Its specific lexical meaning and. Lexical meaning

First chapter

Already on the first pages of the novel, Goncharov introduces the reader to Ilya Ilyich Oblomov - the main character, a nobleman and collegiate secretary. He has been living in solitude in Petrograd for twelve years. Oblomov has no permanent occupation, he only sleeps and eats. He amuses himself by listening to the stories and gossip of his familiar officials, who sometimes drop by to visit him. Ilya Ilyich does not like lively conversations and becomes relatively talkative only with his servant Zakhar.

Zakhar sincerely intends to destroy laziness in his master and teach him to get up early, and Oblomov, in turn, tries to instill in Zakhar a desire for cleanliness and neatness. It was thanks to his improper upbringing that Oblomov became so lazy. This becomes clear from the 9th chapter, entitled “Oblomov’s Dream,” where readers are presented with a picture of the protagonist’s childhood. From birth, Ilya Ilyich was forced to spend his life the same way as his ancestors.

Only two troubles bother Oblomov. Firstly, the owner persistently demands to vacate the apartment, and secondly, the headman writes from the village and reports that the harvest this year has not been successful, and the men have fled, and besides, there will be less income.

Ilya Ilyich, lying in bed, thinks about how to correct the situation. His thoughts are interrupted by the arrival of his longtime friend Andrei Stolz, whom Oblomov was extremely happy about.

Chapter two

Who Stolz is and what his origin, service and childhood are like is described in the second part of the novel. Stolz is a very active and active person, and he is outraged by Oblomov’s apathy and lack of initiative. Trying to stir up Oblomov, Stolz brings him together with the Ilyinsky family. Oblomov begins to like Olga, the daughter of the Ilyinskys. Soon Olga reciprocates his feelings, and their rapprochement ends with a declaration of love and a marriage proposal.

Chapter Three

Olga agrees, and in the third part the reader watches how Oblomov prepares for marriage. He finally decided to move to another apartment, and also sent an attorney to the village to keep order in the household and in the house. Olga amazingly changed the character of Ilya Ilyich, turning him into an energetic person. True, Oblomov’s enthusiasm soon subsides somewhat. The fact is that he is worried about gossip and talk about the upcoming wedding and the lack of good news from the village. Indecision again takes possession of the main character. He pretends to be sick and therefore does not visit Olga. Olga, worried, comes herself. Oblomov gets scared and doesn’t say a word about his feelings, but instead tells Olga all the gossip he has heard. Ilyinskaya understands that reviving Oblomov is not so easy. The final blow for Oblomov was bad news from the village: the attorney reported that there was almost no income, and the owner urgently needed to come himself. This state of affairs gives Oblomov a reason to postpone the wedding for several years until the economy gets better. Olga realizes that marriage with Ilya Ilyich will not be happy and refuses him. Oblomov was greatly upset and, from mental shock, even fell ill with a nervous fever.

Chapter Four

The fourth part describes the events that occurred several years after the hero’s illness. After breaking up with her fiancé, Olga was sad for a long time, and then left the country. In Paris, she accidentally met Stolz, who admired her beauty and intelligence. A feeling flared up between them, which soon grew into a serious relationship. Six months later they got married. Oblomov, meanwhile, rented an apartment from a bourgeois woman named Agafya Matveevna Pshenitsyna and continued his passive life in contentment. This circumstance slightly upset Stolz and his young wife. One day Stolz expressed a desire to take his apathetic friend to Olga, but Oblomov declared that he had already married Agafya Matveevna. For the next few years, Ilya Ilyich Oblomov suffered from apoplexy, one of which became his last. Stolz and Olga at this time lived safely and happily in the south of Crimea. Olga was upset only because she did nothing for the common good, enjoying only personal happiness.

