Simple and complex sentences examples. Examples of complex sentences
All our communication occurs through words. You can talk with your interlocutor, or you can write letters. Words are formed into sentences, providing the basis for written and spoken language. And often when composing a complex sentence, doubt arises about its infallibility.
Definition of a complex sentence
A complex sentence can be represented as a unity of several simple sentences. Connected by semantic and grammatical unity, formed intonationally, a complex sentence contains at least two grammatical bases (subject and predicate).
For example: It rained in the morning and the roads were covered with shiny puddles . There are two grammatical bases in this sentence – it was raining and the roads were covered.
Types of complex sentences
All types of complex sentences that exist in the Russian language can be represented in the form of a diagram:
The formation of allied complex sentences occurs with the help of a union. They are different for each type.
Complex sentence
In such a sentence, the parts are equal and independent of each other; questions are not asked from one to the other.
Depending on the conjunctions present in the sentence, complex sentences are divided into three groups:
- Connecting. Events occur sequentially or simultaneously. These include conjunctions AND, ALSO, ALSO, YES, NEITHER...NOR, NOT ONLY...BUT AND, YES AND ( It was already completely dark, and we had to leave).
- Nasty. Actions are opposed to each other, conjunctions BUT, A, YES, HOWEVER, THEN, SAME are used ( We waited for them for a very long time, but they never came).
- Separating. Events alternate or are mutually exclusive. Inherent conjunctions are EITHER, OR, THAT...THAT, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, EITHER...OR ( Either the sun is shining or it's raining).
Complex sentence
The main difference between such sentences is the presence of a main and dependent (subordinate) part. Simple sentences are connected by subordinating conjunctions and allied words WHAT, THAT, IF, WHEN, WHY, ALTHOUGH, WHICH, BEFORE, etc., which are always placed in the subordinate clause. It, in turn, can be located either in front of the main part, or in its middle or at the end ( We'll go sunbathing if the weather is good).
Non-union proposal
The connection of simple sentences occurs without the help of conjunctions or allied words, but only with intonation and meaning. Non-union complex sentences are divided into two types: equal - the order of the parts of the sentence is free ( Spring has come, the birds began to sing songs louder), and unequal - when one of the parts carries the main meaning of the statement, and the others reveal it ( I like spring: the sun warms up, the snow melts, the first snowdrops appear).
Punctuation in complex sentences
When deciding which punctuation to use in complex sentences, you should adhere to the rule that simple sentences are always separated. In most cases this is a comma. But there are exceptions.
In a compound sentence, a comma is not placed if its parts are separated by the conjunctions AND, OR, OR and have a common subordinate clause or a common minor member ( The earth was shrouded in a white blanket of snow and dried up by frost.). Also, a comma is not placed between two interrogative sentences ( What time is it now and when will father come?).
A complex sentence does not have a comma when several similar subordinate clauses are connected by the conjunctions AND, OR (I think today is a beautiful day and I can go for a walk). Expressions such as AT ALL THINGS, WHO IS GOING TO WHAT, AS WELL AS NOTHING HAPPENED, etc. are not subordinate clauses and are not separated by a comma.
In a non-union sentence there is always a punctuation mark, the main thing is to figure out which one it is. A colon is used when the subordinate clause contains a reason, explanation, or addition to the main clause. In this case, the colon can be conditionally replaced by conjunctions THAT, BECAUSE, NAMELY ( I love summer: (=because) you can walk longer). A dash is usually used where there is a contrast, conclusion or result, and also indicates the time of the action. When events change quickly, a dash is also placed ( The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it). In all other cases, a comma is placed in the non-union sentence.
Perhaps the expression complex sentence sounds a little scary. But there's nothing really complicated about it. Having remembered the signs by which they differ, you can easily compose a beautiful and literate text.
Parts, characterized by structural and semantic unity. Simple sentences within a complex sentence are interconnected using intonation.
A complex sentence is a syntactic unit of a higher order than a simple sentence.
