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First medical aid for victims of hazardous chemicals

hazardous chemical substances - chemical substances that, if spilled or leaked, can cause massive injury to people or animals or cause significant damage to the environment

The largest consumers of hazardous chemicals Chemical, petrochemical and oil refining industries Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, cyanides) Pulp and paper industry (chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide) Mechanical engineering and defense industry (chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, fluoride hydrogen) Municipal services (chlorine, ammonia) Medical industry (chlorine, ammonia, phosgene, hydrochloric acid) Agriculture (ammonia, chloropicrin, cyanogen chloride, sulfur dioxide)

CHLORINE gas is yellow-green in color, with a pungent odor, non-flammable. It is used for water disinfection and in some sectors of the national economy. In light at high temperatures it reacts with hydrogen (explosion). This produces phosgene. Air density - 2.5; in air with water vapor it forms a white fog. can penetrate into the lower floors and basements of buildings. Vapors are highly irritating to the respiratory system, eyes and skin.

Signs of poisoning: sharp chest pain, dry cough, vomiting, incoordination, shortness of breath, pain in the eyes, lacrimation. Possible death if high concentrations are inhaled.

First emergency aid Leave the infection area Strict bed rest; Rinse the eyes, nose, mouth with a 2% solution of baking soda; Inhalation of warm water vapor with the addition of baking soda; Instillation of Vaseline or olive oil into the eyes; Drink plenty of fluids: milk, protein water (a suspension of raw egg whites in 250-500 ml of water)

AMMONIA is a transparent gas that has a specific odor that has an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the body. Ammonia is found in unconcentrated amounts in soil, water and air. Ammonia dissolves perfectly in water, and a ten percent aqueous solution of ammonia is ammonia.

Signs of poisoning: rapid heartbeat, abnormal pulse rate, runny nose, cough, pain in the eyes and lacrimation, difficulty breathing in severe poisoning, nausea, impaired coordination of movements, delirious state.

First emergency aid The victim must be removed from the room where the poisoning occurred as soon as possible. Affected areas of the skin should be thoroughly rinsed with clean water. Give the victim warmed milk or still mineral water to drink. The victim himself must remain silent in order to avoid even more severe damage to the injured mucosa. In case of swelling of the larynx, it is necessary to apply mustard plasters or any other warming compresses to the chest area. Take a hot foot bath. Breathing over the vapor of acetic or citric acid will help soothe irritated mucous membranes due to ammonia poisoning. It is also useful to inhale with oil or antibiotics. A few drops of vasoconstrictor medications can be dropped into the nasal passages.

MERCURY This is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature; it freezes only in severe frost. Mercury evaporates easily, and its vapors, entering the lungs, are completely retained there and subsequently cause poisoning of the body, although not as fast as mercury salts. Mercury at home can be found in a melodious doorbell, in fluorescent lamps, in a medical thermometer or an old-type tonometer, in some types of paint, batteries, fluorescent lamps and other devices. .

Signs of poisoning: headache, redness and swelling of the gums, the appearance of a characteristic dark border of mercury sulfide on them, swelling of the lymphatic and salivary glands, digestive disorders.

If the thermometer breaks: Do not allow the mercury to come into contact with your skin - use rubber gloves. Keep people away from the site of mercury contamination, otherwise they will spread mercury throughout the room on the soles of their shoes. With special care, collect the mercury and thermometer fragments into a jar of cold water. Cold water will not allow mercury to evaporate and pollute the surrounding space with its vapors. Close the jar with a screw cap. Do not keep a jar of mercury near heating devices. To collect small drops, you can use a syringe, wet newspaper, tape, adhesive tape, or two sheets of paper. Using a flashlight or lamp, inspect the area of ​​the mercury spill to ensure that not a single ball is left behind. The jar of mercury should be handed over to the employees of the “01” service. Thoroughly ventilate the room in which the mercury was located - after a while all the vapors will disappear. The site of mercury contamination should be treated with chloramine or bleach solution. Or prepare a hot soap-soda solution: mix 40 g of grated soap and 30 g of soda in one liter of water.

The first emergency aid is for the victim to go out into the fresh air. if he is unable to move independently, then he needs to use a stretcher. after inhaling mercury vapor, be sure to rinse the stomach, give water to drink, which contains impurities of sulfur compounds, as well as added egg white and dissolved activated carbon. Sulfur is capable of converting mercury into particles that become completely non-toxic and are excreted from the body when visiting the toilet. The injured person with mercury poisoning must be put to bed. The head should only be on its side if a person has lost consciousness, otherwise he may choke on vomit. The mouth should be rinsed with a solution prepared with the addition of Berthollet salt.