Updated: 2012-02-09

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Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, the main character of the novel, lived on Gorokhovaya Street. This man was approximately 32-33 years old. He was of average height and rather pleasant-looking. Ilya Ilyich's eyes were dark gray. There was no concentration in his features, no trace of any idea. Sometimes Oblomov’s gaze was darkened by an expression of some kind of boredom or fatigue, which, however, did not drive away from his face the softness inherent not only in his face, but in his entire figure and soul.

Oblomov looked flabby beyond his years and, in addition, his body seemed too pampered for a man. No anxiety prompted him to action; usually it was resolved with a sigh and died away in apathy or doze.

Oblomov spent most of the day, and sometimes the whole day, lying down in his favorite dressing gown, so spacious that he could wrap around it twice.

Ilya Ilyich’s apartment consisted of four rooms, but he only used one; in the rest, the furniture was covered with covers and the curtains were drawn. All the rooms, including the one where Ilya Ilyich was constantly located, were “decorated” with a fringe of cobwebs; a thick layer of dust on the objects indicated that cleaning was done here very rarely.

Ilya Ilyich woke up very early, contrary to usual, at eight o’clock. The reason for this was a letter from the headman, sent the day before, which reported a crop failure, arrears, a decrease in income, etc. After the first letter (this was the third), sent several years ago, our hero began to plan various improvements and changes in the management of his estate , but until now this plan remained unfinished. The thought that some kind of decision urgently needed to be made depressed Oblomov, and when half past ten struck, he began to call Zakhar.

Zakhar entered. Lost in thought, Ilya Ilyich did not notice him for a long time. Finally he coughed. Zakhar asked why he was called, to which Oblomov replied that he did not remember, and sent his servant back.

About a quarter of an hour passed. Ilya Ilyich called Zakhar again and ordered him to find a letter from the headman. And after some period of time, he scolded him with all his might for the dirt and disorder, and all because he could not find the handkerchief that was under him in the bed.

As soon as Ilya Ilyich began to rise in bed to get up, Zakhar informed him that the owners were asking to vacate the apartment. Oblomov turned on his back and began to think. But he didn’t know what to think about, about bills, about moving to a new apartment, or about the headman’s letter. So he tossed and turned from side to side, unable to do anything.

When the bell rang in the hall, Ilya Ilyich was still lying in bed. "Who would it be so early?" - he thought. This concludes the summary of chapter 1 of the novel "Oblomov".

Oblomov constantly thinks about Olga and she constantly appears in his dreams. Olga herself rarely comes to Oblomov, and she has become more mysterious. Stolz asked Olga not to let his friend fall asleep, which Olga began to do, developing a plan on how to make the hero move. But this declaration of love unsettled her and she did not know how to behave and was silent during meetings. Oblomov began to avoid the girl, but one day they collided. Oblomov began to explain himself. He said that those words came out involuntarily, that this was not true and that music was to blame for everything. He asked her to forgive and not be offended. And he almost confesses his love to the girl again. Olga replies that she is not angry and leaves.

Chapter 7

Oblomov looked after the girl for a long time, and then he headed home, where he saw dirt. He called Zakhar and ordered everything to be removed. Zakhar was married to Anisya, who was now responsible for Oblomov’s household. While Anisya was cleaning, our main character was thinking about Olga, that she too could love him, but could not admit it yet. Although, on the other hand, how could such a woman love someone like him... Looking at himself in the mirror, Oblomov saw significant changes in his appearance. He became fresher and prettier. Then a man came from Aunt Olga to invite Ilya to dinner. Oblomov got ready, he was in high spirits, although there were thoughts that Olga was just flirting with him.

Chapter 8

When Oblomov came to the Ilyins, the girl’s aunt and guardian of the girl’s small estate was there. However, the appearance of our hero did not excite those present. It was boring to be with them, but then Olga appears. She seemed somehow different. Even when she sang, she was different, and the music sounded without soul. This behavior of the girl was incomprehensible to Oblomov, and he goes home. In the following days, Olga behaved distantly, without curiosity, and Oblomov again began to return to his lazy way. One day, having gathered to visit the Ilyins, he became too lazy to walk up the mountain and returned home. Now he wanted to sleep all the time and he decides to move to the city. Zakhar told Olga about this, whom he met in a bakery. The same one made an appointment in the park, where Oblomov went, again feeling hope for reciprocity. When they met, they raised the topic of the uselessness of existence, and Oblomov considered his life to be so useless. He hints that life without a girl is like nothing for him, and Olga gives him hope. Now Ilya is happy and in this mood they say goodbye.