The study of complex sentences began in the second half of the 20th century - in the works of V.V. Vinogradova, N.S. Pospelova, L.Yu. Maksimova, V.A. Beloshapkova, M.I. Cheremisina and other researchers.
A complex sentence is characterized by:
1) in structural aspect– polypredicativeness and a set of structural elements for connecting predicative parts;
3) in communication aspect– unity of the communicative task and intonation completeness.
Main types of complex sentences
Complex sentences, depending on the connection between the parts, are divided into two main types: union and non-union.
The parts of a complex sentence are connected to each other using three means of communication: intonation, conjunctions or allied words.
1. And yet he was sad, he answered her somehow especially dryly, turned away, and walked away. In this sentence, the parts are connected to each other using intonation; no other means of communication are used.
2. I want you to hear how my living voice yearns. In this sentence, the parts are connected using intonation and conjunctions THAT and HOW.
3. The hope that someday dispassionate time will reward everyone according to their deserts and the fair judgment of history will certainly acquit the old warrior who gloomily rides in a carriage past the roaring crowd and swallows bitter tears. In this sentence, the parts are connected using intonation and the conjunctive word WHICH.
There are three main types of complex sentences: compound, complex and non-union. In non-conjunctive complex sentences, the connection between simple sentences is carried out solely through intonation.
For example: The morning is magnificent: the air is cool; the sun is not high yet.
In allied sentences, this function is performed by allied words and conjunctions. All conjunctive sentences are divided into compound and complex sentences.
In complex sentences, simple sentences have equal rights and are interconnected by coordinating conjunctions ( and, then...that, or, but, a). and intonation.
For example: And the steering wheel fidgets, and the trim creaks, and the canvas is taken into reefs.
The parts of a compound sentence are equal to each other: there is neither a subordinate clause nor a main clause. In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected using subordinating conjunctions ( since, what, if, how, although) and allied words ( whose, where, which). In such sentences, the subordinate part depends on the main part.
Eg: I was born in Russia. I love her so much that words cannot say everything (S. Ostrovoy).
Complex sentence with different types of communication
Complex sentences with different types of connections are syntactic constructions that contain sentences with mixed types of connections.
For example: The grief will be forgotten, a miracle will happen, what is only a dream will come true. Or : Night fell, the lights came on in the houses.
There are four types of complex sentences with different types of connection:
1) with subordinating and coordinating;
Task B6 tests your ability to analyze and parse a complex sentence. Depending on the option, you will need to find:
1) complex sentence;
2) complex sentence;
3) a complex sentence with a certain type of subordinate clause;
4) a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses indicating the type of attachment of the subordinate clauses to the main clause;
5) complex non-union proposal;
6) a complex sentence with different types of connections.
Hint from the site.
To remember the different types of communication, re-read task A9.
The following diagram will also help you:
Complex sentence.
Complex sentence is a sentence that includes two or more bases, where one base is subordinate to the other.
