Report on military-industrial complex on geography. The military-industrial complex (MIC) as a special element of macroeconomics

And development institutions that develop and produce military equipment, ammunition and weapons.

Before the collapse of the USSR, the military-industrial complex consisted of 1,100 factories with the number working more than 9 million people, more than 900 research institutes (research institutes) and design bureaus (design bureaus), as well as armies consisting of ground, air force, missile forces, navy, border guards, as well as auxiliary (railway, construction) ) troops. The military-industrial complex had its own cosmodromes, aero- and seaports, arsenals, testing grounds with a system of laboratories, a powerful communication infrastructure (transport and communications). The main part of the USSR military-industrial complex was located on territory of Russia and currently constitutes the military industrial complex Russian Federation.

The military-industrial complex partially includes the production of other complexes, for example in mechanical engineering the share of defense plants is more than 60% (Table 19, Fig. 31).

In turn, branches of the defense industry produce civilian products, while the conversion carried out in defense industries increases the share of civilian products while reducing defense orders.

Let us briefly list the basic principles that determine the geography of the military-industrial complex.

1. The main principle is the safety of the location of its production, taking into account the flight time of missiles and aircraft from abroad. Hence the location of the most important centers and enterprises of the military-industrial complex in the interior regions of the country (Ural, Siberia).

Table 19

The role of inter-industry complexes in the production of defense products

Intersectoral complex	Defense production	Specialized defense complexes
Fuel and energy	Nuclear fuel production	Nuclear weapons (nuclear weapons)
Mechanical Engineering	Shipbuilding, aviation, missile, tank, automobile manufacturing, production of communications equipment, firearms, electronics, electrical engineering, etc.	Aerospace and rocket space
Construction materials: metallurgical Chemical-forest	Production of composites, metal powders and rolled products Production of chemical reagents, compounds, lumber	Chemical weapons
Building	Cement and other production	Military construction
Agro-industrial	Processing industries (casein production)
Consumer goods and services	Production of technical fabrics and uniforms

2. The principle of duplication: placement of duplicate enterprises in different regions of the country. For example, aircraft factories producing the same type of fighters (such as MiG or Su) or Tu bombers are located in different parts countries, ranging from Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod, the cities of the Volga region (Kazan, Samara, Ulyanovsk) to the Far East (Komsomolsk-on-Amur).

3. Concentration of production and research and production military-industrial complex associations in Moscow and around it, where Russia has the right to create and build up missile defense systems.

In the Soviet Union, as part of the military-industrial complex, there were many special closed secret cities (ZATO - closed administrative-territorial entity), many of which had special names: Arzamas-16, Chelyabinsk-65 and Chelyabinsk-70, Krasnoyarsk-26 and Krasnoyarsk-35, Tomsk-7.

They concentrated particularly important military-industrial complex objects. Some of them are now becoming promising technopolises in which the latest technologies are being developed.

Thus, the main factors for the deployment of the military-industrial complex: security and preservation of military potential both in peacetime and in war time, knowledge intensity, highly qualified personnel, transport factor.

The military-industrial complex includes systems of industries (complexes). Among them, the nuclear complex is important - a shield that ensures the security of the country. Its main components are two Russian nuclear centers: in Sarov (Arzamas-16) and Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70).

Nuclear weapons themselves were largely designed for use on missile systems. Naturally, the rocket and space industry has become the most important complex of the military-industrial complex. It was especially important to prepare the scientific and technical base for astronautics and rocket science. The first large research and production centers were created in the Moscow region. This is, first of all, the powerful Energia corporation, which was created in the city of Korolev (Kaliningrad). Here, under the leadership of the famous rocket designer S.P. Korolev, work was carried out on the creation of ballistic missiles since 1946, artificial Earth satellites and spaceships were created, including the Vostok, on which the first cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin flew. In Moscow at the Research and Production Machine-Building Center named after. M.V. Khrunichev also created ballistic missiles and long-term orbital stations (“Mir”). Based on scientific and design developments, there are factories for the production of ballistic missiles in the Urals (Votkinsk, Zlatoust) and in Siberia (Krasnoyarsk), launch vehicles - in Samara, Omsk. Rocket technology is also produced in St. Petersburg.

The main military cosmodrome of Russia, from which all major military spacecraft were launched and military artificial satellites were launched, is located near the city of Mirny (Plesetsk station) south of Arkhangelsk. There were significantly more space launches here than from Baikonur, although ships with astronauts on board were launched from the latter. There was another cosmodrome - Kapustin Yar - in the Astrakhan region, which was then turned into a testing ground for missiles and military equipment. Currently, a new Russian cosmodrome, Svobodny, has been created in the Amur region.