Test yourself Chlorine is: a) a greenish-yellow gas with a pungent odor; b) colorless gas with a pungent odor (ammonia); c) a vaporous substance with the smell of bitter almonds and a metallic taste in the mouth. Ammonia is: a) a colorless gas with a sharp suffocating odor, lighter than air; b) a colorless gas with a pungent odor, heavier than air; c) gas with a suffocating unpleasant odor, reminiscent of the smell of rotten fruit. In an ammonia leak accident, you decide to use a cotton gauze bandage as personal protective equipment. What solution should it be moistened with? Name the correct answer: a) 2% ammonia solution; b) 2% solution of acetic or citric acid; c) 2% soda solution. During an accident at a chemically hazardous facility, a chlorine leak occurred. You live on the 1st floor of a nine-story building and may find yourself in an infection zone. Your actions: a) take refuge in the basement of the building; b) go up to the top floor; c) stay in your apartment.

Check yourself The toxic effect of ammonia on humans: a) severely irritates the respiratory system, skin and eyes, signs of poisoning: abnormal pulse rate, runny nose, cough, rapid heartbeat, lacrimation, impaired coordination of movements, nausea, delirium. b) the lesion causes severe chest pain, dry cough, vomiting, loss of coordination of movements, shortness of breath, pain in the eyes, lacrimation; inhalation of high concentrations can result in death. c) increased fatigue, weakness, drowsiness and headache appear, later the hands, eyelids, and in severe cases, the legs begin to tremble. Characteristics of mercury: a) Silvery liquid metal (heavier than all known liquids), used in thermometers, pressure gauges, as well as in the production of chlorine and caustic soda. It evaporates easily at low temperatures; when spilled, its vapors spread evenly throughout the entire volume of the spill. At temperatures above 28C 0 vapors enter the air. b) A viscous, colorless, oily liquid with a faint odor that quickly darkens in light and air. Used for the production of aniline dyes, epoxy resins, explosives, pharmaceuticals, photo reagents. Used as a raw material in the production of chemical additives for rubber production. c) A colorless, transparent, easily mobile liquid with a characteristic odor of wine alcohol and a burning, unpleasant taste. Vapors are heavier than air. Used as a solvent for dyes and medicines.

Check yourself The toxic effect of chlorine on humans: a) damage by this gas causes sharp pain in the chest, dry cough, vomiting, impaired coordination of movements, shortness of breath, pain in the eyes, lacrimation. Inhalation of high concentrations can be fatal. b) poisoning with this gas begins with a slight cough. As the concentration increases, the cough intensifies, sometimes headache and vomiting of blood appear. In the fresh air the phenomena pass quickly. After 2 to 12 hours, the affected person develops a feeling of fear and severe weakness. In case of poisoning with high concentrations, death is possible within the first 24 hours. c) symptoms of acute poisoning: headache, vomiting, dizziness, weakness, shortness of breath, sweating, diarrhea. In mild cases - anxiety, weakness, headache, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain. Causes burns when exposed to skin. The toxic effect of mercury on humans: a) increased fatigue, weakness, drowsiness and headache appear, later the hands, eyelids, and in severe cases, the legs begin to tremble. b) lacrimation, dry cough, burning behind the sternum, runny nose, and sore throat appear. General weakness, dizziness, and headache increase. The skin and mucous membranes turn red. Swelling of the epiglottis and vocal cords may occur. c) acute poisoning is observed when entering the body with inhaled air, through the skin and when ingested. Signs of acute intoxication: severe weakness, dizziness and headache, shortness of breath, decreased blood pressure, nausea and vomiting, gastrointestinal colic.

Chemical toxicants can enter the human body in various ways: through the respiratory system, skin and gastrointestinal tract.

If hazardous substances enter the respiratory tract, you must:

1. Put a gas mask on the victim;

2. Remove (take) it out of the infection zone;

3. If necessary, rinse your mouth (nose);

4. Apply an antidote (antidote);

5. Sanitize the victim.

In case of contact with the skin, you should:

1. Remove substances from skin and clothing;

2. Use degassing solutions to neutralize hazardous chemicals remaining on the skin and clothing (using individual anti-chemical bags or other means); rinse eyes for 10 minutes;

3. Carry out complete sanitization (washing the entire body with detergents) and changing linen.

If hazardous substances enter the gastrointestinal tract, you must:

Mouth rinse;

Gastric lavage and intestinal cleansing;

Introduction of adsorbents (use of activated carbon tablets).