Chapter 9

Now Olga has no sudden changes in mood, but Oblomov constantly thinks about the girl. In a word, Olga has now become the first person for him. Oblomov could rarely be found at home; he was constantly with Olga. The girl was proud of herself and how she transformed Oblomov. But their relationship began to weigh heavily on both heroes. Oblomov is afraid that his fantasies will come true, he is afraid that the girl will demand decisive action. At the same time, Ilya is interested in why Olga does not talk about her feelings. As it turned out, her love is special, when it is a pity to leave for a short time, but it hurts for a long time.

Chapter 10

Ilya has gone into his feelings and lives with his meetings with Olga. However, the very next day Ilya sees himself as a tired person who is impossible to love. He compares their relationship to a game, an experiment in which Olga learns to love. He is a mistake, and as soon as she meets another, she will understand it. They don’t like people like him and Oblomov decides to break up with the girl. Having ordered Zakhar to say that he left, he writes a letter to Olga saying that she was mistaken in her feelings. The girl is waiting to meet in the park. A tearful Olga accuses him of Ilya deliberately hurting her. As a result, they explain, make peace and Olga heads home.

Chapter 11

A letter arrives from Stolz. He accuses Oblomov of immobility, that the construction of his house is not moving, that he does not go abroad, that matters in the village are not being resolved. But Oblomov was very busy and did not answer his friend’s letter. He was drowning in his feelings of love. However, the days passed, and Oblomov stood still. Olga begins to feel some kind of lack in their relationship, but she doesn’t yet understand what she’s missing. Oblomov began to notice the views of others and also does not understand that his behavior can ruin the girl’s reputation, that something needs to be changed in their relationship and his love is already like a crime. Oblomov understands that he needs to get married and decides to announce his intention in the evening.

Chapter 12

Oblomov is looking for a girl and finds her in a grove. There he tries to declare his love and propose marriage. At first, the words seemed to be stuck in his throat, he could not say anything, but then he invited the girl to become his wife. Olga was silent for a long time, then said that silence is a sign of consent. Oblomov is trying to find tears of joy or some kind of emotion in her eyes, but Olga said that she simply got used to the idea that sooner or later an offer would come. And suddenly Ilya began to doubt that maybe the girl did not love him, but was simply getting married. But after Olga admitted to him that she couldn’t live without him and that she was afraid of separation, Ilya felt happy.

This concludes the second part of Goncharov’s novel Oblomov in our summary.

A brief retelling of the second part of Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”

A brief retelling of the fourth part of Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”

Vocabulary is a very important part of language science. She studies words and their meanings. It’s no secret: the richer a person’s language stock, the more beautiful and figurative his speech. You can learn most new words by reading. It often happens that a new word appears in a book or magazine; in this case, a dictionary of lexical meanings will help, it is also called an explanatory one. The most common ones are those issued by V.I. Dahl and S.I. Ozhegov. It is they who are trusted by modern science of language.

The vocabulary wealth of the Russian language

Language, including Russian, is a developing phenomenon. New cultures, inventions of science and technology appear, one civilization replaces another. Of course, all this is reflected in the language. Some words appear, some disappear. It is vocabulary that reacts vividly to these changes. All this constitutes the richness of the language. K. Paustovsky gave a very colorful explanation of the totality of words, saying that for every surrounding phenomenon or object there is a corresponding “good” word, or even more than one.