To manage the Russian military space forces, a center was created in the Moscow region - the city of Krasnoznamensk (formerly Golitsyno-2), and for manned space flights - a Mission Control Center (MCC) in the city of Korolev. Nearby there is a Cosmonaut Training Center - the city of Zvezdny.

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9th grade

Topic: Military-industrial complex

Target: to acquaint students with the composition, place and significance of this complex in the country’s economy, its main problems.

Tasks: 1 Educational : to form an idea of ​​the special role of the military-industrial complex, specifying the principles of location of military-industrial complex industries, conversion of military-industrial complex enterprises.

2. Developmental: improving skills to work with additional materials on the topic of the lesson; ability to analyze problems and establish cause-and-effect relationships.

3. Educational: development of detailed oral response skills. Ability to clearly express your thoughts. Fostering a sense of pride and patriotism for one’s Fatherland.

Lesson type : lesson presentation and learning of new educational material.

Lesson form : lesson – dialogue, group work.

Methods: 1. explanatory - illustrative

2. reproductive with elements of problematic presentation

3. partially search.

Means of education : posters, tables, presentation, drawings, atlas.

Motivation of the educational process : The military-industrial complex is a necessary industry whose main goal is the production of weapons and military equipment in order to protect the Fatherland.

During the classes:

To answer this question correctly and completely, remember the main dates and events of the formation of the army.

June 22, 1941 - the treacherous attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union; the retreat of the Soviet Army - weakly armed, unprepared for war.

(view slides).

What are the tasks of the Russian Armed Forces in modern conditions?

In peacetime. To protect the sovereignty and state interests of Russia in the world on our own, as well as within the framework of the collective security system.

In wartime . For the strategic defense of the state, repelling aggression, reducing the military-economic potential of the enemy and covering Russian territory in military conflicts of any level and scale.

Problematic question : What reasons force Russia to arm itself?

(The answer is discussed in the form of a dialogue)

lessons from the Great Patriotic War

“Cold War” is an ideological confrontation between two superpowers, the USA and the USSR (Russia).

NATO offensive on Russian borders (Baltic countries, Ukraine and Georgia).

Explanation new topic:

Before the collapse of the USSR, the military-industrial complex consisted of 1,100 factories, employing 9 million

The military-industrial complex is a set of industrial enterprises and scientific and technological institutions that produce military equipment, ammunition and weapons.

Military-industrial complex enterprises were distinguished by their secrecy; cities with military-industrial complexes were guarded. In the 90s, cities emerged from their closed status by acquiring names.

Composition of the military-industrial complex. Interindustry complexes participating in the military-industrial complex

(table No. 1.)

The role of inter-industry complexes in the production of defense products

Intersectoral complex

Defense production

Specialized defense complexes

Fuel

Energy

Nuclear fuel production

Nuclear weapons (nuclear weapons)

Mechanical Engineering

Shipbuilding, aviation, missile, tank, automotive, communications, firearms, electronics, electrical engineering, etc.

Aerospace and rocket space

Structural materials, metallurgical

Production of composites, metal powders and rolled products

Chemical-forest

Production of chemical reagents, compounds, lumber

Chemical weapons

Building

Cement and other production

Military construction.

Agro-industrial

Casein production

Consumer goods services

Production of technical fabrics, uniforms

Aviation industry

Military shipbuilding

Production of nuclear weapons

Main branches of the military-industrial complex

Production

Artillery systems

Small arms production

Rocket and space industry

Armor industry

Composition of the military-industrial complex(diagram No. 1)

Group 1 – make a diagram of the main branches of the Military-Industrial Complex. (Uch. Alekseev – p. 154)

Group 2 – analyze table 1.

The following complexes are distinguished as part of the military-industrial complex:

Nuclear - a shield that ensures the security of the country; there are 2 Russian nuclear centers: Sarov (Arzamas -16) and Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk - 70). Nuclear weapons themselves were largely designed for use on missile systems.

Rocket and space industry – The first centers of this industry were created in the Moscow region. Under the leadership of the famous designer S.P. Korolev in the city of Korolev (Kaliningrad) since 1946. work was carried out to create ballistic missiles, artificial earth satellites and the Vostok rocket were created, on which cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin flew into space. The main military cosmodrome of the USSR, and now Russia, from which all major spacecraft were launched and military satellites were launched, are located near the city of Mirny, south of Arkhangelsk. There was another cosmodrome - Kapustin Yar - in the Astrakhan region, which was then turned into a testing ground for missiles and military equipment. Currently, a new Russian cosmodrome “Svobodny” has been created in the Amur region. The flight control center is located in Korolev, the Cosmonaut Training Center is in Zvezdny.

Aviation enterprises located with scientific centers and the largest design bureaus, where there are highly qualified personnel. The largest aircraft manufacturing centers are located in Balashikha, Zhukovsky, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Saratov, Kazan, and Samara. Helicopters are produced in Kazan, Tyumen, Perm, and Ulan-Ude.