Since the structure of the sentence, the question from the main stem to the dependent (subordinate) can be different, there are several types of complex:
| Subordinate clause type | Features of the subordinate clause | What question does it answer? | Means of communication | |
| unions | allied words | |||
| attributive | contains a characteristic of an object, reveals its attribute (refers to the noun in the main part) | Which? which one? |
so that, as if, as if | which, which, what, whose, when, where, where, etc. |
| pronominal attributive | refers to the pronoun in the main part of the SPP ( then, that, those, each, every, any, all, all, all) and specifies the meaning of the pronoun | Who exactly? What exactly? |
as, as if, as if, what, to | who, what, which, which, whose, which, etc. |
| explanatory | the subordinate part is required by words with the meaning of thought, feeling, speech (verb, adjective, noun) | questions of indirect cases (what? about what? what?) |
what, as, as if, as if, as if, as if, so that, bye | who, what, which, which, whose, where, where, where, how much, how much, why |
| mode of action and degree | 1) reveals the method or quality of the action, as well as the measure or degree of manifestation of the characteristic in the main part of the sentence; 2) have demonstrative words in the main part ( so, so much, thus, to that, so much, to such an extent...). |
How? how? to what extent or extent? |
what, in order, how, as if, exactly | |
| places | 1) contains an indication of the place or space where what is said in the main part takes place; 2) can extend the main part or reveal the content of adverbs there, there, from there, everywhere, everywhere and etc. |
Where? | where, where, where | |
| time | 1) indicates the time of the action or manifestation of the sign referred to in the main part; 2) can extend the main part or clarify the circumstance of time in the main part |
When? how long? since when? How long? |
when, while, how, while, after, since, barely, only | |
| conditions | 1) contains an indication of the condition on which the implementation of what is stated in the main part depends; 2) the condition can be emphasized in the main part by the combination in that case |
under what condition? | if, how, how soon, once, when, whether...whether | |
| causes | contains an indication of the reason or justification for what is said in the main part | Why? for what reason? |
because, because, since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, since, etc. | |
| goals | contains an indication of the purpose or purpose of what is being said in the main part of the sentence | For what? for what purpose? For what? |
so that, in order to, in order to, then that, so that, if only, if only | |
| concessions | contains an indication of the condition contrary to which what is said in the main part is accomplished | no matter what? in spite of what? |
although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, even though, even though | |
| comparative | compares objects or phenomena in the main part and subordinate clause | How? (what does it look like?) |
as, just as, as if, as if, exactly, as if | |
| consequences | indicates a consequence arising from the content of the main part of the sentence | what follows from this? what was the consequence? |
So | |
Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
Complex sentence with different types of connection (examples)
(1) The morning is magnificent: the air is cool; the sun is not high yet.
(2) And the steering wheel fidgets, and the trim creaks, and the canvas is pulled into reefs.
(3) I want you to hear how my living voice yearns.
(4) There is glory for everyone; work and it is yours.
(5) The grief will be forgotten, a miracle will happen, what was only a dream will come true.
(6) I looked at the hut, and my heart sank - this always happens when you see something that you have been thinking about for many years.
(7) And yet he was sad, and somehow he especially dryly told the chief of staff that his adjutant had been killed and a new one needed to be found.
Action algorithm.
1. Highlight the basics.
2. Eliminate all simple sentences.
3. See how the basics are connected: conjunction, conjunction word, intonation.
4. Define the boundaries of the fundamentals.
5. Determine the type of connection.
Analysis of the task.
Among sentences 1-5, find a complex sentence with an explanatory clause. Write his number.
(1) As a child, I hated matinees because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, played his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher sternly told him: “Valery Petrovich, move up!” (3) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose was always beet red, like a clown’s. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”
Let's highlight the basics:
(1) As a child, I hated matinees because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, played his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher she strictly told him: “Valery Petrovich, go higher!” (3) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and, although he never drank, for some reason his nose was always beet red, like a clown’s. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”
Proposition No. 3 is simple. Let's exclude him.
We define the boundaries of sentences and see how the basics are connected:
(1) [As a child, I hated matinees], ( That's why What my father came to our kindergarten). (2) [He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, played his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody], A[our teacher sternly told him]: “Valery Petrovich, go higher!” (4)[He was small, plump, and began to go bald early] And, (Although never drank), [for some reason his nose was always beet red, like a clown’s]. (5) [Children, ( When wanted to say about someone), ( What he’s funny and ugly), they said: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”
The first sentence is a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of reason (why did I hate matinees? Because my father came).
The second sentence is a compound sentence with direct speech.
The fourth sentence is complex with a coordinating connection (conjunction and) and a subordinating connection (clause although...).
The fifth sentence is a complex sentence with two subordinate clauses and direct speech. The first subordinate clause is time (the children said when? when they wanted to talk about someone); the second subordinate clause is explanatory (they wanted to say something about someone? that he is funny and ugly).