Injury and first aid for exposure to certain harmful substances

Ammonia (NH4) is a colorless gas with a sharp, suffocating odor of ammonia, lighter than air, which allows emissions to quickly dissipate. Well soluble in water: at t=+20 ᵒC 700 volumes of ammonia gas dissolve in 1 volume of water. Routes of entry into the body are through the respiratory system and skin.

Signs of poisoning.

Severe irritation of eyes, respiratory system and skin, lacrimation, cough with foamy sputum. Temporary blindness, swelling of the oropharynx and even suffocation may occur.

First aid.

1. Put on the victim a gas mask or a cotton-gauze bandage moistened with a 5% solution of citric acid or water.

3. Rinse eyes with running water for 10 -15 minutes.

4. Apply albucid drops to the eyes.

5. Give a pain reliever.

6. Let him breathe oxygen.

7. Hospitalize.

Chlorine (CI 2) is a yellowish-green gas with a pungent odor. Fast acting poison. Damage occurs through the lungs and skin.

Signs of poisoning.

At the moment of contact, severe eye irritation, lacrimation, dryness and burning in the nose, nosebleeds, chest pain, hoarseness, coughing, vomiting, and death are possible.

First aid.

1. Put on the victim a gas mask or a cotton-gauze bandage moistened with a 5% solution of baking soda or water.

2. Remove the victim from the contaminated area.

3. Rinse the face and skin of exposed parts of the body generously with a solution of baking soda or water for 15-20 minutes.

4. Warm the victim.

5. In case of respiratory arrest, perform artificial ventilation.

6. Hospitalize.

Carbon monoxide (CO) - a colorless and odorless gas, always present during combustion, in explosive and exhaust gases. Easily penetrates through porous materials.

Signs of poisoning.

Nausea, dizziness, lethargy, headache, weakness, loss of coordination, pulse quickens, shortness of breath, pinkness of the skin, but bluish lips. Loss of consciousness may occur. Death from respiratory arrest.

First aid.

1. Put a gas mask with a hopcalite cartridge on the victim.

2. Remove from the contaminated area.

3. If possible, allow oxygen to breathe.

4. Inject the victim with an antidote - acyzole (1 ml intramuscularly).

5. If there is no breathing, perform artificial ventilation.

6. Urgently hospitalize.

Oil - dark-colored oily liquid with a characteristic odor; does not dissolve in water. Routes of entry into the body are through the lungs, skin and gastrointestinal tract.

Signs of poisoning.

Headache, burning eyes, palpitations, chest pain, vomiting, loose stools, poor coordination, slow pulse, elevated temperature.

When oil comes into contact with the skin, it causes dryness, pigmentation, peeling, and cracking.

First aid.

1. Put a gas mask on the victim.

2. Remove from the contaminated area.

3. Warm (cover with heating pads).

4. Give strong sweet tea, tincture of valerian, motherwort.

5. Let him breathe oxygen.

6. In case of contact with eyes, rinse them with a 2% soda solution.

7. If you lose consciousness, inhale ammonia from a cotton swab.

8. If breathing stops, perform artificial ventilation.

9. Wash skin with warm water and soap.

The effectiveness of medical care in case of damage to hazardous chemicals. The effectiveness of assistance is possible with the implementation of the following measures. The effectiveness of medical care in case of damage to hazardous chemicals is possible only with the consistent and complete implementation of the following measures: 1. Put on a gas mask 1. Put a gas mask or wet VMP on the victim 2. Remove drops of hazardous chemicals 2. Remove drops of hazardous chemicals with a cotton swab 3. Take the victim out of the contaminated area 4. Call an ambulance 4. Call emergency medical care 5. Provide first aid 5. Provide first aid until medical personnel arrive 6. Transfer the victim to medical personnel

Precautions when providing first aid Enter the affected area in a chemical protection suit Enter the affected area only in a chemical protection suit Ordinary outerwear, treated in a special way, can also protect against hazardous chemicals for some time: dissolve grams of crushed laundry soap in 2 liters of water at a temperature of C, add 0.5 liters of oil at the same temperature. Soak the clothes in the solution, wring them out lightly and air dry.