Scientists have proven that for one person to understand another, it is enough to have 4-5 thousand words in stock, but this is not enough for beautiful, figurative speech. Russian is one of the most beautiful languages, so it is simply necessary to take advantage of its richness. Moreover, knowledge of individual words with their interpretations is not enough (for this you can simply learn a dictionary of lexical meanings). It is much more important to know words that are related in meaning, their figurative meaning, to understand and use antonyms, and to use homonymous units.

Lexical meaning of the word

The word is the most important unit of any language. It is from them that combinations and subsequently sentences are made that people communicate with each other. How to distinguish one word from another? Using phonetic design. Lexical meaning will also help with this. This is what differentiates the words. They can designate, for example, objects, people or living beings ( table, teacher, wolf); natural phenomena ( wind, frost), actions ( run, watch), signs ( beautiful, pink).

Over the course of centuries, words can change their lexical meaning. Let's take for example the word garden. Until the 20th century, this word also meant a garden. In modern times, the lexical meaning has changed: garden now it is a fenced area where vegetables are grown.

There are words whose lexical meaning is a certain image that is easy to imagine and depict: wood, cabinet, flower. For others it is very abstract: love, grammar, music. The lexical meaning of the Russian language is summarized in explanatory dictionaries. There are several ways of interpretation: words with the same meaning. For example, way - road. Some dictionaries offer a detailed explanation: path- a specific place in space through which they move.

Why is it necessary to know the lexical meaning?

It is very important to know the lexical meaning - this will save you from some spelling errors. For example:

• Trying on wedding dresses is a tedious but enjoyable process.
• She was always good at reconciling enemies.

In the first example, the word “try on” is used in the meaning of “to try on”, so the root should be written e. In the second sentence we are talking about the world, so the letter is required And fundamentally.

Not only words, but also morphemes have different lexical meanings. Yes, prefix at- used when talking about the incompleteness of an action, immediate proximity, approach or accession; pre- in cases where the highest degree of something is meant ( very funny - very funny, But: move (attachment), sit down (incompleteness), seaside (close to the sea).

There are also roots that have different lexical meanings. These are like - poppy-/-mock-; -equals-/-exactly-. If the word means immersion in liquid, you should write - poppy- (dip cookies in milk), another thing is the meaning of “pass, absorb liquid”, in this case the writing is required - mock- (wet feet). Root - equals- should be written when talking about equality ( the equation); -exactly- used to mean something smooth, even ( trim bangs).

Single and polysemous words

The wealth of words in the Russian language consists of those units that have several or only one lexical meaning. These are unambiguous and ambiguous words. The first have only one interpretation: birch, scalpel, Moscow, pizza. As can be seen from the examples, the group of unambiguous words includes proper names, recently emerged or foreign words, also narrowly focused. These are all kinds of terms, names of professions, names of animals.

There are much more polysemous words in the language, that is, those that have several meanings. As a rule, interpretations revolve around a certain feature or meaning. An explanatory dictionary will tell you that a word has multiple meanings. The meanings of such lexemes are listed below the numbers. Let’s take the word “earth” as an example. It has several interpretations:

1. One of the planets in the solar system.
2. Land is the opposition to the concepts of “water” and “sky”.
3. Soil is a fertile layer that allows you to grow all kinds of crops.
4. Territory that belongs to someone.
5. For some countries it is a federal unit.

Direct and figurative meaning of the word

All polysemantic words can contain a direct or figurative interpretation. If you encounter the task “Explain the lexical meaning of words,” you need to look in a dictionary. There, next to the meaning, it will be indicated whether it is direct or figurative. The first is the main one; the second was formed on the basis of the main one based on the principle of similarity.

For example, consider the word “hat”. First, its main meaning is a headdress with a small brim. Based on the similarity, a figurative interpretation was formed: the upper part of an object, expanded and flat - mushroom or nail cap.

It is figurative meanings that give speech a special imagery; on their basis, such tropes as metaphor are created (hidden comparison: sheaf of hair), metonymy (contiguity of features: silver plate) and synecdoche (a part is used instead of the whole: the peasant was actually a slave).