So way, the correct answer is sentence No. 5.
Practice.
1. Among sentences 1 – 9, find a complex sentence that contains a subordinate clause. Write the number of this offer.
(1) It is not difficult to imagine what was going on at that moment in the soul of the commander: he, who had taken upon himself the unbearable burden of a shameful retreat, was deprived of the glory of a victorious battle. (2) ...Barclay's traveling carriage stopped at one of the post stations near Vladimir. (3) He headed towards the stationmaster’s house, but his path was blocked by a huge crowd. (4) Insulting shouts and threats were heard. (5) Barclay’s adjutant had to draw his saber to pave the way to the carriage. (6) What consoled the old soldier, upon whom the unjust anger of the crowd fell? (7) Perhaps faith in the correctness of one’s decision: it is this faith that gives a person the strength to go to the end, even if he has to alone. (8) And perhaps Barclay was consoled by hope. (9) The hope that someday dispassionate time will reward everyone according to their deserts and the fair court of history will certainly acquit the old warrior who gloomily rides in a carriage past a roaring crowd and swallows bitter tears.
2. Among sentences 1 – 10, find a complex sentence that includes subordinate clause(s). Write the number(s) for this sentence.
(1) No matter how hard I tried, I could not imagine that there once were houses here, noisy children running, apple trees growing, women drying clothes... (2) No sign of the former life! (3) Nothing! (4) Only the sad feather grass mournfully swayed its stems and the dying river barely moved among the reeds... (5) I suddenly felt scared, as if the earth had become exposed beneath me and I found myself on the edge of a bottomless abyss. (6) It can’t be! (7) Does man really have nothing to oppose to this dull, indifferent eternity? (8) In the evening I cooked fish soup. (9) Mishka threw wood on the fire and reached into the pot with his cyclopean spoon to take a sample. (10) Shadows moved timidly next to us, and it seemed to me that people who had once lived here timidly came here from the past to warm themselves by the fire and talk about their lives.
3. Among sentences 1 – 11, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.
(1) An old man in a naval uniform was sitting on the river bank. (2) The last pre-autumn dragonflies fluttered over him, some sat on worn epaulettes, breathed and fluttered when the man occasionally moved. (3) He felt stuffy, he relaxed his long-unbuttoned collar with his hand and froze, peering with teary eyes into the palms of the small waves patting the river. (4) What did he see now in this shallow water? (5) What was he thinking about? (6) Until recently, he still knew that he had won great victories, that he had managed to break out of the captivity of old theories and discovered new laws of naval combat, that he had created more than one invincible squadron, and trained many glorious commanders and crews of warships.
There are three types of complex sentences in Russian:
- 1) compound compound (SSP),
- 2) complex (SPP),
- 3) non-union complex sentence (BSP).
You can determine whether a sentence belongs to one type or another if you determine the type of conjunction (coordinating, subordinating) that connects the parts of a complex sentence.
1) In the BSC, the parts are connected using coordinating conjunctions (and, a, but, however, or, etc.).
For example: I went to visit a friend, but Ivan had not yet returned home from work.
2) In SPP, parts (main and subordinate) are connected using subordinating conjunctions or allied words (pronouns and adverbs).
For example: Everyone looked with delight at how beautifully he danced.
Conjunctions: so that, as if, as if, while, for, as if, in connection with the fact that, etc.
Conjunctive words (pronouns): who, what, which, whose, what, how many, which, etc.
Conjunctive words (adverbs): how, why, where, how much, why, why, how much, when, etc.
Unlike subordinating conjunctions, allied words are members of a sentence, since they are independent parts of speech (pronouns and adverbs): In the very room where Peter was once born, there was silence.
N.B.! Instead of a conjunctive word, you can substitute another significant word, which is often found in the main part: “where Peter was once born” - “in the room Peter was once born.”
There are three words in Russian - WHAT, HOW, WHEN - can act both as conjunctions and as an allied word..