Precautions when providing first aid Move without raising dust, without stepping on drops of liquid and without touching objects Move in the contaminated area without raising dust, without stepping on drops of liquid and without touching surrounding objects When removing hazardous substances, make sure that contaminated water does not get on people. when removing hazardous substances, make sure that contaminated water does not get on people. When leaving the contaminated area, remove outer clothing and take a shower. When leaving the contaminated area, remove outer clothing and take a shower.

Precautions when providing first aid If drops of hazardous substances get on open areas of the body, carefully remove them with a cotton swab. If drops of hazardous substances get on open areas of the body, they should be carefully removed from the victim’s skin with a cotton swab using a blotting motion. At the same time, try not to cause the poison to spread over the surface of the skin. If drops of hazardous substances get on clothing, carefully remove them and treat the surface with water. If drops of hazardous substances get on clothes, you must, by cutting the sleeves, carefully remove them, and then treat the damaged surface with water (with a gentle stream). Direct the stream at an angle. Direct the stream at an angle to the surface to be washed so that there is no splashes Contaminated water should be collected in containers Contaminated water should be collected in special containers

Acid burns Treat the burn site with a neutralizing solution, dry it, apply a bandage. The burn site should be treated with a neutralizing solution, dry it (without using tampons!), apply a sterile bandage. For acid burns, rinse with water and apply a lotion with a solution of baking soda. For acid burns, rinse the affected area with water and apply a lotion with the solution. baking soda (1 teaspoon per glass of water). If the mucous membranes are damaged by acid - the same thing, but the soda solution is half as much

Burns with alkalis For burns with alkali, rinse with water and apply a lotion with an acid solution. For burns with an alkali, rinse the affected area with water and apply a lotion with a solution of boric or citric acid (1 teaspoon per glass of water). If mucous membranes are damaged by alkali, the same thing applies, but the acid solution is half as large

Eye burns In case of eye burns, open the eyelid to remove the remaining chemical substance with a swab, rinse generously, apply a bandage. For eye burns, before providing assistance, thoroughly wash your hands with soap, open the eyelid, remove the remaining chemical substance with a swab, rinse generously with a stream of water, apply a sterile bandage on the eye. When providing assistance take special care

Burns of the esophagus For burns of the esophagus, drink clean water, milk, egg whites. For burns of the esophagus, drink clean water (2-3 glasses), milk, egg whites. Gastric lavage is strictly prohibited. Gastric lavage by inducing vomiting is strictly prohibited, as well as ingestion of acids or alkalis.

Soldering with milk Soldering the victim with milk is contraindicated. Many poisons are highly soluble in fats (dichlorane, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, organophosphorus compounds). Soldering the victim with milk in this case is contraindicated, because this speeds up the process of absorption of poisons in his intestines

Ammonia damage Transportation of the victim Transportation of the victim only lying down Complete rest, oxygen inhalations Complete rest, oxygen inhalations The skin and mucous membranes are washed with water with a 2% solution of boric acid or a 0.5-1% solution of potassium alum The skin and mucous membranes are washed with water continuously for 15 minutes (no less!), then a 2% solution of boric acid or a 0.5-1% solution of potassium alum. 2-3 drops of a 30% solution of albucid are instilled into the eyes. 2-3 drops of 30% are instilled into the eyes. - solution of albucid Warm oil in the nose Instill warm olive or peach oil into the nose drink warm milk with Borjomi or with soda Give warm milk with Borjomi or soda to drink warm compress on the throat, hot foot baths For spasms of the glottis - mustard warm compress on the throat, hot foot baths short-term baths inhalation of citric acetic acid vapor Periodic short-term inhalations of citric or acetic acid vapor are recommended

Take the victim out into the air. Immediately take the victim out into the air, loosen the belt, unfasten the collar. Any physical activity is contraindicated, therefore: Transportation only lying down Transportation only lying down Complete rest Complete rest Warm the affected person Rinse the skin and mucous membranes with a 2% solution of baking soda for at least 15 minutes Rinse the skin and mucous membranes with a 2% solution of baking soda for at least 15 minutes minutes

Damage to hydrocyanic acid: Mild degree. Metallic taste, bitterness, soreness in the nose, tightness in the chest, weakness, dizziness, vomiting. When the effect of the damaging factor ceases, the signs disappear. Moderate degree Headache, tinnitus, nausea, shortness of breath, heart pain, difficulty speaking, weakness. When the effect of the damaging factor ceases, the signs of damage weaken within minutes and disappear within 1-3 days. Severe degree Rapid development of signs of moderate severity, convulsions for 1-2 minutes, then death Fulminant form Loss of consciousness (immediately, without signs of poisoning), convulsions (several minutes), death

Questions 1. Describe the procedure for providing first aid to victims of hazardous chemicals 2. What precautions should be taken when in the contaminated area? 3. How can you improve the protective properties of ordinary outerwear? 4. How can you remove hazardous substances from clothing or skin? 5. What should you do if drops of hazardous substances come into contact with exposed areas of the body? 6. What should you do if drops of hazardous substances get on your clothes?