Main center military shipbuilding – St. Petersburg, submarines are manufactured in Severodvinsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nizhny Novgorod.

Centers armored industry - Nizhny Tagil, Omsk, armored vehicles are produced in Kurgan, Arzamas.

Important production centersartillery weapons - Perm, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, and rifle - Tula, Izhevsk, Kovrov.

Chemical weapon - (before Russia abandoned its use) was produced in Dzerzhinsk and Novosibirsk.

basic principles defining the geography of military-industrial complex branches: (p. 103)

safety of location of its production facilities (Ural, Siberia);

principle of duplication (backup enterprises are located in different regions of the country);

concentration of production, research institutes, design bureaus in Moscow and the Moscow region;

formation of closed cities with numbers and “ZATO”

Main placement factors: (group work: determine placement factors using the table of factors)

Safety;

maintaining potential;

knowledge intensity;

highly qualified personnel;

transport factor

Conversion. Production of civilian products (Table No. 2). Conversion problems.

The military-industrial complex strives to produce as many weapons as possible. But how many weapons does the country need?

Huge expenditures on armaments were at one time one of the reasons that led the USSR economy to an economic crisis.

Due to the rapid reduction in military orders, many military enterprises were closed during the years of perestroika, others quickly began to restructure to produce civilian products.

Conversion is the transfer of military production to the production of civilian products.

When carrying out conversion, it is necessary to retain qualified personnel and use advanced technologies of military-industrial complex enterprises.

Assignment for the group (Analyze table No. 2)

Table No. 2.

Conversion of the military-industrial complex. Civil products.

Name of goods, products

Share of military-industrial complex enterprises in its output, %

Walk-behind tractors

TVs

Computer Engineering

Radios

Electric stoves

Cameras

Vacuum cleaners

Sewing machines

Washing machines

Refrigerators

Motorcycles

Tape recorders

Main freight cars

Trams

Drilling rigs for oil and gas production

diesels

Teacher's story about the radical reform of the military-industrial complex:

nuclear complex - the country's shield (atomic weapons)

think tanks in Sarov (Arzamas - 16), Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk - 70).

About new types of weapons. What will the tank of the 21st century be like? BTR - armored vehicles. BMP, armored personnel carrier - light armored vehicles. (demonstration of weapons)

In the foreseeable future, not a single war, not a single armed conflict of any intensity, will survive without armored weapons and tanks. Main characteristics of the tank: weight - approximately 60-65 tons, not maneuverable, needs to be reduced to 45 - 50 tons. Modern tank models - T-80-84S, T-90.

Integration of on-board electronics into a single complex, new weapon control technologies (external target designation, automatic target tracking, remote detonation of ammunition).

The Navy has about 100 submarines (missile carriers, nuclear and diesel submarines). Large anti-submarine ship "Admiral Chabanenko". Nuclear submarines of the Typhoon and Gepard types. The Northern Fleet submarine Novomoskovsk launched an artificial Earth satellite into low-Earth orbit. More than 70 combat submarines of the main classes; 250 ships and boats for coastal operations; 500 planes and helicopters. The aircraft carrier cruiser "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov", where the ship-based fighters SU-33 (SU-27K) are based. heavy nuclear missile carrier cruiser "Peter the Great" (a ship with the most powerful weapons in the world, its cruise missiles"Granite" has no analogues in the world).

All these weapons and military equipment forms the basis of the Russian Army, if we talk aboutvolumes of exports of weapons and military equipment, then Russia exports weapons for only 1.7 - 4 billion dollars and ranks 4th among exporting states, and the military-industrial complex accounts for less than 4% of Russian exports. Partners are considered to be India, China, South Korea, Bangladesh, Burma, Yemen, Greece and Vietnam.

Why does Russia sell military equipment to other countries?

Doesn't this weaken Russia's military potential?

Consolidation. Practical work. Determination of centers for the location of enterprises in the military-industrial complex. Draw a conclusion from the map diagram in the textbook Dronov p. 110, fig. 38, Alekseev., p. 155, fig.48

The final stage. Conclusion. Does the state need the military-industrial complex as a special branch of the country?

armament of the country for defense capability, external protection from international terrorism.

Creation of rapid deployment weapons

The main stages of the creation of the Russian military-industrial complex.

Homework: finish practical work, read & 20 pp. 103 -111 (Dronov). & 33 pp. 152 – 158 (Alekseev).

To determine what the role of the military-industrial complex is in the Russian economy, it is necessary to understand the meaning this concept. The first person to coin the term military-industrial complex was the President of the United States of America, Dwight Eisenhower. By the concept he meant not only the scale of production of weapons and military goods, but also other structures that support the power and combat effectiveness of the state’s armed forces.