1) WHAT - conjunction word:
in subordinate clauses (“what” = “which”)
For example: I remember all the spring and happiness that once existed.
in explanatory clauses (in this case, “what” has a logical emphasis // indicates the subject // is the subject or complement.
For example: We know what is now on the scales and what is happening now (A. Akhmatova).
In other cases, "what" - union.
For example: It seemed to me that the young man laughed.
WHEN - conjunction word:
- in subordinate clauses.
For example: The moments when a person is truly passionate are the happiest.
in explanatory clauses, if they do not have a connotation of condition.
For example: We don't have to wait for the older generation to do everything for us!
WHEN - union:
in subordinate adverbial clauses of time and conditions.
For example: I was sad when you left for another city. It's good to write when life makes you happy every day.
in explanatory clauses, if they have a connotation of condition (“when” = “if”).
For example: It’s great when a person has skillful hands.
HOW - conjunction word:
« how" = "how much".
For example: I was amazed at how (=how much) she was waiting for him.
"how" = "how".
For example: In his manners, in his gait, and even in the way (\u003d in which way) he spoke, his character was manifested.
In other cases, “how” is a conjunction.
For example: Life has changed its course, like a river changes its course (N. Nekrasov).
Types of subordinate clauses in NGN:
clause attributive (which? which? whose?)
For example: The fateful moment came when I found out everything.
subordinate explanatory clause (answers questions about indirect cases)
For example: My father asked me to bring him a book.
3) adverbial adverbial clause (subtypes of adverbial adverbial sentences correspond to the types of circumstances (measure and degree, mode of action, etc.)).
For example: I finished reading the book in the evening, when everyone in the house was already asleep (NGN with adverbial adverbs. time).
Polynomial SPP
In an IPP there may be several subordinate clauses that are connected to the main part in parallel or sequentially.
For example:
I saw you when you left the gallery, when you walked along the street and when you entered the multi-story building (parallel submission).
We drove up to the bank of the very river where we had rested last year, when relatives from Moscow came to visit us (consistent submission).
In the Russian language there are SPPs with homogeneous and heterogeneous subordination, i.e. subordinate clauses can answer the same questions and depend equally on the main clause, or they can depend on the main clause, but answer different questions.
For example:
The frigates were approaching the terrible cape, where hurricanes raged all year round, where it always rains and where huge waves crash at the foot of the gloomy mountains (SPP with homogeneous parallel subordination).
In BSP, parts of a sentence are connected to each other in meaning, intonation, without the help of conjunctions.
For example: For some time there was complete silence, only the water quietly hit the shore.
TYPES OF BSP:
BSP with the value of the transfer (I jumped into the carriage, it pushed and moved).
BSP with the meaning of comparison/contrast (Two plow - seven hands waving. Our spinners - yours were asleep (Proverbs)).
BSP with the meaning of cause-and-effect relationships (The young man was an experienced sailor - he couldn't be wrong.
BSP with the meaning of the result, quick change of events (Go to - We'll be glad. Alice raised her oars - the boat slowed down).
BSP with the meaning of an explanation, an addition to the content of the first part (The other beauties were silent: modesty was considered a necessary property of a young woman).
In the Russian language there are often complex sentences with different types of connections (coordinating, subordinating, non-conjunctive).
For example: My modest county train was waiting for me on the far side platform, and I was already glad for the solitude and relaxation that awaited me on it (I. Bunin) - coordinating and subordinating connections.
Types of complex sentences. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence.
Difficult sentence
A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more parts connected into one whole in meaning and intonation.
The structure of the parts is simple sentences. Combining as part of a complex sentence, simple sentences retain basically their structure, but are no longer characterized by semantic completeness and lose the intonation of the end of the sentence.
