Ret blood test transcript. What a clinical blood test will show: interpretation, normal values ​​and deviations

General blood analysis, perhaps the most common test that doctors prescribe in order to correctly diagnose and conduct a study of the patient’s health status. But what comes in the answer does not tell the patient anything; to understand what all these numbers mean, we provide you interpretation of blood test values.

A general blood test is divided into:

• Blood chemistry;
• Immunological blood test;
• Hormonal blood test;
• Serological blood tests.

Blood test interpretation:

Designations reductions	Normal values ​​- complete blood count
	children aged							adults
	1 day	1 month	6 months	12 months	1-6 years	7-12 years	13-15 years old	man	woman
Hemoglobin Hb, g/l	180-240	115-175	110-140	110-135	110-140	110-145	115-150	130-160	120-140
Red blood cells R.B.C.	4,3-7,6	3,8-5,6	3,5-4,8	3,6-4,9	3,5-4,5	3,5-4,7	3,6-5,1	4-5,1	3,7-4,7
Color index MCHC, %	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15
Reticulocytes RTC	3-51	3-15	3-15	3-15	3-12	3-12	2-11	0,2-1,2	0,2-1,2
Platelets PLT	180-490	180-400	180-400	180-400	160-390	160-380	160-360	180-320	180-320
ESR ESR	2-4	4-8	4-10	4-12	4-12	4-12	4-15	1-10	2-15
Leukocytes WBC, %	8,5-24,5	6,5-13,8	5,5-12,5	6-12	5-12	4,5-10	4,3-9,5	4-9	4-9
Bands, %	1-17	0,5-4	0,5-4	0,5-4	0,5-5	0,5-5	0,5-6	1-6	1-6
Segmented, %	45-80	15-45	15-45	15-45	25-60	35-65	40-65	47-72	47-72
Eosinophils EOS, %	0,5-6	0,5-7	0,5-7	0,5-7	0,5-7	0,5-7	0,5-6	0-5	0-5
Basophils BAS, %	0-1	0-1	0-1	0-1	0-1	0-1	0-1	0-1	0-1
Lymphocytes LYM, %	12-36	40-76	42-74	38-72	26-60	24-54	25-50	18-40	18-40
Monocytes MON, %	2-12	2-12	2-12	2-12	2-10	2-10	2-10	2-9	2-9

Now, more about the main indicators of a general blood test.

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is the blood pigment of red blood cells. Its function is to transfer oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs, and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

Hemoglobin increase:

• staying at high altitudes
• polycythemia (increased red blood cell count)
• dehydration and blood thickening

Decreased hemoglobin:

• anemia

Color index

The color index shows the relative content of hemoglobin in red blood cells. This indicator is important in diagnosing anemia.

Increase in color index:

• spherocytosis

Reduced color index:

• Iron-deficiency anemia

Red blood cells

Red blood cells are red blood cells that are produced in the red bone marrow. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen.

Increase in red blood cells:

• dehydration
• polycythemia

Decreased red blood cells:

• anemia

Leukocytes

White blood cells. Formed in red bone marrow. The function of leukocytes is to protect the body from foreign substances and microbes. In other words, it is immunity.

There are different types of leukocytes, so a change in the number of individual types, and not all leukocytes in general, is of diagnostic importance.

Increase in leukocytes:

• infections, inflammation
• allergy
• leukemia
• condition after acute bleeding, hemolysis

Decrease in leukocytes:

• bone marrow pathology
• infections (flu, rubella, measles, etc.)
• genetic abnormalities of immunity
• increased spleen function

Leukocyte formula

Percentage of different types of leukocytes. Neutrophils: cells responsible for inflammation, fighting infection (except viral ones), nonspecific defense (immunity), removing one’s own dead cells. Mature neutrophils have a segmented nucleus, while young ones have a rod-shaped nucleus.

Increase in leukocyte formula:

• intoxication
• infections
• inflammatory process
• malignant tumors
• psycho-emotional arousal

Decrease in leukocyte formula:

• aplastic anemia, bone marrow pathology
• genetic immune disorders
• some infections (viral, chronic)

Eosinophils

Decrease in eosinophils:

• purulent infections
• surgery

Basophils

When basophils enter the tissues, they turn into mast cells, which are responsible for the release of histamine - a hypersensitivity reaction to food, drugs, etc.