The military-industrial complex in the modern Russian Federation can be a more narrow-profile term. The Russian military-industrial complex is a structure that includes production facilities, design bureaus, and research institutes that are directly involved in the production of military equipment, guns and shells.

Connection between civil and military sectors

Military-industrial complex enterprises are not only military-oriented objects. Factories and plants operating primarily on civil society, also provide the army with everything necessary. This is light, food, woodworking, chemical industry. One of the key sectors supporting the military-industrial complex is mechanical engineering. This includes the production of vehicles, instruments, and equipment for other industries. Although these branches of the military-industrial complex are not leading in the state’s military industry, they ensure the integrity and productivity of defense facilities.

There is also feedback here. The peculiarities of the Russian military-industrial complex do not end with the work of civilian enterprises for the country's army. It so happened that in the absence of special orders, the factories of the complex are engaged in the production of household and household goods. This is mainly home appliances.

Composition of the Russian military-industrial complex

The structure of the Russian military-industrial complex includes the following components:

• research institutes that engage in theory development and design research;
• design bureaus, whose employees are responsible for creating experimental models and prototypes of real weapons;
• experimental laboratories, bases, testing grounds and airfields, where tests of technical equipment and their elements are carried out before launching into mass production;
• production facilities: factories and enterprises producing defense industry objects;
• consulting firms that help solve commercial, marketing, legal, financial and foreign economic issues.

Formations of the Russian military-industrial complex

The military-industrial complex of Russia was formed at the stage of industrialization in the Soviet Union. Increased ergonomic and strength requirements began to be imposed on the production of defense industry objects. According to government requirements, the weapon had to be as simple as possible so that any soldier without special skills could use it.

Highly skilled workers were highly valued in the defense industry, so wage and social incentives were an order of magnitude higher for workers in this industry.

To understand the role of the military-industrial complex in the Russian economy, you need to estimate the number of people employed in this area. At the time of perestroika, about five million people worked in the state's defense sector. This is twenty-five percent of all employees industrial production. Scientific personnel made up one fifth of all specialists.

The role of the military-industrial complex for society

All developments of the military-industrial complex are financed by the population of the country. At the same time, not all products produced by defense enterprises are necessary only for combat operations. The country, first of all, must show the power of its army to others. In this case, weapons act as a deterrent.

One of the main prerequisites for the development of the military-industrial complex is doctrine. This normative document establishes the goals and objectives of defense, determines its role in the international arena, opportunities, and threats from potential adversaries.

The military-industrial complex of Russia has always been distinguished by its production in large quantities various weapons. In Soviet times, the country produced defense industry objects many times more than all potential adversaries combined.

The design and production of military equipment helps to introduce new advanced methods into other industries. Based on developments in the defense sector, modern vehicles, ships, aircraft, communications and computing devices are produced. And this is only because they do not have sufficient potential for the defense sector.

Industry structure

The branches of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation include a set of production and research facilities that provide the army with everything necessary. The military-industrial complex, in addition to the production of objects, is also characterized by a leadership and management apparatus.

It is in this sector that the most qualified personnel work and the best achievements of science are collected. This is due to the fact that the military-industrial complex produces equipment of complex design.

Geographical division

Military-industrial complex enterprises are evenly located throughout the Russian Federation. Each region has at least one link that is part of the defense industry. But depending on the required conditions, different industries are based in different places.

IN major cities knowledge-intensive, difficult to implement, and requiring qualified personnel facilities are located. In first place is the capital - Moscow, important points for military-industrial production are St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk.

A peculiarity of the geography of elements of the defense sector is the creation of closed towns. Previously, they were listed under assigned numbers, and only now they received names. Such populated areas it is easy to ensure the secrecy regime that is necessary to preserve industrial secrets and technologies. In closed cities, as a rule, the social level is an order of magnitude higher.

The location of industrial facilities was influenced by geographical, strategic and other factors that determine the convenience of the location. For example, the development of nuclear warheads occurs in the most remote corners of the country, and military shipbuilding is developed in places with water areas. The latter include the cities of Taganrog, Severodvinsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The center for the production of small arms is Tula, and the center of artillery is the Urals. Space objects are based in places remote from populated areas.

Aviation industry

Factors influencing the location of aviation industry facilities are:

• the ability to assemble a finished product from parts and assemblies;
• availability of highly professional specialists;
• convenient transport interchange.

Mostly all design bureaus are located in Moscow and the Moscow region. The only design bureau that is developing the design and technology of an amphibious aircraft is located in Taganrog.

Basically, the capital is the center of the aviation industry. Companies that manufacture aircraft around the world carry out their work here. famous brands- “Yak”, “Il”, “Tu”, “Su” and others. In the Moscow region they are engaged in the production of individual parts of aircraft.