Sometimes there are cases when only a figurative meaning appears in a language, and to complete a task such as “Determine the lexical meaning of words”, you will need not only an explanatory, but also an etymological dictionary. For example, this happened with the adjective “red”. Its direct meaning “beautiful” was preserved only in ancient toponyms (“Red Square”) or folklore (proverbs).

Homonyms

The meanings of words can be compared or contrasted. The program for grades 5-6 studies such relationships. The lexical meaning of homonyms, synonyms and antonyms is very interesting. Let's look at all these types of words.

Homonyms are those words that are identical in pronunciation or spelling, but their meaning is completely different. Yes, words carnations(flowers) and carnations(pointed rods for fastening materials) are spelled the same and pronounced differently. Another example: braid– type of hairstyle, and braid- agricultural implement. Homonyms can also be grammatical. So, in the phrases “light the oven” and “bake pies”. Word bake is a noun in the first case and a verb in the second. The concepts of homonymy and polysemy should not be confused. The first does not presuppose any similarity between concepts, while the second is built on the principle of similarity of any attribute.

Synonyms

Synonyms are words with identical lexical meaning. For example, the words “friend, buddy, comrade, fellow” have the meaning of a close, trusted person. However, synonyms still differ in shades of meaning. Friend, for example, denotes a particularly close person.

Synonyms also have different stylistic colors. So, shirt-guy used in colloquial speech. As a rule, synonyms are words of one part of speech, but they can be stable combinations. Knowledge of the phenomenon of synonymy helps to avoid spelling errors. So, to find out the correct spelling of the particle Not with nouns or adjectives, you must follow the algorithm: “define the lexical meaning and try to find a synonym without Not: foe - enemy".

Antonyms

Antonyms are words that are diametrically different in lexical meaning: friend - enemy; go – run; deep – shallow; up down. As we can see, the phenomenon of antonymy is characteristic of any parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. The use of such words gives special expressiveness to speech, helps to convey particularly important thoughts to the listener or reader, therefore very often words with opposite meanings are found in popular sayings - proverbs. For example, “It lays down softly, but sleeps hard.” In this case, “softly and hardly” are antonyms.

As you can see, the Russian language is very diverse, so the topic of interpretation of words has been studied for several years. In addition, it is included in the main school exams, where it appears, for example, the task “Explain the lexical meaning of words” or “Choose a synonym/antonym/homonym for the word” and so on.

Types of lexical meanings of words in Russian

In this article we will look at the types of lexical meanings of words and present their most famous classification, created by V. V. Vinogradov.

What is lexical meaning?

As you know, a word has two meanings - grammatical and lexical. And if the grammatical meaning is abstract and inherent in a large number of words, then the lexical meaning is always individual.

Lexical meaning is usually called the correlation of objects or phenomena of reality with a specific sound complex of a language unit, fixed in the mind of a native speaker. That is, lexical meaning denotes the content inherent in a certain word.

Now let’s look at the basis on which types of lexical meanings of words are distinguished. And then we’ll look at one of the most popular classifications.

Types of lexical meanings

Semantic correlation of various words of the Russian language allows us to identify different types of lexemes. Today there are many systematizations of such meanings. But the most complete classification is considered to be that proposed by V.V. Vinogradov in his article entitled “Basic types of lexical meanings of words.” We will analyze this typology further.

By correlation

Based on nomination (or correlation), it is customary to distinguish two meanings of a lexeme – direct and figurative.

Direct meaning, also called main or basic, is a meaning that reflects the phenomenon of reality, the real world. For example: the word “table” means a piece of furniture; "black" is the color of coal and soot; “boil” means to bubble, seethe, evaporate from heating. Such semantics is permanent in nature and is subject only to historical changes. For example: “table” in ancient times meant “reign,” “throne,” and “capital.”

The main types of lexical meanings of a word are always divided into smaller ones, which we proved in this paragraph, talking about literal and figurative meanings.