Increased basophils:

• chicken pox
• hypersensitivity reactions
• chronic sinusitis
• hypothyroidism

Decrease in basophils:

• pregnancy
• ovulation
• acute infections
• hyperthyroidism
• stress

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are the main cells of the human body's immune system. They fight viral infections, destroy foreign cells and altered own cells, and release antibodies (immunoglobulins) into the blood - substances that block antigen molecules and remove them from the body.

Increased lymphocytes:

• lymphocytic leukemia
• viral infections

Decreased lymphocytes:

• loss of lymph
• aplastic anemia
• acute infections (non-viral) and diseases
• immunodeficiency states
• systemic lupus erythematosus

Monocytes

Monocytes are the largest white blood cells. They finally destroy foreign cells and proteins, foci of inflammation, and destroyed tissues. Monocytes are the most important cells of the immune system; it is monocytes that are the first to encounter antigen and present it to lymphocytes for the development of a full immune response.

Increased monocytes:

• leukemia
• tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, syphilis
• infections (viral, fungal, protozoal)
• systemic connective tissue diseases (arthritis, periarteritis nodosa, systemic lupus erythematosus)

Decrease in monocytes:

• hairy cell leukemia
• aplastic anemia

ESR

ESR is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate when blood settles. The ESR level depends directly on the number of red blood cells, their “weight” and shape, as well as on the properties of the blood plasma - the amount of proteins, as well as viscosity.

Increasing ESR:

• inflammatory process
• infections
• anemia
• malignant tumors
• pregnancy

Reticulocytes

Reticulocytes are young forms of red blood cells. Normally they should be located in the bone marrow. Their excess blood output indicates an increased rate of red blood cell formation.

Increased reticulocytes:

• increased formation of red blood cells in anemia (blood loss, iron deficiency, hemolytic)

Decreased reticulocytes:

• kidney diseases
• disorders of red blood cell maturation (B12 folate deficiency anemia)
• aplastic anemia

Platelets

Platelets are platelets of blood that are formed from giant cells in the bone marrow. Platelets are responsible for blood clotting.

Increase in platelets:

• inflammatory process
• myeloid leukemia
• polycythemia
• condition after surgery

Decreased platelets:

• aplastic anemia
• systemic lupus erythematosus
• thrombocytopenic purpura
• hemolytic disease, isoimmunization by blood groups, Rh factor
• hemolytic anemia

However, it is worth remembering that only a doctor can make a correct diagnosis and interpret the tests. All of the above is for guidance only, but not for independent diagnosis.

With almost any pathology, certain changes in both cellular and biochemical composition occur in the blood. For example, with atherosclerosis, cholesterol levels increase in patients, and with anemia, the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration decrease, which can be detected using laboratory tests.

A general (clinical) detailed blood test is one of the simplest and most inexpensive, and at the same time informative methods of laboratory diagnostics. It must be included in the program of basic examination of patients with various diseases, and is also performed on adults and children during clinical examination.

Other factors can also influence the parameters of a general blood test, so only a specialist can make the correct interpretation.

What indicators does a complete blood count include?

When conducting a preventive examination, patients are usually prescribed a so-called abbreviated clinical blood test, which includes counting the number of red and white blood cells, determining the level of hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. If any deviations from the norm are detected, as well as when examining patients with various diseases, a detailed blood test is indicated, which includes about 30 different parameters. Most often it is prescribed in the following cases:

• diagnosis of anemia;
• suspicion of leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis;
• pregnancy;
• inflammatory processes;
• autoimmune diseases;
• assessment of the effectiveness of the therapy.

Let's consider what is included in a clinical detailed blood test.

WBC

WBC – absolute white blood cell count. Leukocytes are responsible for recognizing and destroying pathogenic microorganisms, as well as cells with a disrupted genome (tumor cells). Normally, the leukocyte content in the blood is 4–9x10 9 /l. Their increase means the presence of a source of inflammation or malignant neoplasm in the body, and a decrease indicates a decrease in immune defense.