The largest aviation facilities are located not only in Moscow, but also in Smolensk, Voronezh, Kazan, Samara, Saratov, Omsk, Irkutsk.

Rocket and space industry

The modern military-industrial complex of Russia cannot be imagined without the rocket and space industry, which is the most knowledge-intensive, expensive and complex to implement. Base for scientific research and technology development is the capital and its surrounding areas. This is explained by the fact that there is access to highly qualified personnel. It is in Moscow that specialists are developing ballistic, cruise, anti-aircraft missiles and engines.

For security and secrecy reasons, rocket and space industry enterprises are not located in close proximity to state borders.

The country's main cosmodrome is located in the Arkhangelsk region. It is from here that military artificial satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles are launched. To support this industry within the framework of international cooperation, the Russian Federation leases the Baikonur cosmodrome from Kazakhstan.

Artillery and rifle complex

The importance of the military-industrial complex in the Russian economy cannot be overestimated. Thanks to the production of unique products, the defense industry brings good income to the country's budget. One of the striking examples is small arms, namely the Kalashnikov assault rifle. It is known throughout the world and is the most widespread species of this type weapons.

Enterprises engaged in the production of artillery and small arms are located near metallurgical plants. This is economically due to a decrease in the number of goods transport operations.

The Urals are rightfully considered the center of artillery production. It is in Yekaterinburg and Perm that the Grad, Smerch, Hurricane multiple launch rocket systems, guns, howitzers, mortars, anti-aircraft and anti-tank missiles are manufactured.

Armor industry

The influence of the military-industrial complex on the Russian economy may not last positive character. For example, the armored tank industry is currently in a period of deep crisis. The authorities are trying to reorient and repurpose the facilities of this complex. Only the plant for the production of armored personnel carriers in Kurgan is distinguished by stability in its work. Many of the industries in this industry this moment engaged in booking passenger cars.

Military shipbuilding

It is impossible to assess the role of the military-industrial complex in the Russian economy without characterizing the shipbuilding complex. Thanks to this industry, the military-industrial sector is always provided with work construction companies. Most of the enterprises involved in the manufacture of warships are based in the central part of the Russian Federation. This is necessary to increase the level of security of such objects.

The production of submarines is now practically non-existent. The shipbuilding defense complex facilities are located in the northern capital of the state - St. Petersburg. In addition to it, the centers of ship production are Nizhny Novgorod, Severodvinsk, Kaliningrad and Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Enterprises in this sector are characterized by a narrow focus and a monopolized market. Military shipbuilding is one of the first sectors to suffer from the economic crisis.

Nuclear industry

This sector consists of two parts:

• nuclear power;
• nuclear weapons complex.

The nuclear industry is most often secret facilities located in closed military camps. the main objective their work is to protect the nuclear space and security of the Russian Federation. Previously, these were bases equipped with everything necessary. The people living on their territory, although they were limited in their actions, but had best level life.

Now the demand for nuclear products has fallen, so the enterprises are no longer so secretive. They begin to expand the range of products they produce, surprising with their versatility. Many nuclear industry facilities are engaged in the dismantling and elimination of nuclear weapons.

Uranium industry

The uranium industry plays a key role in the entire military-industrial complex. This sector includes:

• extraction of this natural resource;
• enrichment;
• metallurgy.

The main uranium deposits are located in the Irkutsk region.

Finally

In order to understand what the role of the military-industrial complex is in the Russian economy, it is necessary to analyze separately each industry included in it, because all sectors have their own characteristics and focus. For this reason, the production of some objects replenishes the country’s budget with good amounts, while others require additional funding. The defense sector provides jobs for millions of Russian citizens, is the engine of progress and helps bring the country's economy out of the financial crisis. Thanks to the achievements of the military sector, other areas of society are developing.

Aviation, missile, radio-electronic, shipbuilding industry enterprises; nuclear energy and nuclear weapons development enterprises; production of components of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical, biological, bacteriological) and means of their delivery; test sites and military research centers.

The military-industrial complex (MIC) of Russia is a system of enterprises producing military equipment, weapons and ammunition. The terms “military industry” and “defense industry” are also used as synonyms for the military-industrial complex (military-industrial complex).

The military-industrial complex includes:
- research organizations (their task is theoretical developments);
- design bureaus (KB) creating prototypes (prototypes) of weapons;
- testing laboratories and testing grounds, where, firstly, the “finishing” of prototypes takes place in real conditions, and secondly, the testing of weapons that have just left the factory walls;
- manufacturing enterprises where mass production of weapons is carried out.

But in addition to military products, enterprises of the military-industrial complex produce products for civilian use. Most of Russia's refrigerators, tape recorders, computer equipment, vacuum cleaners and washing machines were produced at enterprises of the military-industrial complex. And televisions, video recorders, cameras and sewing machines were produced only in military factories.