Returning to the main topic, we can add that words in their literal meaning are less dependent than others on the context and other words. Therefore, it is believed that such meanings have the least syntagmatic coherence and the greatest paradigmatic conditionality.

Portable

Types of lexical meanings of words were identified on the basis of living Russian speech, in which language games are very often used, part of which is the use of words in figurative meanings.

Such meanings arise as a result of the transfer of the name of one object of reality to another on the basis of common features, similarity of functions, etc.

Thus, the word was able to have several meanings. For example: “table” - 1) in the meaning of “piece of equipment” – “machine table”; 2) in the meaning of “food” - “get a room with a table”; 3) in the meaning of “department in an institution” - “round table”.

The word “boil” also has a number of figurative meanings: 1) in the meaning of “manifestation to a high degree” - “work is in full swing”; 2) excessive manifestation of emotions - “seething with indignation.”

Figurative meanings are based on the rapprochement of two concepts with the help of various kinds of associations that are easily understood by native speakers. Very often, indirect meanings have great imagery: black thoughts, seething with indignation. These figurative phrases quickly become fixed in the language, and then end up in explanatory dictionaries.

Figurative meanings with pronounced imagery differ in their stability and reproducibility from metaphors invented by writers, publicists and poets, since the latter are strictly individual in nature.

However, very often figurative meanings lose their imagery for native speakers. For example, “handles of a sugar bowl”, “bend of a pipe”, “chime of a clock” are no longer perceived by us as figurative phrases. This phenomenon is called extinct imagery.

Types of lexical meanings of words by origin

Depending on the degree of semantic motivation (or origin), the following are distinguished:

• Motivated words (secondary or derivative) - are derived from word-forming affixes and meanings of the word-derived stem.
• Unmotivated words (primary or underived) - they do not depend on the meaning of the morphemes that make up the word.

For example: unmotivated words include “build”, “table”, “white”. Motivated ones include “construction”, “desktop”, “whitewash”, since these words were formed from unmotivated ones; in addition, the primary source words help to understand the meaning of the newly formed lexemes. That is, “whiten,” derived from “white,” means “to make white.”

But not everything is so simple; the motivation of some words does not always manifest itself so clearly, since the language changes, and it is not always possible to find the historical root of the word. However, if you conduct an etymological analysis, you can often find an ancient connection between seemingly completely dissimilar words and explain their meanings. For example, after etymological analysis we learn that the words “feast”, “fat”, “cloth”, “window”, “cloud” come from “drink”, “live”, “knot”, “eye”, “drag” respectively. Therefore, it is not always possible for a non-specialist to distinguish an unmotivated word from a motivated one the first time.

Types of lexical meanings of words by compatibility

Depending on the lexical compatibility of meanings, words can be divided into:

• Free - they are based on only subject-logical connections. For example: “drink” can only be combined with words that denote liquid (tea, water, lemonade, etc.), but can never be used with words like “running,” “beauty,” “night.” Thus, the combination of such words will be regulated by the subject compatibility or incompatibility of the concepts that they denote. That is, “freedom” in the combination of such words is very conditional.
• Non-free - such words are limited in their ability to be lexically combined. Their use in speech depends on both the subject-logical factor and the linguistic factor. For example: the word “downcast” can be combined with the words “eyes”, “look”, “eyes”, while these words cannot be correlated with other lexemes - they do not say “put your foot down”.

Non-free types of lexical meanings of words in Russian:

• Phraseologically related - implemented exclusively in stable (or phraseological) combinations. For example: sworn enemy - sworn friend is not used, unless this is an author's language game.
• Syntactically conditioned - implemented only in cases where a word is forced to perform a function unusual for it. For example, the words “hat”, “oak”, “log” become predicates, characterizing a person as narrow-minded, stupid, bungled, insensitive, and lacking initiative. Playing such a role, the word always acquires figurativeness and is classified as a type of figurative meaning.