R.B.C.

RBC – absolute number of red blood cells. Their main function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to all organs and tissues of the body. The normal erythrocyte content is 4.3–5.5x10 12 /l. A decrease in their number occurs with bleeding, anemia, and bone marrow lesions. An increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood is caused by blood thickening caused by various reasons (uncontrollable vomiting, polyuria, diarrhea, massive burns) or genetically determined disorders of hemoglobin synthesis.

In children of the first years of life, the number of leukocytes is increased compared to adults; this is their age feature and the norm.

Hb

Hb – hemoglobin. This is a special protein located inside red blood cells and containing iron molecules in its structure. It has the ability to easily absorb oxygen and release it to tissues. Hemoglobin is colored red by iron, it is thanks to it that red blood cells have a red color and all blood in general looks red. Normal hemoglobin content is 120–140 g/l. A decrease in its concentration is observed in different types of anemia.

HCT

HCT (Ht) – hematocrit. This is the relationship between blood cells and plasma volume, expressed as a percentage. The normal hematocrit is 39–49%. This means that the blood consists of 60-50% plasma, the rest is occupied by cells.

PLT

PLT – platelets. These are blood platelets that are directly involved in the process of hemostasis, that is, the formation of a blood clot and stopping bleeding. The norm for their content is 150–400x10 9 /l.

ESR

ESR – erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR. An increase in this indicator is observed in many pathological processes, but may not be associated with the disease. For example, therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or pregnancy leads to an increase in ESR.

Red blood cell indices

1. Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV). Normal value is 80–95 fl. Previously, the terms “macrocytosis”, “normocytosis” and “microcytosis” were used to designate this indicator.
2. Average hemoglobin content in one red blood cell expressed in absolute units (MSN). The norm is 27–31 pg. Previously, this index was called the color blood index.
3. Mean hemoglobin concentration in red blood cells (MCHC). Shows how saturated red blood cells are with hemoglobin. Its decrease is observed in blood diseases associated with disturbances in the process of hemoglobin synthesis.
4. Anisocytosis or red blood cell distribution width (RDW). An indicator of the uniformity of red blood cell sizes.

Different laboratories may have different standards, depending on the accepted research methods and units of measurement.

Platelet indices

1. Mean platelet volume (MPV). The norm is 7–10 fl.
2. Platelet distribution width (relative) by volume (PDW). Allows you to evaluate the heterogeneity of platelets, that is, their difference in size.
3. Thrombocrit (PCT). The volume of whole blood accounted for by platelets and expressed as a percentage. Normal value is 0.108–0.282%.
4. Large platelet ratio (P-LCR).

Leukocyte indices

1. Relative content of lymphocytes (lymphocyte, LY%, LYM%). The norm is 25–40%.
2. Absolute lymphocyte content (lymphocyte, LY#, LYM#). The norm is 1.2–3.0x10 9 /l.
3. Relative content of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes in the blood (MID%, MXD%). The norm is 5–10%.
4. The absolute content of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes in the blood (MID#, MXD#). The norm is 0.2–0.8x10 9 /l.
5. Relative neutrophil content (NE%, NEUT%).
6. Absolute neutrophil content (NE#, NEUT#).
7. Relative monocyte content (MO%, MON%). The norm is 4–11%.
8. Absolute monocyte content (MO%, MON%). The norm is 0.1–0.6x10 9 /l.
9. Relative (EO%) and absolute (EO#) eosinophil content.
10. Relative (BA%) and absolute (BA#) basophil content.
11. Relative (IMM%) and absolute ((IMM#) content of immature granulocytes.
12. Relative (ATL%) and absolute (ATL#) content of atypical lymphocytes.
13. Relative (GRAN%, GR%) content of granulocytes. The norm is 47–72%.
14. Absolute (GRAN#, GR#) granulocyte content. Norm 1.2–6.8x10 9 /l; and others.

If it is necessary to conduct a repeat clinical blood test, it is advisable to take it in the same laboratory where the previous study was performed.