Thus, the military-industrial complex concentrates the production of more complex products. This was facilitated by the high technical level of most enterprises of the military-industrial complex. This was the sector of the national economy in which production was at the level of the best world standards, and in many cases exceeded it.

The military-industrial complex concentrated the most qualified and proactive personnel, the best technology and skilled production organizers. Its scale was enormous. At the end of the 80s. About 4.5 million people were employed at 1,800 military-industrial enterprises in Russia, including 800 thousand in the field of science. This represented about a quarter of those employed in industry. Taking into account family members, 12-15 million people were directly connected with him, that is, every tenth resident of Russia.

The costs of maintaining the armed forces and the military-industrial complex fell on the entire population of the country and lowered their standard of living. The prevailing belief in the military-industrial complex was that the most important thing was to produce as much product as possible.

A feature of the military-industrial complex is the location of many of its enterprises in “closed” cities, which until recently were not mentioned anywhere, they were not even marked on geographical maps. Only recently did they receive real names, and before that they were designated by numbers (for example, Chelyabinsk-70).

The military-industrial complex consists of several main industries:
- Production of nuclear weapons;
- Aviation industry;
- Rocket and space industry;
- Production of small arms;
- Production of artillery systems;
- Military shipbuilding;
- Armored industry.

The nuclear weapons complex is part of the Russian nuclear industry. It includes the following productions.

1. Extraction of uranium ore and production of uranium concentrate. In Russia, only one uranium mine is currently operating in Krasnokamensk (Chita region). Uranium concentrate is also produced there.

2. Uranium enrichment (separation of uranium isotopes) occurs in the cities of Novouralsk (Svedlovsk-44), Zelenogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-45), Seversk (Tomsk-7) and Angarsk. Russia has 45% of the world's uranium enrichment capacity. With production cuts nuclear weapons these industries are increasingly export-oriented. The products of these enterprises go both to civilian nuclear power plants and to the production of nuclear weapons and industrial reactors for the production of plutonium.

3. The production of fuel elements (fuel rods) for nuclear reactors is carried out in Elektrostal and Novosibirsk.

4. The production and separation of weapons-grade plutonium is now carried out in Seversk (Tomsk-7) and Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-26). Russia's plutonium reserves have accumulated for many years to come, but the nuclear reactors in these cities do not stop, since they provide them with heat and electricity. Previously major center plutonium production was Ozersk (Chelyabinsk-65), where in 1957, due to a failure of the cooling system, one of the containers in which liquid production waste was stored exploded. As a result, an area of ​​23 thousand km was contaminated with radioactive waste.

5. The assembly of nuclear weapons took place in Sarov (Arzamas-16), Zarechny (Penza-19), Lesnoy (Sverdlovsk-45) and Trekhgorny (Zlatoust-16). The development of prototypes was carried out in Sarov and Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70). The first atomic and hydrogen bombs were developed in Sarov, where the Russian Federal nuclear center.

6. Disposal of nuclear waste is one of the most difficult today environmental problems. The main center is Snezhinsk, where waste is processed and buried in rocks.

The aviation industry is usually located in large industrial centers, where finished products are assembled at parent enterprises from parts and assemblies supplied by hundreds (and sometimes thousands) of subcontractors. Main placement factors manufacturing enterprises– convenience of transport connections and availability of qualified labor. And the design of almost all types of Russian aircraft is carried out by the Moscow and Moscow region design bureaus. The only exception is the Beriev Design Bureau in Taganrog, where amphibious aircraft are produced.

The rocket and space industry is one of the most knowledge-intensive and technically complex industries. For example, an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) contains up to 300 thousand systems, subsystems, individual instruments and parts, and a large space complex contains up to 10 million. Therefore, there are many more scientists, designers and engineers in this field than workers.

Research and development organizations in the industry are concentrated largely in the Moscow region. ICBMs are being developed here (in Moscow and Reutov), rocket engines(in Khimki and Korolev), cruise missiles (in Dubna and Reutov), ​​anti-aircraft missiles (in Khimki). The production of these products is scattered throughout almost all of Russia. ICBMs are produced in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), ballistic missiles for submarines are produced in Zlatoust and Krasnoyarsk. Launch vehicles for launching spacecraft are produced in Moscow, Samara and Omsk. Spacecraft are produced there, as well as in St. Petersburg, Istra, Khimki, Korolev, and Zheleznogorsk.

The main cosmodrome former USSR there was Baikonur (in Kazakhstan), and in Russia now the only operating cosmodrome is in the city of Mirny, Arkhangelsk region (near the Plesetsk station). Anti-aircraft missile systems are being tested at the Kapustin Yar training ground in the Astrakhan region.

