. They are found in any style of speech, including scientific, official, etc. Each such metaphor is indicated as a separate independent meaning of the word. The spout of the teapot, the leg of the table.

figurative orthopoetic . Their portable nature is clearly felt. In literary studies, metaphors are precisely these cases of figurative use of words. Orthopoetical metaphors are also recorded in explanatory dictionaries (often marked “translated”, i.e. figurative use)

Copyright or individual . These are words used by a writer, a poet in an unusual, fresh meaning - they are not recorded in dictionaries. (I’m wandering through the first snow, lilies of the valley of flaring strength are in my heart. S.E.) Often found in humorous and satirical texts.

Extended metaphors are common in figurative speech. Such metaphors form words that, in the literal sense, are closely related in meaning. When used figuratively, they create a series of interdependent, interconnected links.

Direct and figurative meaning of the word. Examples:

Diana Bobrova

Examples:

but figurative is when you do not speak in the literal sense, for example, a heart of gold does not mean that it is golden, but in the sense that it is good, but direct when, for example, golden earrings, this is the literal meaning they are golden from gold
rye, golden - Golden hands

Vetuska-krasatuska samoylova

The direct meaning of a word is its basic lexical meaning. It is directly directed to the designated object, phenomenon, action, sign, immediately evokes an idea of them and is least dependent on the context. Words most often appear in their literal meaning.

The figurative meaning of a word is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one.
Examples:
steel nail - direct meaning
nerves of steel - figurative meaning
big stone - direct meaning
big football - figurative meaning

Vadim Andronov

Portable (indirect) meanings of words are those meanings that arise as a result of the conscious transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another on the basis of similarity, commonality of their characteristics, functions, etc.

Thus, the word TABLE is used in several figurative meanings:
1. A piece of special equipment or a part of a cold-formed machine (operating table, raise the machine table);
2. Meals, food (rent a room with a table);
3. A department in an institution in charge of a special range of cases (help desk).

The word BLACK has the following figurative meanings:
1. Dark, as opposed to something lighter called white (brown bread);
2. Has taken on a dark color, darkened (black from tanning);
3. In the old days: Kurnoy (black hut);
4. Gloomy, desolate, heavy (black thoughts);
5. Criminal, malicious (black treason);
6. Not the main one, the auxiliary one (the back door in the house);
7. Physically difficult and unskilled (menial work).

The word BOIL has the following figurative meanings:
1. Manifest to a strong degree (work is in full swing);
2. Manifest something with force, to a strong degree (boil with indignation);
3. Move randomly (the river was boiling with fish).

As we see, when transferring meaning, words are used to name phenomena that do not serve as a constant, usual object of designation, but are brought closer to another concept by various associations that are obvious to speakers.

Figurative meanings can retain imagery (black thoughts, black betrayal). However, these figurative meanings are fixed in the language; they are given in dictionaries when interpreting words. This is how figurative meanings differ from metaphors created by writers.

In most cases, when transferring meanings, imagery is lost. For example: a pipe bend, a teapot spout, a carrot tail, a clock ticking. In such cases, they speak of extinct imagery in the lexical meaning of the word.

The transfer of names occurs on the basis of similarities in something between objects, characteristics, and actions. The figurative meaning of a word can be attached to an object (sign, action) and become its direct meaning: the spout of a teapot, a door handle, a table leg, the spine of a book, etc.

What is a figurative meaning and what is a direct meaning?

Sideropulo yanik

direct meaning.

For example:

Dikhanbaeva

In the Russian language there are unambiguous and ambiguous words. Polysemantic ones have several meanings, the first and main meaning is the direct meaning, and the remaining meanings, as a rule, are figurative, derived meanings from the direct one. For example: stone house (house made of stone) - stone is used in the literal meaning), stone heart - figuratively, i.e. the heart is not made of stone, we are talking about a cruel person. people who do not distinguish between these meanings, those who have poor humor and imaginative thinking, are often stupid and offended when the interlocutor uses words with a figurative meaning in speech. But this is their problem, let them develop their linguistic taste.

Masha Petrova

Examples:
Kolya glows with happiness
Cheeks burn in the cold.
Frost bound the river.
Our school went on a cleanup day.
The boat stuck its nose to the shore.
The artilleryman was cleaning the cannon barrel. Hole head.
Golden hands
Iron character,
END!!!

Lera Zhivina

The direct meaning of a word is its basic lexical meaning. It is directly aimed at the subject (immediately evokes an idea of the subject, phenomenon) and is least dependent on the context. Words denoting objects, actions, signs, quantity, most often appear in
direct meaning.
The figurative meaning of a word is its secondary meaning that arose on the basis of the direct
For example:
Toy, -i, f. 1. A thing used for playing. Children's toys.
2. transfer One who blindly acts according to someone else's will is an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.

Lyubava Egorova

The same words can be used in different ways in speech, receiving different meanings. Direct and figurative meanings of words are distinguished. The direct (or basic, main) meaning of a word is a meaning that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality.
Thus, the words table, black, boil have the following basic meanings: 1. A piece of furniture in the form of a horizontal board on high supports or legs; 2. Color of soot, coal; 3. Seethe, bubble, evaporate from strong heat (about liquids). These values are stable, although historically they may change. For example, the word stol in the Old Russian language meant “throne”, “reign”.
The direct meanings of words depend less than others on the context, on the nature of connections with other words.
Portable (indirect) meanings of words are those meanings that arise as a result of the conscious transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another on the basis of similarity, commonality of their characteristics, functions, etc.

The figurative meaning of the word: examples. Words in literal and figurative meaning

Direct and figurative meaning of the word

Consolidating knowledge in practice

20. Stylistic use of homonyms.

21. Stylistic use of synonyms.

What is the literal and figurative meaning of nouns?

Using nouns in a figurative sense

20. Stylistic use of homonyms.

21. Stylistic use of synonyms.

/ Question 44

6. Polysemy (polysemy) as a systemic semantic phenomenon. Direct and figurative meaning of the word. Reflection of figurative meanings in dictionaries.

Direct and figurative meaning of the word. Examples:

What is a figurative meaning and what is a direct meaning?

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