How to take a complete blood test

In order for the results of an extended clinical blood test to be as accurate as possible, a number of rules must be followed:

• the optimal time for taking the test is from 7 to 10 am;
• at least 8 hours must pass after the last meal;
• several hours before donating blood (at least an hour), you must refrain from smoking;
• The patient must inform the doctor about all medications taken, as they may distort the test results.

The result of the analysis is usually ready on the day it is submitted. Different laboratories may have different standards, depending on the accepted research methods and units of measurement. Therefore, if it is necessary to conduct a repeat clinical blood test, it is advisable to take it in the same laboratory where the previous study was performed.

A comprehensive clinical blood test includes many indicators. Their reference (normal) values ​​are usually indicated on the referral form, but without taking into account the patient’s characteristics. For example, in children of the first years of life, the number of leukocytes is increased compared to adults; this is their age feature and the norm. Pregnant women in the second trimester experience a slight decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin levels. Also, other factors can influence the parameters of a general blood test, so only a specialist can make the correct interpretation.

Video from YouTube on the topic of the article:

Blood consists of a liquid part - plasma, as well as cells (formed elements), the concentration of which can vary significantly under various pathological conditions. Deciphering a clinical blood test allows us to judge the possible presence or absence of inflammation, intoxication of the body, dehydration (dehydration), bleeding, cancer, diseases of the hematopoietic system, etc.

What blood tests are taken?

Modern laboratory diagnostics are based mainly on blood tests. The indicators of this main connecting substance of the body can tell a lot about the state of human health. The most informative - and therefore most often carried out - are biochemical and general blood tests.

What is a complete blood count?

A general blood test is one of the most important clinical studies, which is carried out for most diseases, as well as as part of a preventive examination (dispensary examination). When diagnosing blood diseases, this test plays a leading role.

Important:A general blood test is taken from a finger prick on an empty stomach in the morning. To avoid distorting the results, you should not eat food for 8 hours, and you can only drink water.

Before the blood test, it is not allowed to drink drinks containing alcohol, as well as tea, andjuices

Traditionally, blood is collected from the ring finger by puncturing the skin with a sterile scarifier to a depth of 2-3 mm. The first drop is usually removed with a cotton swab, then blood is drawn to determine the level of hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the next portion to determine the number of white and red blood cells. Smears for microscopy are made using slides.

Laboratory research suggests:

• determination of the number of different formed elements (cells);
• establishing the basic parameters of blood cells (size, type, etc.);
• measurement of hemoglobin level (concentration);
• determination of leukocyte formula;
• determination of hematocrit.

Main indicators of UAC

Hematocrit is a percentage that determines the volumetric ratio of cell mass to plasma. Erythrocyte indices reflect the main characteristics of red blood cells.

Hemoglobin (HGB) is a “respiratory pigment” - a compound of iron and protein, which is responsible for transporting oxygen to organs and tissues.

note: a physiological decrease in hemoglobin levels is possible in babies of the first year of life.

A low hemoglobin level indicates the development of anemia (anemia).

Important:anemia often develops against the background of blood loss, impaired formation of red cells, or their accelerated destruction. It can be a clinical manifestation of a number of pathologies or be an independent disease.

Red blood cells(RBC)- These are highly differentiated cellular elements. They lack nuclei, and the intracellular space is filled with hemoglobin.

The color index of red blood cells reflects the level of respiratory pigment in these red blood cells.

Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV) is an indicator that is used in the diagnosis of various types of anemia. Also, in the differential diagnosis of types of anemia, an indicator that reflects the average hemoglobin content in red blood cells is certainly taken into account.

Distribution of red blood cells by size (RDW) allows you to determine the degree of anisocytosis, i.e. the presence of red cells of different volumes.

Reticulocytes called young forms of red cells.

Platelets(PLT)- These are cells formed in the red bone marrow that are responsible for the process of blood clotting. The granules of these non-nuclear formed elements contain coagulation factors and biologically active substances that are released when platelets are activated. These cells can attach to the walls of blood vessels and to each other, forming a clot that “clogs” damage to the vessel walls. The lifespan of a platelet in the blood is no more than 1-1.5 weeks. An increase in bleeding develops if the concentration of these cells is less than 50x10 3. Such conditions can pose a serious threat to the patient's life.

note: in the blood test of a pregnant woman, the number of platelets is reduced, which is normal. Physiological thrombocytopenia is also recorded in women during menstruation. The number of these cells increases during physical activity.