Complex sentences are divided into allied(unions or allied words act as a means of connecting parts) and non-union(the parts are connected intonationally and in meaning). Union proposals are divided into compound(the parts are connected using coordinating conjunctions) and complex(subordinating conjunctions and allied words become the means of connecting the parts):
Complex sentence
In a complex sentence (CSS), the parts are connected by coordinating conjunctions, have equal rights, and are independent of each other.
Basic types of compound sentences
1. BSC with connecting unions ( and, yes/=and/, neither - nor, as - so and, not only - but also, also, also, yes and); unions and, yes can be either single or repeating:
The transparent forest alone turns black, And the spruce turns green through the frost, And the river glitters under the ice(A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeating conjunctions in each part.
I shouted And the echo answered me - the second phenomenon follows the first.
I wasn't feeling well And that's why I didn't wait for dinner- the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the specifier - adverb That's why.
NeitherI can't see the light of the sun, neither there is no room for my roots(I. A. Krylov).
The narrator froze mid-sentence, I Same a strange sound was heard- unions Same And Also have the peculiarity that they do not appear at the beginning of the part.
2. BSC with adversative unions ( but yes/=but/, however, but, but, but):
Sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common adversative meaning, can express the following meanings:
She was about thirty however she seemed like a very young girl- the second phenomenon is opposed to the first.
Some helped in the kitchen, A others set the tables- the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, but compared with it (replacement of the conjunction A on But impossible).
Union same, like unions Same And Also, always does not appear at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but directly after the word that is opposed to the word of the first part:
All the trees have released sticky leaves, oak same still standing without leaves.
3. BSC with dividing unions ( or /il/, either, not that - not that, whether - either, that - that):
Eitherthe gate creaks, either the floorboards are cracking - union either - or indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Thatit was drizzling, That large flakes of snow fell - union this and that indicates alternation of phenomena.
Divisional unions or And or can be single or repeating.
With a more detailed description of the types of BSC, three more types of BSC are distinguished: BSC with connecting, explanatory and gradational unions.
Unions are connecting yes and, too, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting conjunctions.
Conjunctions are explanatory that is, namely:
He was kicked out of the gymnasium that is The most unpleasant thing for him happened.
Graduation unions - not only... but also, not that... but:
Not reallyhe didn't trust his partner, But he still had some doubts about him.
SSP. 1. Parts of a complex sentence are separated by commas if connecting relations are established between them (conjunctions and, yes, neither... nor), adversative (conjunctions a, but, yes, however, but, and then), divisive (conjunctions or , or, whether... or, whether... whether, then... then, not that... not that), adjunctive (conjunctions yes and, and, moreover, also, too) and explanatory (conjunctions namely, that is).
2. In a complex sentence, a comma is not placed in the following cases:
1) if the parts of a complex sentence have a common minor member or a common subordinate clause.
For example: Through the rain the sun shone and a rainbow spread from edge to edge (Prishv.); When the sun rose, the dew dried and the grass turned green;
If the subordinate clause refers only to one of the parts of a complex sentence, then its second part is separated by a comma.
For example: Romashov knew perfectly well that Shurochka was not in this bright, festive group, but when he looked there, every time something sweetly ached near his heart, and he wanted to breathe often from a strange, causeless excitement (Kupr.) ;
2) if the parts of a complex sentence are united by a common introductory word, have a common isolated member, or are united by an explanatory meaning in relation to the third part - explained by them.
For example: In a word, the time had already expired and it was time to leave; Contrary to all the forecasters' predictions, the sky had already cleared and the rain had stopped; Soon we found ourselves in front of the gorge: the water was rustling below and we could hear the falling of stones; It was impossible to stop: my legs were sucked in and my footprints were filled with water (Paust.);
3) if the parts of a complex sentence are nominative or impersonal sentences of a homogeneous composition.
For example: Do you hear? A hoarse groan and an angry rattle! (P.); The trees were dripping and there was a smell of leaves all around.
However, if there are more than two nominative sentences and the conjunction is repeated, then commas are placed - according to the rule that applies when identifying homogeneous members of a sentence.