Questions 4. How can you remove hazardous chemicals from clothing or skin? 5. What should you do if drops of hazardous substances come into contact with exposed areas of the body? 6. What should you do if drops of hazardous substances get on your clothes? 7. What precautions should be taken when washing off hazardous substances with water? 8. What is first aid for acid poisoning? 9. What is first aid for alkali poisoning? 10. What is the peculiarity of providing first aid for lesions of the mucous membranes (in comparison with first aid for lesions of the skin)?

Questions 7. What precautions should be taken when washing off hazardous substances with water? 8. What is first aid for acid poisoning? 9. What is first aid for alkali poisoning? 10. What is the peculiarity of providing first aid for lesions of the mucous membranes (in comparison with first aid for lesions of the skin)? 11. What is first aid for an eye burn? 12. What is first aid for a burn of the esophagus?

Questions 10. What is the peculiarity of providing first aid for lesions of the mucous membranes (in comparison with first aid for lesions of the skin)? 11. What is first aid for an eye burn? 12. What is first aid for a burn of the esophagus? 13. Why is gastric lavage unacceptable for burns of the esophagus? 14. Why is drinking milk not recommended in case of poisoning? 15. What are the general recommendations for providing first aid to victims of ammonia and chlorine poisoning?

Questions 14. Why is drinking milk not recommended in case of poisoning? 15. What are the general recommendations for providing first aid to victims in case of poisoning with ammonia and chlorine? 16. What is the priority and mandatory action when providing first aid to a victim in case of poisoning with gases or vapors of hazardous substances? 17. When damaged by hydrocyanic acid, several degrees of damage are possible. What are their names.

Degassers

Determination of the concentration of hazardous substances in the air

The presence and concentration of hazardous chemicals in the air can be determined using a universal gas analyzer type UG-2. In addition, the presence of some hazardous chemicals can be determined using a military chemical reconnaissance device (VPCR). When working with VPHR, an indicator tube with one yellow ring (chlorine, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide) or three green rings (acetone cyanohydrin) is used.

When neutralizing (degassing) one or another hazardous substance, it is necessary to take into account the solubility of the substance in water and the reaction (acidic, alkaline or neutral) that the resulting solution has. Chlorine, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, acetone cyanohydrin and all acids, when dissolved in water, give an acidic reaction - alkaline solutions (ammonia, milk of lime, solutions of drinking or caustic soda) are used to degas these substances. Ammonia, when dissolved in water, gives an alkaline reaction - aqueous solutions of acids (hydrochloric or acetic) are used for degassing. Benzene is practically insoluble in water and has a neutral reaction, so aqueous solutions of surfactants (foaming solutions) are used to degas this compound. Given the high stability of benzene and its chemical inertness, if possible, it is necessary to remove contaminated soil for subsequent disposal in special landfills.

When degassing explosive and fire hazardous chemicals (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric and nitric acids, benzene, acetone cyanohydrin), it is first necessary to remove sources of fire and sparks from the danger zone.

In the event of a spill of liquefied hazardous chemicals and concentrated aqueous solutions of these compounds, the spilled liquid is protected by an earthen rampart, preventing the substance from entering water bodies.

When carrying out degassing, it is necessary to remember that it is impossible to pour concentrated sulfuric acid with water, as this will cause a powerful release of steam. To neutralize chlorine, it is recommended to add a small amount of hydrogen peroxide to alkaline solutions. When degassing acetone cyanohydrin, aqueous solutions of copper or iron sulfate are more effective than alkaline solutions.

The victim must be immediately taken out into fresh air. The victim must be transported only in a supine position. A person, even in a seemingly satisfactory condition, should not be allowed to move independently. If the victim is not breathing, it is necessary to perform artificial respiration (in case of ammonia poisoning, artificial respiration cannot be done - this can cause pulmonary edema).

Some hazardous substances (acids, benzene, acetone cyanohydrin) can impregnate the fabric of the victim’s clothing, which can lead to poisoning by the substance’s vapors for first responders. Therefore, it is necessary to remove contaminated clothing from the victim, and wrap him up warmly, since hypothermia can provoke pneumonia.