ESR is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In women, this indicator is normally higher than in men, which is explained by regular physiological blood loss. An increase in ESR may indicate the presence of an inflammatory process, the presence of infectious agents in the body, or intoxication.

White blood cells (WBC) are white blood cells produced in the lymphatic system and bone marrow. They provide protection to the body by recognizing and neutralizing foreign agents, as well as their own cells that have undergone pathological changes. Leukocytosis (an increase in the number of white blood cells), as a rule, indicates the development of an inflammatory process. Leukocytes in particular include neutrophils (band and segmented), basophils, eosinophils, monocytes (large white cells) and lymphocytes (elements responsible for acquired).

An increase in the number of eosinophils often indicates helminthic infestations or the presence of diseases of allergic origin.

Blood test results are prepared in the laboratory within one day.

Normal indicators

Only a doctor can interpret the results, that is, draw any conclusions based on the data obtained during a laboratory blood test. However, some conclusions can be drawn by comparing your complete finger prick blood test with the reference (normal) values ​​in the tables provided.

Important:The blood test results for an adult differ from the results of this study in a child.

Table of blood test norms for adults:

Table for deciphering blood tests in children (normal):

Age	Red blood cells x10 12	Hemoglobin	Platelets x10 9	Leukocytes x10 9	Speed subsidence red blood cells (ESR), mm/h
Newborns	5,0-5,8-6,0	215-180	273-309	30-12	2,5-2,8
1-12 months	4,6-4,7	178-119	280-290	10-10,5	4-7
2-3 years	4,6-4,7	117-126	280-290	10,5-11	7-8
4-5 years	4,6-4,7	126-130	280-290	10-11	7-8
6-8 years	4,7-4,8	127-130	280-290	8,2-9,7	7-8

What do deviations indicate?

A cause for concern may be leukocytosis, i.e. an increase in the number of white blood cells.

The reason for the increase in the number of leukocytes is such pathologies as:

• bacterial infections accompanied by purulent inflammation;
• any ;
• blood diseases (leukemia).

If leukocytosis occurs, then this is a reason for a thorough and comprehensive medical examination. If an infectious disease is suspected, an additional blood test for antibodies may be performed.

Important: It should be taken into account that the number of leukocytes may temporarily increase in the postoperative period, after vaccination, as well as after eating or significant physical activity.

Leukopenia (decrease in the number of white blood cells) is often caused by a lack of vitamins, unfavorable environmental conditions or viral infections. As a rule, it is not a cause for serious concern.

ESR depends on the positive charge on red blood cells, which causes them to repel each other. In some pathologies, red blood cells lose their charge, as a result of which they begin to settle faster.

You should undergo an examination if the indicator is 3-5 times higher than normal values.

The reason for the increase in ESR may be:

• kidney disease - inflammation of the renal pelvis () or glomeruli (glomerulonephritis);
• bacterial (pneumonia);
• foci of purulent inflammation (abscesses and phlegmon);
• (generalized process);
• inflammatory diseases of the pancreas, gall bladder and other organs of the digestive system;
• diseases of rheumatic (autoimmune) origin - rheumatoid arthritis and SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus);
• malignant neoplasms.

Important: To exclude cancer, a special clinical blood test is performed for tumor markers.

Women should not worry if the erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases before the onset of menstruation - this is a physiological norm. The indicator is also increased during pregnancy (from the 5th week) and returns to normal only by the fourth week after the baby is born.

Thrombocytopenia is defined as a decrease in platelet count below 100 × 109/L.

Possible causes of thrombocytopenia may be:

• acute infectious diseases;
• aplastic form of anemia;
• malignant blood diseases (leukemia).

note: Particular caution should be exercised when detecting a decrease in the number of platelets in a blood test in pregnant women. One of the causes of the pathology is antiphospholipid syndrome, which quite often leads to miscarriage.