Syntactically determined meanings also include those vocabulary constructions that can only be realized under certain syntactic conditions. For example: “whirlwind” acquires a figurative meaning only in the form gender. n. - “whirlwind of events.”

By function

Types of transfers of the lexical meaning of words can be distinguished depending on the nature of the functions performed:

• Nominative - the name comes from the word “nomination”, and means the naming of objects, phenomena and their qualities.
• Expressive-semantic - in such words the predominant seme becomes connotative (emotional-evaluative).

An example of a nominative word: “tall man” - this phrase informs the listener that the person being described is tall.

An example of an expressive-semantic word: in the same case as described above, the word “tall” is replaced with the word “lanky” - this is how a disapproving, negative assessment of this growth is added to information about high growth. Thus, the word "lanky" is an expressive synonym for the word "tall".

By the nature of the connection

The main types of lexical meanings of Russian words, depending on the nature of the connection in the lexical system of one meaning with another:

• Correlative meanings are words that are opposed to each other on some basis: good - bad, far - close.
• Autonomous meanings are relatively independent words denoting specific objects: chair, flower, theater.
• Deterministic meanings are words determined by the meaning of other words, since they are expressive or stylistic variants of them: the word “nag” is determined by the word “horse”, “beautiful”, “magnificent” - “good”.

conclusions

Thus, we have listed the types of lexical meanings of words. Briefly we can name the following aspects that formed the basis of the classification we presented:

• Subject-conceptual connections of words or paradigmatic relationships.
• Syntagmatic relationships or the relationship of words to each other.
• Derivational or word-formation connections of lexemes.

By studying the classification of lexical meanings, one can better understand the semantic structure of words and understand in more detail the systemic connections that have developed in the vocabulary of the modern language.

What is lexical meaning? We need to give examples!

Sasha Markhakshinov

Lexical meaning is the correlation of the sound shell of a word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. Lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, action, etc., but only the most significant ones that help to distinguish one object from another. Lexical meaning reveals the signs by which common properties are determined for a number of objects, actions, phenomena, and also establishes the differences that distinguish a given object, action, phenomenon. For example, the lexical meaning of the word giraffe is defined as follows: “an African artiodactyl ruminant with a very long neck and long legs,” that is, the characteristics that distinguish the giraffe from other animals are listed

Pavel Kiyamov

Evgeny Dzerzhinsky

The lexical meaning of a word is its content, i.e., the correlation between the sound complex and an object or phenomenon of reality, historically fixed in the minds of speakers. lexical meaning of a word The direct meaning is one that is directly related to an object or phenomenon, quality, action, etc. A figurative meaning is one that arises as a result of not direct correlation with the object, but through the transfer of direct meaning to another object due to various associations . Examples: nose - the organ of smell, located on the human face, the muzzle of an animal (straight); – the front part of a ship, aircraft (portable); – bird’s beak (portable); – toe (toes of shoes).

The lexical meaning of a word is its content, i.e., the correlation between the sound complex and an object or phenomenon of reality, historically fixed in the minds of speakers. lexical meaning of a word The direct meaning is one that is directly related to an object or phenomenon, quality, action, etc. A figurative meaning is one that arises as a result of not direct correlation with the object, but through the transfer of direct meaning to another object due to various associations . Examples: nose - the organ of smell, located on the human face, the muzzle of an animal (straight); – the front part of a ship, aircraft (portable); – bird’s beak (portable); – toe (toes of shoes).

Kiseleva Tatyana

The lexical meaning of a word is its content, i.e., the correlation between the sound complex and an object or phenomenon of reality, historically fixed in the minds of speakers. lexical meaning of a word The direct meaning is one that is directly related to an object or phenomenon, quality, action, etc. A figurative meaning is one that arises as a result of not direct correlation with the object, but through the transfer of direct meaning to another object due to various associations . Examples: nose - the organ of smell, located on the human face, the muzzle of an animal (straight); – the front part of a ship, aircraft (portable); – bird’s beak (portable); – toe (toes of shoes).