In case of poisoning with certain hazardous substances (chlorine, hydrochloric acid, acetone cyanohydrin), antidotes (antidotes) can be used to save a person. In case of poisoning with chlorine and hydrochloric acid vapors, the victim must inhale ethyl alcohol vapors - this normalizes the functioning of the respiratory system. In the absence of alcohol, you can use vapor from a heated 0.5% aqueous solution of baking soda. If affected by acetone cyanohydrin, amyl nitrite should be applied as quickly as possible. While in the contaminated area, a gas mask is put on the victim, and a crushed ampoule with amyl nitrite is inserted under the front part of the gas mask. When providing first aid, it is recommended to use no more than two ampoules with the antidote.

When spontaneous breathing is restored, if possible, the victim should be switched to oxygen from an oxygen bag. When inhaling pure oxygen, it is necessary to humidify it - for example, using damp gauze placed between the oxygen bag mask and the victim's face. Dry oxygen cannot be used for breathing - this can lead to pulmonary edema.

If affected by chlorine, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, acids and acetone cyanohydrin, the skin, mucous membranes and eyes should be washed with a 2% soda solution for 15...20 minutes to relieve irritation. You can also use running water for rinsing.

If affected by ammonia, the skin, mucous membranes and eyes should be washed with a 2% aqueous solution of boric acid for 15...20 minutes. If boric acid is not available, running water can be used. After rinsing, you need to drop 2...3 drops of 30% sodium sulfacyl solution (albucid) into your eyes, and drop a few drops of sea buckthorn or olive oil into your nose.

In case of hydrogen sulfide poisoning, the victim should be given warm milk and baking soda to drink (1 teaspoon per liter of milk). Apply lotions with 3% boric acid solution to the eyes. For the first hours after poisoning, the victim should be in a dark room. It must be remembered that during the first 24 hours after poisoning, all victims experience vomiting and diarrhea - it is necessary to take measures against dehydration.

If affected by benzene vapors, it is necessary to wash the victim’s skin with plenty of warm water and soap, and lubricate the areas that received drops of liquid with dermatol ointment.

It is necessary to wash off any drops of acetone cyanohydrin that get on your skin and clothing with running water and soap.

Control questions

1. How are the abbreviations AHOV and SDYAV stands for?

2. List the main ways of penetration of hazardous substances into the body. What is the main route of penetration of hydrogen sulfide?

3. What are the hazard classes of hazardous chemicals based on the degree of impact on the human body? What hazard class is assigned to acetone cyanohydrin?

4. What is maximum permissible concentration? Indicate the maximum permissible concentration of chlorine in the air.

5. In case of poisoning, what hazardous substances are prohibited from giving artificial respiration to the victim and why?

6. List which hazardous substances have a hidden period of action.

7. Is it possible to determine the ammonia content in the air using VPHR? If possible, then using which indicator tube?

8. Name the substances used for benzene degassing.

9. What color should cylinders with sulfur dioxide be painted?

10. Why can’t GP-5 and GP-7 gas masks be used to protect against ammonia? How to prepare these gas masks for protection against ammonia?

Annex 1

Basic toxicological and physicochemical properties of emergency chemically hazardous substances

Acetone cyanohydrin

Notes:

In paragraph 3, write down the freezing temperature in the numerator, and the boiling point of the hazardous chemicals in the denominator;

In paragraph 4, use the following gradations of the degree of solubility of hazardous chemicals - “does not dissolve,” “bad,” “good”;

In paragraph 8, take into account a hidden period lasting 1 hour or more – “yes”, otherwise – “no”;

In paragraph 9, indicate which gas mask is used - if civilian, then GP-5 (GP-7), if industrial - indicate the brand;

In paragraph 10, indicate “is” only for antidotes that a person can use independently for self- and mutual help, otherwise - “no”;

In paragraph 11, indicate only the main degassers - “alkalis”, “acids”, etc.

CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION CONTROL study methods and instruments for monitoring chemical pollution of the environment.

Work order:

1. Study methods for controlling environmental pollution with toxic substances.

2. Study devices for monitoring chemical pollution of the environment.

3. Determine the concentration of individual toxic substances.

4. Answer the control questions in writing.

The report must contain:

1. Methods for controlling environmental pollution by toxic substances.

2. The operating principle and design diagram of the military chemical reconnaissance device VPKhR.

3. The procedure for determining the concentration of one of the toxic substances (as directed by the teacher).

4. Written answers to questions.