Thrombocytosis (an increase in the number of these cells) indicates the possible presence of the following pathologies:

• acute inflammation;
• exacerbation of chronic inflammatory process;
• amyloidosis (protein metabolism disorder);
• malignant tumors.

note : There is no reason to worry if thrombocytosis is recorded in the postoperative period or after significant physical activity.

A decrease in hemoglobin levels most likely indicates iron deficiency anemia.

Reasons for low hemoglobin levels may include:

• hypovitaminosis of vitamin B12, caused by a violation of its absorption (typical for patients suffering from the atrophic form of gastritis and for elderly and senile people);
• absence of animal products in the diet (vegetarian diet);
• period of pregnancy and lactation;
• regular blood loss (including physiological during menstruation).

General blood analysis – this is one of the most common examination methods, which allows the doctor to find out the causes of some symptoms (for example, weakness, dizziness, fever, etc.), as well as to identify some diseases of the blood and other organs. To perform a general blood test, capillary blood is usually taken from a finger. A general blood test does not require any special preparation, however, it is recommended to take blood for this examination in the morning, on an empty stomach.

Why is OAC performed?

A general blood test is an examination that helps determine the following basic human blood parameters:

• The number of erythrocytes (red blood cells).
• Hemoglobin level- the amount of a special substance that is contained in red blood cells and is responsible for the transfer of oxygen from the lungs to other organs.
• Total white blood cell count(white blood cells) and leukocyte formula(the number of different forms of leukocytes expressed as a percentage).
• Platelet count(blood plates that are responsible for stopping bleeding when a vessel is damaged).
• Hematocrit is the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the volume of blood plasma (blood plasma is the part of the blood devoid of cells).
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is the rate at which red blood cells settle to the bottom of a test tube, allowing us to judge some of the properties of blood.

Each of these parameters can say a lot about a person’s health status, as well as indicate possible diseases

How is OAC carried out?

A general blood test does not require special preparation. As a rule, the analysis is carried out in the morning, on an empty stomach (or 3-4 hours after eating). Blood for general analysis is taken from a finger (usually the ring finger) using a special sterile instrument - a scarifier. With a quick movement of the hand, the doctor makes a small puncture in the skin of the finger, from which a drop of blood soon appears. The blood is collected using a small pipette into a vessel that resembles a thin tube. Less commonly, blood for a general blood test is taken from a vein.
The obtained blood is subjected to several studies: counting the number of blood cells using a microscope, measuring hemoglobin levels, and determining ESR.

The interpretation of the general blood test is carried out by the attending physician, but you can evaluate the main blood parameters yourself.

Decoding UAC.

Deciphering a general blood test is carried out in several stages, during which the main blood parameters are assessed. Modern laboratories are equipped with equipment that automatically determines basic blood parameters. Such equipment usually produces analysis results in the form of a printout, in which the main blood parameters are indicated by abbreviations in English.

Red blood cells:

Hemoglobin:

Hematocrit:

Red blood cells distribution width:

Average red blood cell volume:

Average hemoglobin concentration in a red blood cell:

Platelet count:

White blood cell count:

Granulocyte count:

Monocyte count:

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate:

At the same time, some laboratories indicate other standards in the test results, which is due to the presence of several methods for calculating indicators. In such cases, the interpretation of the results of a general blood test is carried out according to specified standards.

P.S. When you click on any of the pictures, the text becomes more readable.

P.S.S.

Red blood cells and their significance in analyzes Red blood cells and their significance in analyzes. ESR.

Leukocytes and their values ​​in analyzes

Since a general blood test is one of the most popular examination methods in clinical medicine, it is advisable to understand its parameters to independently analyze your health. People who want to know more about general analysis are offered this material. Any person who can decipher the results of a general analysis without outside help is able to track the condition of his body in a timely manner. To decipher the values ​​of a general blood test in adults, this article offers a table with the range of norms set out in it.

General (clinical) blood test: brief information

Despite the fact that red blood cells were discovered by the Italian physician M. Malpighi back in 1665, clinical blood testing in the form as we understand it now appeared only in the twentieth century.