What is the lexical meaning of the word??? rule =(

Irina Robertovna Makhrakova

The lexical meaning of a word is its interpretation, this is what the word means.
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● selection of synonyms;


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Words can have one meaning - they are called unambiguous, or they can have several meanings (two or more) - they are called polysemous.
Meanings can be direct - these are primary, original meanings, or they can be portable - these are secondary meanings that arise on the basis of transferring primary meanings to other objects, signs, actions.



Examples of interpretation of the lexical meaning of a word:
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Alexandra is wild

The lexical and grammatical meanings of a word differ.
The lexical meaning of a word is the correlation of the word with certain phenomena of reality.

All words of a language have lexical meaning, but the meanings of independent and auxiliary parts of speech differ. Independent parts of speech name objects, actions, signs, quantities (man, run, fast, twelve), and service parts express the relationship between words in a phrase and a sentence or introduce additional semantic shades into the sentence (on, in, through, since, because , whether, -ka) .

The grammatical meaning of a word is its characteristic tics in terms of belonging to a certain part of speech, as well as the meaning of its grammatical form.

The lexical meaning of a word is contained in the base of the word, the grammatical meaning is in the affixes.

For example, the lexical meaning of the word “house” is “a residential building, as well as (collective) people living in it,” and the grammatical meaning is that it is a noun, common noun, inanimate, masculine, II declension, that it can be defined by an adjective, change according to cases and numbers, and act as a member of a sentence.

1. What are the lexical and grammatical meanings of a word? 2. Talk about single-valued and polysemantic words; straight and p

1. What are the lexical and grammatical meanings of a word? 2. Talk about single-valued and polysemantic words; literal and figurative meanings of the word. 3. What expressive means of language do you know based on the figurative meaning of the word?

Irina Robertovna Makhrakova

THE LEXICAL MEANING OF A WORD is its interpretation, this is what the word means.
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The lexical meaning of words is explained in explanatory dictionaries. There are several ways to interpret words:
● by describing an object, feature, action, etc.;
● selection of synonyms;
● using an antonym / antonyms;
● selection of words with the same root.
Words can have one meaning - they are called SINGLE MEANING, or they can have several meanings (two or more) - they are called MULTI MEANING.
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MEANINGS can be DIRECT - these are the primary, original meanings of words, or they can be PORTABLE - these are secondary meanings that arise on the basis of transferring primary meanings to other objects, signs, actions.



FIGURE MEANINGS OF WORDS are the basis of such figurative means of language as METAPHOR, METONYMY, PERSONIFICATION, so the use of words in a figurative meaning gives speech and the language of works of art brightness, imagery, and expressiveness.
An example of interpretation of the lexical meaning of a word:
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IN ADDITION TO LEXICAL MEANING, words of significant parts of speech have GRAMMARICAL meaning. This is the meaning of number, gender, case, person, for example:
● the ending -IT in the verb SEES expresses the grammatical meaning of the singular, 3rd person;
● the ending -A in the verb LOOKED expresses the grammatical meaning of the singular, feminine, and, together with the formative suffix -L-, also the meaning of the past tense;
● the ending -U in the noun COUNTRY expresses the grammatical meaning of the feminine gender, singular, nominative case;
● the ending -YMI in the adjective MYSTERIOUS expresses the grammatical meaning of the plural, accusative case.

Anton Ulyanchenko

The lexical meaning of a word is essentially its definition,
Grammatical is the function that this word carries in a sentence (for example, is it a subject, predicate, object)

Single meaning words are words with one meaning, polysemous words are words with many meanings. For example, cough is an unambiguous word, for example, and shoe is ambiguous (both shoes and a buffer for stopping trains)

Direct meaning - words and expressions taken literally. For example: creaking the table.
The figurative meaning of a word is what is perceived as a metaphor, not literally. For example, reluctantly.