For example: The hiss of underwater sand, the awkward movement of a crab, and the run of a goby, and the round ice jellyfish (Bagr.); And the blue smoke, and the first meetings, vague anxiety, and a scarf thrown over the shoulders, a government house and a long road (Sim.).
A comma is also placed if the predicates of impersonal sentences are not homogeneous in composition.
For example: It smells like something unfamiliar and it’s very hot (O.B.);
4) if the parts of a complex sentence are incentive, interrogative or exclamatory sentences; the uniting element here is a single intonation; incentive sentences may also have common particles.
For example: Where will the meeting be and who is the chairman? – general interrogative intonation; How quiet it is around and how clear the starry sky is! – general exclamatory intonation; Let the sun shine and the birds sing! – common particle; a union can also be a unifying element: The May cold ended, it became warm, and the bird cherry withered. Rowan buds have begun to appear and lilacs are blooming (Prishv.).
3. A compound sentence may contain a semicolon if its parts are significantly common and have commas inside.
For example: The heart feels horror in this brief moment, which divides the roar of thunder into blows; and they thunder, and the clouds burst, throwing golden arrows and lightning from their ranks to the ground. (M.G.) This seemed like a paradox to me, and I did not immediately understand the meaning of his words; but he is like this: behind the Kilda king is a cultured country, thousands of the same, brought up in civil freedom, hard work in the mountains, the same lonely, but invisibly connected kings. (Prishv.) Although he knew the way, last time he went to the tankers during the day; at night everything seemed different, unfamiliar. (Kaz.)
4. There may be a dash between the parts of a complex sentence if the second part of the sentence contains the meaning of a result, a sharp contrast, or represents an unexpected addition in relation to the first part.
For example: The train flew into the twilight - and all the objects outside the window merged into one continuous blackness (Current); They will sit side by side on the rubble, smoke, talk about this and that - and so be it (Cool); At first I tried not to scoop up water or dirt into my shoes, but I stumbled once, stumbled again - and it didn’t matter (Sol.); He walked through the village once or twice - and everyone got used to him (Cool); Perhaps he will give money, the government will allow it - and the monastery will rise again (Prishv.); Let's cross the stream along the oak tree - and into the swamp (Prishv.); Ask and I won’t tell (Prishv.); At first you are so afraid to waste minutes: you know that time is limited, they will delay you for nothing - and you will miss it forever (Prishv.); He stubbornly avoided being alone with her - he dragged Pika around with him, then complained about being unwell (Fad.); The windows of the fourth floor were not visible, it blinked - and a pale spot appeared behind the bars (Prishv.); You put a stick on the water and it floats with the flow (Prishv.).
5. A complex sentence may contain a comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark.
For example: Baring his teeth, the headman began to hit him with a whip on anything - and from pain and horror Averky woke up in tears (Bun.); Next in line were police stations, and there no one had heard anything about David (Prishv.); One more turn in the road, and she reached for the bridge (Eb.).
This division of parts of a complex sentence can be considered somewhat outdated: firstly, due to the excessive accumulation of punctuation marks, especially if the sentence is not widespread enough and is not complicated by internal highlighting; secondly, if the parts of a sentence are common, then such a sign does not clearly convey the relationship of the parts, especially if there is a dash inside.
The use of a comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark cannot be confused with the combination of a comma and a dash, when each sign stands on its own.
For example: Out of old habit, he was infected with this feeling, but he soon realized that he was only happy about the fire, happy about the entertainment, about the fact that they would come running to him, drag him out of the barn onto the grass, he also realized that the fire was far away and that nothing this won’t happen,” he again felt indifference, lay down again (Bun.); Under my unpleasantly weakening legs, I could feel something growing from below, lifting me up, then falling to the side, parting, and the floor was moving deeper and deeper from under my feet (Bun.); Who knows how long you will have to stay in the taiga - and all the time behind Grinka and his comrades (Shuksh.).