The general blood test (CBC) is called clinical because it is part of the clinical analysis methods, but it would be fair to call the CBC not a method, but a group of methods. The parameters of the general analysis have evolved over centuries from various studies by famous scientists. For example, the parameter “hemoglobin” appeared there thanks to the efforts of Professor I. Sechenov in 1862-1864; the ESR parameter (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) - through the efforts of Professor A. Panchenkov in the mid-twentieth century; counting the number of cells per unit volume of blood became possible thanks to the French doctor L. Malassa in 1870.

Attention! The main task of the OAC is to analyze the state of red and white blood cells, determine the ability to clot, and determine the amount of hemoglobin - an iron-containing polypeptide that helps the body carry out oxidative processes in tissues.

Automatic and manual method of performing a general blood test

Clinical blood tests are done in modern medicine automatically and manually. Some OAC parameters can only be done manually, for example, a color indicator - you need a microscope, a cell sample on an instrument glass, and a laboratory assistant who can determine the color of red blood cells.

In our age of machines and automatic devices, archaisms from the pre-computer era seem unnecessary, but such a view is erroneous - if a device does not perform its functions normally, who will check its operation? What to do in an area where there is no special laboratory equipment? The device does not decipher the values ​​- it provides only dry information on a printout.

Standard preparation for the UAC

Any adult should have an understanding of how to prepare for an OAC and the consequences of violating medical instructions - this knowledge will protect against possible mistakes, which could result in repeated sampling of material.

Conditions, violation of which may lead to distortion of the results of the KLA:

1. The patient must be in a stable mental and emotional state - stress can change the behavior of red and white blood cells.
2. The patient should be rested and well-slept. You should not engage in physical labor or sports before starting the procedure.
3. The collection procedure is performed on an empty stomach - digestive processes increase the level of leukocytes. Unhealthy food - fast food, fried, salty, smoked, fatty - increases this factor.
4. Alcohol, drugs and tobacco significantly worsen the composition of the blood. A laboratory assistant only needs to look at the behavior of red blood cells to understand what type of life the patient leads.
5. The doctor must be warned about taking medications and dietary supplements - many of them can distort the test result.
6. A woman during menstruation should refrain from testing or notify her doctor.

Table of normal values ​​for general blood test in adults

How to decrypt UAC? Many sites offer an online transcript of a general blood test, completely free of charge. We will treat such initiatives positively, given their usefulness in cases where a person is interested in his health and this information helps him see a doctor on time. The disadvantage of such online services is the low level of human involvement in the process of assessing their health status. The situation is reminiscent of counting done manually and using a calculator. In the first case, the person is actively involved in the process, and in the second, the calculator does all the work for him. Decoding the results, done by the patient himself, will allow him to recognize the process as personal work, which will certainly increase the value of the work done.

The table has an “index” section; it contains English abbreviations meaning UAC parameters; you need to pay attention to them, since they are specified in the automatic testing form, and not the full name of the indicator.

Indicators	Index		Units	Normal range
				Men	Women
	-BAS-		%	0,1-1,0	0,1-1,0
Leukocytes	-WBC-		10 9 cells/l	4,0-9,0	4,0-9,0
Lymphocytes	-LYM-		%	19,4-37,4	19,4-37,4
Monocytes	-MON-		%	3,0-11,0	3,0-11,0
	stab		%	1,0-6,1	1,0-6,1
	segmented		%	46,8-66,0	46,8-66,0
Platelets	-PLT-		10 9 cells/l	180,0-320,0	180,0-320,0
Eosinophils	-EOS-		%	0,5-5,0	0,5-5,0
Red blood cells	-RBС-		x10 12 cells/l	4,46-5,0	3,83-4,53
ESR	-ESR-	mm/hour		1,5-10,5	2,1-15,1
Thrombocrit	PCT	%		0,11-0,4	0,11-0,4
Hematocrit	HCT	%		128,0-160,0	118-138
Hemoglobin	-Hb-	g/l		128-161	121-138
Color index	-CPU-	—		0,80-1,00	0,80-1,00

Read, but remember – the data indicated in the table is for reference only. This information will help to correctly read the result of the general analysis, however, the diagnosis is the prerogative of the doctor, not the patient.