The military space forces and all unmanned spacecraft are controlled from the city of Krasnoznamensk (Golitsyno-2), and manned ones are controlled from the flight control center (MCC) in the city of Korolev, Moscow Region.

Artillery and small arms weapons are very important industry military-industrial complex. The most famous and widely produced type of small arms is the Kalashnikov assault rifle, which is used in at least 55 countries (and in some it is even depicted on the state emblem). The main centers for the production of small arms are Tula, Kovrov, Izhevsk, Vyatskie Polyany (Kirov region), and the leading scientific center is located in Klimovsk (Moscow region).

Will the Military-Industrial Complex (MIC) be able to serve as the basis for Russia's further development?

What is the military industrial complex?

The military-industrial complex of Russia is a system of enterprises that develop and produce military equipment and weapons. The terms “defense-industrial complex” and “military (defense) industry” are also used as synonyms for the military-industrial complex.

Russia inherited a huge military-industrial complex from the USSR. Taking into account family members, every tenth resident of Russia was associated with the military-industrial complex.

The weapons and military equipment of the Soviet military-industrial complex corresponded to the best world standards, and in many cases surpassed them. This was facilitated by the high technological level of most enterprises in the complex. The military-industrial complex concentrated the most qualified personnel, the best equipment and skilled production organizers.

Military-industrial complex enterprises also produced the most complex civilian goods. For example, I came out from there most of tape recorders and computer equipment. And VCRs, televisions and cameras were created only in military factories.

Weapons and equipment were produced on a scale that exceeded the reasonable defensive needs and real economic capabilities of the country. The gigantic burden of military expenditures was one of the reasons that led the USSR to an economic and political crisis.

One of the tasks facing the military-industrial complex is its conversion (from the Latin conversis - change, transformation). Conversion of the military-industrial complex means the transfer of military enterprises (in whole or in part) to the production of civilian products. This is necessary for Russia, since maintaining the previous volumes of arms production is economically impossible and not necessary from a military-strategic point of view.

What are the features of the location of military-industrial complex industries?

Virtually all significant cities in Russia became centers of military production, where it was closely connected with “civilian” mechanical engineering, the chemical industry and other industries.

The military-industrial complex led to the emergence in Russia of so-called “closed cities” - science cities. More than a dozen such cities were created in our country for the development and production of atomic and other types of weapons. They were not plotted on any geographical map and bore conventional names: Chelyabiisk-70, Sverdlovsk-44, Krasnoyarsk-26, etc. These cities were different high level landscaping, good supplies and complete privacy. The special nature of the work, the strictest requirements for discipline and compliance with production technology, the highest qualifications of workers - all this has formed in these cities unique labor teams capable of mastering the production of any, no matter how complex, products.

As an example closed city The most famous among them may be Arzamas-16, created in 1946 on the site of the famous Sarbvsky monastery. Surrounded by dense Mordovian forests, which then received the status of the Mordovian State Reserve, the center was especially secret. He was given the task of eliminating the US monopoly on nuclear weapons. In that scientific center such world-class theoretical physicists worked as three times Heroes of Socialist Labor Yu. B. Khariton, Ya. B. Zeldovich, A. D. Sakharov and many others. It was in Arzamas-16 (now the city of Serov) that the first atomic and hydrogen bombs in the USSR were created, and subsequent generations of nuclear weapons were developed. Today the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in Sarov is a large multi-purpose research center. And the Sarov Avangard plant is dismantling the warheads it once produced as part of the nuclear weapons reduction program.

Where are air and space weapons produced?

The aviation and rocket and space industries are located in large cities - centers of concentration of qualified personnel. Finished products - airplanes, helicopters, ballistic missiles and others - are assembled from thousands of parts supplied by related enterprises. The production of space complexes especially stands out for its complexity.

In most areas in space technology, our country is “ahead of the rest.” Unique Russian technologies provide long-term human flights in space. Our designers have developed the world's best automatic docking system spaceships. Russia also holds the lead in the creation of large structures in outer space, film and inflatable structures. Now our space industry is involved in many international projects.

The Baikonur Cosmodrome (in Kazakhstan) is now used by Russia on a lease basis. From here Russian and foreign cosmonauts go into space. In Russia itself there are currently two cosmodromes. One of them is Plesetsk.

At the end of the 1950s. Among the forests, lakes and swamps of the Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region, a test site for strategic missile forces and its “capital” - the city of Mirny - were built. Since 1966, spacecraft have been launched from here. Since that time, Plesetsk has become the most “working” cosmodrome in the world, having no equal in the number of launches (more than 1,500). But it also remains a military training ground - it was here, for example, that the new Russian intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) Topol-M, which formed the backbone of our country’s strategic nuclear forces in beginning of XXI V.

In the Amur region, on the basis of the former garrison of a strategic missile division, the second Svobodny cosmodrome in Russia was recently created. The first satellite was launched from there in March 1997.

Almost all unmanned spacecraft are controlled from Krasnoznamensk near Moscow (Golitsyno-2), and manned ones are controlled from the Mission Control Center (MCC) in Korolev, Moscow Region.

Research and development organizations in the industry are concentrated largely in the Moscow region. Almost all Russian airplanes and helicopters are designed here, and intercontinental ballistic missiles and launch vehicles are developed.

Rice. 41. Products of the Russian military-industrial complex

A powerful aerospace complex has been formed in the Volga region. Among its many major centers special place In the domestic space industry, Samara ranks, where launch vehicles, rocket engines and satellites for various purposes, including photo reconnaissance aircraft, are developed and manufactured. In Nizhny Novgorod, the Sokol aircraft manufacturing plant, which produced La-5 and La-7 fighter aircraft designed by S. A. Lavochkin during the war years. It was on such machines that the number one Soviet ace and three-time Hero of the Soviet Union, I.N. Kozhedub, achieved all his victories (shooting down 62 enemy aircraft). Among the plant's current military products is the world's most powerful fighter-interceptor, the MiG-31.

Almost all the Mi-24 combat helicopters that fought in Afghanistan were manufactured in Arsenyev (Primorsky Territory), and now the world's first combat helicopter, the Ka-50, better known as the “Black Shark,” is being produced. Here they also make the unique anti-ship missile “Mosquito”, called “Sunburn” in the West (“ Sunburn"). This missile, capable of destroying an aircraft carrier, rushes to the target at a height of only 5 m at a speed of 2.5 times the speed of sound, automatically performing anti-aircraft maneuvers, which makes the Mosquito virtually invulnerable.

The former artillery plant in Votkinsk (in Udmurtia), founded in the 19th century, is now the only enterprise in Russia for the production of intercontinental ballistic missiles (Topol-M).

Where are other military-industrial complex products produced?

Among the centers of artillery and small arms weapons, we highlight Izhevsk in Udmurtia.

Do you know which Russian industrial product is the most widespread in the world? This is the famous AK-47 - a Kalashnikov assault rifle, produced in this city, and then produced in several other countries. In total, several tens of millions of pieces were produced, and it was so popular that it even ended up on the state emblem of one of the African countries - Mozambique. Izhevsk became the “homeland” not only of the Kalashnikov assault rifle, but also of the Makarov pistol, sniper rifle Dragunov. The Nikonov assault rifle was created here, a weapon of the 21st century, which has no analogues in many design solutions.

"Motovilikha Plants" in Perm continues to be one of largest producers modern species weapons, including Grad, Uragan and Smerch multiple launch rocket systems.

From the centers of the armored industry, find Nizhny Tagil, Kurgan and Omsk on the map.

The Nizhny Tagil production association "Uralvagonzavod", which produces the most popular tanks of the last quarter of this century, the T-72 and the new missile and gun tanks T-90, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest in the world industrial enterprise. Kurgan produces world-renowned combat vehicles infantry (BMP).

After the war, Omsk tank builders mastered the production of new formidable vehicles. One of the tanks produced today - the T-80UM "Bars" - is called by experts as powerful as the Dreadnought, fast and comfortable as a Mercedes. A new generation tank, the Black Eagle, was also created in Omsk, which is currently the best in the world.

The largest center of military shipbuilding in Russia since the time of Peter I is St. Petersburg. Local shipyards can build almost all types of warships, from attack boats to nuclear-powered missile cruisers. The largest center in the world and the only center of nuclear submarine shipbuilding in Russia is Severodvinsk.

conclusions

Our country needs the military-industrial complex as a supplier modern technology and weapons for the Russian army (and for export) and as a “high technology generator” for civilian sectors of the economy. Therefore, it is important to preserve the core of the military-industrial complex, associated research institutes, design bureaus and factories. This will solve the problem national security countries. At the same time, the state faces a decision difficult task on the partial transfer of the military industry to peaceful lines. This will make it possible to introduce new technologies into all areas of the economy, retain highly qualified personnel, and achieve the competitiveness of high-quality peaceful products.

Questions and tasks

1. Name the main products of the military-industrial complex. What brands of military aircraft, tanks, and small arms do you know?
2. How can we explain the concentration of various military industries in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Sverdlovsk regions?
3. Compose abstracts:
   1. “New technologies of the military-industrial complex and their significance for civilian production”;
   2. “The military-industrial complex and its impact on the environment.”
4. How can we explain that it was in the military-industrial complex that the most highly qualified labor resources were concentrated? What qualities do you think people working at military-industrial complex enterprises should have? Why?