Deciphering the blood test

In order for deciphering the results to be useful, you need to know not only the normal values ​​of the parameters, but also the pathological conditions that are hidden behind a decrease or increase in the UAC values.

White blood cells

White blood cells (WBC) are divided into classes of granulocytes (have granular inclusions in the cytoplasm) and agranulocytes (do not have granular inclusions in the cytoplasm). The former include: basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils, the latter – monocytes and lymphocytes. An increase in white blood cells is largely a common occurrence. Any meal is accompanied by an increase in the number of white blood cells.

This CBC parameter is of a general nature; the diagnostician obtains more detailed information about any pathological phenomenon by analyzing a specific type of white blood cell.

Basophils are a type of granulocytic white blood cell. In the blood of an adult, the level of basophils is 0.1-1.0%. This rare type of leukocyte contains a lot of histamine and serotonin - substances that can cause an allergic reaction. Basophils attack the antigen (an agent hostile to the body) with toxins and infect it. Along with the antigen, body tissues are affected. In the blood of a normal, healthy person, basophils may be completely absent, present in such insignificant quantities that instruments are not able to detect its presence. In the blood of an allergic person, basophils are always higher than normal.

Ailments that are accompanied by an increase in basophils in the blood:

• autoimmune diseases and allergies;
• pathologies of the thyroid gland with hypofunction;
• kidney inflammation;
• pregnancy with Rhesus conflict;
• rehabilitation period after removal of the spleen;
• during blood transfusion;
• during vaccinations;
• some types of helminthiasis – enterobiasis, ascariasis;
• myeloid leukemia and other white blood diseases;
• taking hormonal steroid medications;
• stomach and duodenal ulcers caused by the pathogen “helicobacter pylori”;
• Varicella (chicken pox).

Eosinophils

Among the defenders of the human body, eosinophils play an important role. They are able to penetrate the walls of blood vessels and are among the first to respond to the danger of invading antigens. These granulocytic cells have the ability to microphagy - they absorb microantigens, neutralizing them in this way. Eosinophils carry histamine and, like basophils, can attack infection with it. Their difference from basophils is that these cells are also capable of absorbing histamine, that is, they can both cause and prevent allergic reactions. The most important ability of basophils lies in their ability to transport granules with immunoglobulin E - a powerful remedy against any infectious invasion.

This type of white blood cell contains a lot of the enzyme myeloperoxidase. The enzyme oxidizes chlorine anions, creating a new substance - hypochlorite. Hypochlorite contains heme, part of a protein chain that colors neutrophils in delicate shades of green. Fighting infection, neutrophils give human mucous secretions a green color.

Lymphocytes

If in the analogy all granulocytes are police units that protect the human body, then lymphocytes are a regular army. Granulocytes are always the first to take the blow, and lymphocytes wait second. This type of cell has several varieties, each of which is highly specialized. The appearance of lymphocytes in the blood above normal will mean the body is fighting any type of pathology.

Monocytes

Monocytes are the largest of all white and red blood cells and have the ability to phagocytose. Monocytes are macrophages that can neutralize relatively large particles of antigens.

Platelets

Platelets are cells that help the body fight mechanical damage to blood vessels and tissues by clotting blood.

Attention! In the blood, the general indicator of platelet content is thrombocrit. Thrombocrit is the content of platelets in the blood relative to its volume. The parameter is needed to determine pathological conditions of the bone marrow.

Red blood cells

The most important thing to know about red blood cells is that they carry oxygen into the body's tissues and remove carbon monoxide from there. This process becomes possible thanks to the pigment polypeptide “hemoglobin”.

Parameters related to the level of red blood cells:

• ESR is a method for determining the rate of red blood cell precipitation. ESR serves as an important marker for identifying possible pathologies.
• Hematocrit is the content of red blood cells in the blood relative to its volume.
• Hemoglobin is a parameter most often indicated in a machine blood test; it serves to determine the intensity of oxidative processes in the body.
• Color indicator - determination of hemoglobin content in the blood by eye, using a visual assessment of the condition of red blood cells.